The nutrition of meat-type ducks. 3. The effects of fibre on biological performance and carcass characteristics

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 877 ◽  
Author(s):  
AP Siregar ◽  
RB Cumming ◽  
DJ Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Biological Performance ◽  
Meat Type

Three experiments were conducted with male ducks and male broiler chickens to study the effects of dietary fibre on biological performance. Vegetable oil and dextrose were used to maintain diets isonitrogenous and isoenergetic in experiment 1. Both species had higher weight gains, dressed carcass weights and better feed conversion ratios (FCR) on the higher fibre and higher oil-based diets, but determined metabolizable energy (ME) was also higher on these diets. In experiments 2 and 3, weight gain was the same but feed intake and ME intake were higher, and FCR was poorer on the diets with highest fibre content. Dietary ME was lowest on these diets. Ducklings required more ME per g gain than did chickens, but utilized it more efficiently than did chickens. In both species fibre appeared to reduce availability of ME. Ducklings had less protein and more fat in the carcass than chickens. For both species, fat content of the carcass decreased and protein content increased with increasing amounts of fibre in the diet. Neither species was able to utilize dietary fibre; negative digestibility values were obtained consistently.

scholarly journals Metabolizable energy levels in diets with a fixed nutrient: calorie ratio for free-range broilers

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (6supl2) ◽  
pp. 4009-4022
Author(s):  
Thiago Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
◽  
Karina Márcia Ribeiro de Souza Nascimento ◽  
Charles Kiefer ◽  
Luanna Lopes Paiva Copat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Deposition

The present study proposes to examine the effect of dietary levels of metabolizable energy, under a fixed nutrient:calorie ratio, on the production performance; body fat and protein deposition; and carcass characteristics of free-range broilers from 1 to 84 days of age. Nine hundred unsexed chicks were allocated to six treatments in a completely randomized design with six replicates of 25 birds each. Treatments consisted of diets with varying levels of metabolizable energy (2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100 and 3200 Kcal ME/kg of diet) and a fixed proportion of nutrients relative to the energy level according to the nutritional requirements for each rearing phase. Body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, production viability, metabolizable energy intake, protein intake, lysine intake, body fat deposition, body protein deposition and carcass characteristics were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and, later, to regression analysis. Increasing levels of metabolizable energy, coupled with a fixed nutrient:calorie ratio, reduced feed intake, increased body weight and weight gain, improved feed conversion and did not affect carcass characteristics. In conclusion, adjusting the nutrient supply according to the dietary energy level improves production performance by improving feed conversion, ensuring adequate nutrient intake and preserving fat and protein deposition in the carcass when the metabolizable energy level is raised up to 3200 Kcal/kg in all rearing stages.

scholarly journals Growth performance and carcass characteristics of finisher broiler chickens fed diet containing cooked cocoyam tubermeal

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 161-170
Author(s):  
B. C. Anyaegbu ◽  
D. N. Onunkwo ◽  
G. Igwe ◽  
J. Nathaniel ◽  
C. M. Nkwo
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Trial

This study was carried out to evaluate the growth performance and carcass characteristics of finisher broiler chickens fed diet containing cooked cocoyam tubermeal as energy source in place of maize. The proximate composition of cooked cocoyam tubermeal showed that it contained 13.11% moisture, 2.60% ash, 3.90% crude protein, 9.45% crude fiber, 1.85% ether extract and 70.13% NFE. In the finisher feeding trial, the cooked cocoyam tubermeal was used to replace maize at levels of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% respectively in the control diet. Each finisher diet was fed to a group of 30 finisher broiler chicken for 4 weeks using completely randomized design. Each treatment was divided into 3 replicates of 10 broiler chicks each. The birds were kept on deep litter and were given feed and water ad-libitum. Parameters measured include ifinal body weight, body weight gain feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass characteristics and economics of production. In the finisher feeding trial, the feed intake of the finisher broilers on diets 2, 3 and 4 were similar and compared favourably with those on the control diet. The finisher group on 100% CCYM (diet 5) recorded the lowest feed intake possibly because of the dustiness of the feed. The body weight gain of the finisher broilers on diet 2 (25%) cooked cocoyam tubermeal compared favourably with the control group and was significantly (P<0.05) higher than those on other diets. It appeared that the finisher broilers could not tolerate high levels of cooked cocoyam meal due to dustiness of the feed and its anti-nutritional factors. The cost of production per kg finisher broilers was cheapest for diet 5(100% CCYM) (N356.72) and the costliest was for diet 3(50% CCYM) (N588.28). The internal organs expressed as percent of the live weight were not affected by the treatments. In terms of carcass characteristics, the finisher broilers on diet 2(25% CCYM) recorded the highest breast muscle which was significantly different (P<0.05) from other groups. There were no significant different (P>0.05) on percent back cut, drumstick, head, shank, thigh, neck and wings of the finisher broilers on all the treatments. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in percent dressed weight of the finisher broilers on cooked cocoyam based diets. The results of the trial have shown that cooking cocoyam corms (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) for 30 minutes was effective for reducing the cyanide oxalate, tannin, phytic acid and saponin content and that cooking did not affect the proximate composition of tannia. Cooked cocoyam tubermeal could be used to replace maize up to 25% in the diet of finisher broiler chicken without affecting body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio as indicated in this study.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF PROTEASE SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE PERFORMANCE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF BROILERS

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hasnain Riaz ◽  
Aamir Iqbal ◽  
Samiullah Khan ◽  
Muhammad Tahir ◽  
Mian Nazir Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Prominent Response

Premise of the study was to validate the growth promoting eff ect of protease on the performance and to explore its digestion enhancer eff ect in broiler chicks. For this purpose 4 commercial diets were divided into two types (low and high density) and were enriched with protease using a completely randomized design with 4 replicates per diet having 10 chicks each having totaled 200 poultry broiler chickens (day-old). Until 14 days, no eff ects were observed on chicks however at day 14; little variations were observed on weight gain, feed intake and FCR (feed conversion ratio) among the enzyme enriched diets. At day 28, prominent response of protease supplementation in low protein was procured. The chicks gained 10.06 and 8.0 % more weight on CFP1 than CFG1 and CFG2, respectively. Similar response in FCR was observed and was found to be 0.20 and 0.15 points better on CFP1 than on CFG1 and CFG2, respectively. However, CFP2 failed to show protease effi cacy declining the weight gain by 23.01 % while the FCR by 0.49 points as compared with CFP1. This suggested that the nature of feed ingredients in the diets is important for obtaining maximum benefi t of protease supplementation. The overall performance indicated signifi cant response to enzyme supplemented diets. Among the low protein diets CP digestibility remained unchanged but they were diff erent in sparing AME (apparent metabolizable energy) for chicks. The CFP2 spared 98.21 kcal/Kg more AME than CFP1. However, this increased AME values did not help to boost the performance and was attributed to the widening ratio between CP and AME. These results demonstrated that the overall growth response of chicks was improved on low protein diet enriched with protease. It showed higher CP digestibility and AME values than good quality diets. However, the inconsistent results observed within the two types of diets revealed that the nature of diets might have infl uenced the effi cacy of protease. Key words: Broilers, digestibility, protease, FCR, Feed intake.

scholarly journals Response of finishing broiler chickens fed three energy/protein combinations at Fixed E:P ratio

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-191
Author(s):  
O. M. O. Idowu ◽  
D. Eruvbetine ◽  
O. O. Oduguwa ◽  
A. M. Bamgbose ◽  
S. S. Abiola
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Density

A feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the response of finishing broiler chicken to diets containing three metabolizable energy (ME)/crude protein (CP) combinations (3203.76 ME vs 19.90 %CP, 2884.15 ME vs 18.10 %CP and 2566.42 ME vs 18.10 %CP) at fixed ME:CP ratio of 160:1. A total of 126 four weeks old broiler chickens were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments replicated thrice. The final live weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and PER were generally higher in the birds fed the control diet (3203.76 ME vs 19.90 %CP). There were significant (P<0.05) differences among treatments in terms of final live weight, protein intake, energy intake, CP: Gain and ME:Gain, while weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and percentage mortality were statistically the same (P>0.05) across the treatments. Cost per kg feed decreased as the energy and the protein density of the diets decreased while the cost per kg weight gain decreased with increase in energy and protein density. The digestibility percentages showed a decreasing (P<0.05) trend while nitrogen retention increased with decrease in energy-protein density of the diets. Values for the haematological parameters and blood chemistry were significantly (P<0.01) higher in birds fed control diet and the values decreased with decreased levels of dietary energy and protein. The results suggest that when both energy and protein density of broiler finisher diet are reduced at fixed E:P ratio the feed intake would increase while the feed utilization efficiency decreases.

scholarly journals Nutritional evaluation of differently processed cassava-soya blends in the diets of broiler chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-127
Author(s):  
A. T. Amos ◽  
D. U. Kareem ◽  
A. O. Amos ◽  
O. M. O Idowu,
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Cassava Pulp

A 56-day study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of differently processed  cassava-soya blends (CSB) in the diets of broiler chickens. 360 day-old Cobb-500 broiler  chicks used for this study were assigned to the 12 dietary treatment groups which were  replicated three times with ten birds each. Two differently dried blends of cassava pulp and  soybeans (dry and wet heated), mixed at four (4) different ratios were subjected to two types  of dehydration methods to obtain 12 types of blends. These blends were subsequently  included in the diets of broiler chickens at 15% in a 2x2x3 factorial arrangement to obtain 12  dietary treatments. Eight weeks of feeding trials (starter and finisher phases) were observed.  The blends were chemically analysed to determine their proximate, hydrocyanide (HCN) and  trypsin inhibition unit (TIU) compositions. Growth parameters (Initial weight, final weight,  weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio) of the birds at both phases were also  measured. Results showed that fried blend cassava and wet heated soybeans at 50:50 mixing  ratio had the highest crude protein (37.72%) and metabolizable energy (3,314 kcal/kg) with  low HCN residue of 1.70 mg/kg. At the starter phase, birds fed diets containing 50:50 mixing  ratio of CSB had the highest final weights (904.00 g/b) and weight gain (31.08 g/b/day) while  those fed diets containing 80:20 mixing ratio of CSB were least (839.00 g/b and 29.62 g/n/day  respectively). Highest (p<0.05) body weight gain per bird per day (43.95 g/b/d) and lowest  feed conversion ratio (2.56) were recorded with birds fed fried blend of dry heated soybean  and cassava pulp at 50:50 mixing ratio at the finisher phase. Lowest feed intake was recorded  with birds fed fried blend of dry heated soybean and cassava pulp at 80:20 mixing ratio. It can  be concluded that replacing 15% inclusion fried CSB blend of dry heated raw soya beans  mixed with cassava at 50:50 of CSB blends in diets of broiler chickens resulted in higher  weight gain at both starter and finisher phase, while dehydration by sun drying and 50:50  mixing ratio improved the feed conversion ratio of the birds at finisher phase.     Une étude de 56 jours a été menée afin d'évaluer la valeur nutritive des mélanges manioc- soja (CSB) transformés différemment dans les régimes alimentaires des poulets à griller. Les poussins 'cobb-500' de 360 jours utilisés pour cette étude ont été assignés aux 12 groupes de traitement diététique qui ont été reproduits trois fois avec dix oiseaux chacun. Deux mélanges différemment séchés de pulpe de manioc et de soja (chauffés secs et humides), mélangés à quatre (4) rapports différents, ont été soumis à deux types de méthodes de déshydratation pour obtenir 12 types de mélanges. Ces mélanges ont ensuite été inclus dans les régimes des poulets à 15% dans un arrangement factorial 2x2x3 pour obtenir 12 traitements diététiques. Huit semaines d'essais d'alimentation (phases de démarrage et de finition) ont été observées. Les mélanges ont été analysés chimiquement pour déterminer leurs compositions proximate, hydrocyanide (HCN) et unité d'inhibition de trypsine (TIU). Les paramètres de croissance (poids initial, poids final, gain de poids, apport alimentaire et ratio de conversion des aliments pour animaux) des oiseaux aux deux phases ont également été mesurés. Les résultats ont montré que le manioc frit et le soja chauffé humide à 50:50 ratio de mélange avaient la protéine brute la plus élevée (37.72 %) et l'énergie métabolisable (3 314 kcal/kg) avec un faible résidu de HCN de 1.70 mg/kg. Lors de la phase de démarrage, les oiseaux nourris selon un régime alimentaire contenant 50:50 de CSB avaient les poids finaux les plus élevés (904.00 g/b) et le gain de poids (31.08 g/b/jour) tandis que ceux nourris avec un ratio de mélange de 80.20 g/n/jour respectivement étaient les moins nombreux (839.00 g/b et 29.62 g/n/jour respectivement). Le gain de poids corporel le plus élevé (p<0.05) par oiseau et par jour (43.95 g/b/j) et le plus faible ratio de conversion des aliments pour animaux (2.56) ont été enregistrés chez les oiseaux nourris au mélange frit de soja chauffé à sec et de pulpe de manioc à 50:50 rapport de mélange à la phase de finition. La plus faible consommation d'aliments pour animaux a été enregistrée chez les oiseaux nourris au mélange frit de soja chauffé à sec et de pulpe de manioc à 80:20. On peut conclure que le remplacement de 15 % de soja crues chauffées à sec mélangées au manioc à 50:50 des mélanges CSB dans les régimes de poulets a entraîné un gain de poids plus élevé à la fois au démarrage et à la phase finale, tandis que la déshydratation par séchage au soleil et le rapport de mélange de 50:50 ont amélioré le ratio de conversion des aliments pour animaux à la phase de finition

Performance, haematology and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens given water from different sources

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-113
Author(s):  
O. R Folorunso ◽  
E. A. O. Laseinde ◽  
G. E. Onibi
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Borehole Water ◽  
Different Sources

n eight week study was conducted to assess the performance, carcass characteristics and haematological indices of broiler chickens provided water from different sources. One hundred and fifty day - old broiler chicks (Arbor acre) were randomly allocated to five treatment groups (rain, stream, pipe borne water, well and borehole water respectively) in a completely randomized experimental design. The borehole water was obtained from a residential building, about 500 m to the experimental site (Federal College of Agriculture (FECA), Akure, Nigeria). Rainwater was harvested when it rained and was stored in plastic containers before it was used. It was not stored for more than three days before use. Stream water was obtained from a stream that flowed close to the students' residential area of FECA. It is sometimes drunk and is typical of streams that flow in a typical village community. Well water was obtained from a well sunk within the premises of the FECA. It was a well from where people fetched water for domestic use and was provided to the birds without prior treatment. Pipe borne water was obtained from the Water Corporation Mains that supplies FECA and Ijapo Estate, Akure. Results from the experiment revealed that there were no significant (P>0.05) differences among the treatments in terms of water intake, feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass characteristics, relative weight of some organs, muscle dimensions and haematological parameters. Pipe borne water had the highest numerical values (P>0.05) for most of the performance and carcass characteristic indices measured, such as daily water intake (181.53±14.6), cumulative water intake (8.90±.71), daily feed intake (106.27±4.15), cumulative feed intake (5.21±0.20), daily weight gain (38.53±2.38), total weight gain (1.89±0.12), final weight gain (1.98±0.12), percent dressed weight (97.11±0.16%), percent eviscerated weight (81.86±3.26%), relative weights of drumstick (99.37±5.43g/kg), wings (89.10±9.69g/kg), chest (170.08±6.59g/kg) and back (159.40±18.90g/kg live weight) respectively. Water from different sources (rain, well, pipe borne water, borehole and stream) had no significant (P>0.05) effect on the performance indices, considered in the study for broiler chickens. This implies that the aforementioned water sources can be used to raise broiler chickens provided such water is free from any contaminants that could impair the health of the birds.

Performance and slaughter characteristics of broiler chickens fed different sources of maggot meal

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-270
Author(s):  
O. O. Egbewande ◽  
A. A. Jimoh ◽  
B. Y. Amore ◽  
B. Y. Amore
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Performance Indices ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Different Sources

In this study, the effect of three different sources of maggot meals was conducted to evaluate the performance and slaughter characteristics of broiler chickens. Five diets were formulated to include Diet 1 (control) which contained 3.5 % fish meal, while Diets 2, 3 and 4 contained 3.5% maggot meal from broiler droppings (BMM),maggot meal from layers droppings (LMM) and maggot meal from rabbit faeces (RMM) respectively. Eighty (80) dayold unsexed Marshall Broilers were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design (CRD). Thedietary treatments had 20 birds each with two (2) replicates. Data were generated on proximate analysis and performance indices including feed intake and weight gain, slaughter characteristics and mortality rate. They were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means significantly different were separated using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% probability level. Results from proximate analysis showed that maggots from layer droppings had the highest crude protein and ether extract. Results on performance indices showed that birds fed on diet 3 (layer maggot meal) had significantly (P<0.05) best performance than others as regards feed intake. Layer maggot meal (LMM) in this study enhanced bestproductive performance compared to those from broiler and rabbit maggot.Birds fed layer maggot meal had the best (1.85) feed conversion ratio. They also had the best body weight gain (2501g) and feed intake (4627g). In conclusion, layer maggot meal is recommended as analternative animal protein source to expensive fish meal.

Performance of broiler chickens fed graded dietary inclusion levels of moringa (Moringa oleifera) seed cake

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-114
Author(s):  
M. Afolayan ◽  
M. M. Iliya ◽  
G. S. Bawa ◽  
L. Alayande
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Seed Cake ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The progressive increase in the cost and scarcity of conventional feedstuffs, especially energy and protein sources has resulted into a continuous effort in researching into the possible utilization of the under - exploited wild legumes in poultry feed formulation. Several Researchers had reported on the utilization of Moringa oleifera leaf meal in poultry diets whereas; few reports exist on the utilization of Moringa seed. Therefore, this study wasconducted to evaluate the effect of graded dietary levels of moringa seed cake (MSC) on the performance of broiler chickens. A total of 195, one day old Arbor Acre broiler chicks were randomly assigned into five dietary treatments of moringa seed cake, each treatment having three replicates in a completely randomized design. MSC was included at levels of 0, 5,10, 15 and 20% respectively. Feed and water were given ad- libitum. Proximate composition ofMSC showed that it is high in energy, crude protein and ether extract with3304. 39 ME kcals/ kg, 32.49 % and 17.70%, respectively. Birds fed 5% MSC diet were better than the birds on the other levels of MSC diets in terms of growth and carcass characteristics. The results obtained from growth study revealed a significant declined in, final weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio as the inclusion levels of MSC increased beyond 5% in thediets. The birds on control diet had the best result in terms of final weight , daily weight gain and daily feed intake of 2974g/bird, 52.4g/bird / day and 107.51g/bird/ day respectively followed by those fed diet containing 5% MSC with 2183.4g/bird, 38.24/bird /day and 95.66g/bird /day respectively. whereas, the birds fed 20% MSC had the least (P>0.05) final weight, daily weight gain and daily feed intake of 560 g/bird, 9.26g/bird /day and 33.51g/bird/day respectively. Carcass characteristics followed similar trend as the growth parameters. Hematological indices showed significant differences across the dietary treatments, however, the results were within the normal range except for the white blood cell. It can therefore be, concluded that the inclusion of MSC in broiler chicken diet should not exceed 5% for optimum growth and general performance. 

scholarly journals Effect of stocking density on performance, carcass yield, productivity, and bone development in broiler chickens Cobb 500®

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4Supl1) ◽  
pp. 2705
Author(s):  
Cleoneide Dos Santos Henrique ◽  
Andréia Fróes Galuci Oliveira ◽  
Thales Silva Ferreira ◽  
Eduardo Santos Silva ◽  
Bruna Finotti Fonseca Reis de Mello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Total Phase ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

This study aimed to assess the effect of stocking density of 10, 12, 14, and 16 birds m?2 on performance, carcass and cut yields, productivity, and bone development of broiler chickens Cobb 500®. The experimental design was completely randomized design with four treatments (stocking densities) and four replications. The assessments were performed weekly at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days. The best live weight result was found at a density of 10 birds m?2 in the period from 1 to 7 days. No effect of density was observed on feed intake and weight gain. From 1 to 14 days, the best live weights were found at densities of 10, 12, and 14 birds m?2, in addition to a higher feed intake at densities of 10 and 12 birds m?2. Weight gain was better at a density of 10 birds m?2, showing no differences from densities of 12 and 14 birds m?2. In the period from 1 to 21 days, live weight and weight gain were higher at densities of 10, 12, and 14 birds m?2. The highest feed intake was observed at a density of 10 birds m?2, which showed no difference from the density of 14 birds m?2. A difference (P < 0.05) was observed for live weight, weight gain, and feed intake of animals reared at densities of 10, 12, and 14 birds m?2 for the phases from 1 to 35 days and the total phase from 1 to 42 days of bird age when compared to 16 birds m?2, which presented lower performance. However, feed conversion of 1-7, 1-14, 1-21, 1-35, and 1-42 days and carcass and cut characteristics showed no significant differences for all treatments. On the other hand, productivity was higher in the treatments with 14 and 16 birds m?2, but without difference between each other. No interaction (P > 0.05) was observed between stocking density and age for the assessed bone parameters. Similarly, no difference (P > 0.05) was observed for bone development of broiler chickens reared at different stocking densities for the studied parameters. Thus, the increased density of 10 or 12 birds m?2 to 14 birds m?2 has no influence on zootechnical performance, carcass and cut yields, and bone development, but increases broiler chicken productivity reared in a conventional shed without air conditioning.

scholarly journals An assessment of the influence of macronutrients on growth performance and nutrient utilisation in broiler chickens by nutritional geometry

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (12) ◽  
pp. 2129-2138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Y. Liu ◽  
Peter H. Selle ◽  
David Raubenheimer ◽  
David J. Cadogan ◽  
Stephen J. Simpson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Nutrient Utilisation

AbstractThe right-angled triangle mixture experiment was designed to include fourteen diets with different concentrations of starch, protein and lipid. Experimental diets were offered to male Ross 308 broiler chickens from 10 to 23 d after hatching, and response curves and surfaces were generated to illustrate the influence of macronutrients on growth performance and nutrient utilisations. Despite the primary function of macronutrients, especially protein, may not be providing energy, macronutrients were expressed as energy derived from starch, protein and fat for statistical purposes in the mixture design. Energy derived from lipid had a greater impact on feed intake than energy derived from starch and protein. When we compared the influence of starch and protein on feed intake, ‘equal distance rule’ was observed, which means the animal consumes feed to the point on its respective nutritional rails where the shortage of starch exactly equals the surplus of consumed protein. Increasing the protein-derived energy intake increased weight gain in broiler chickens, whereas energy intake derived from starch and lipid had little impact on weight gain. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) may be reduced by either increasing protein energy intake or decreasing starch energy intake. As the slope of the contours was less than 1, the influence of starch energy intakes on FCR exceeded that of protein energy intakes. In conclusion, energy derived from protein is more important than non-protein energy in terms of weight gain, and a balance between protein and energy supplies is required for efficient muscle protein deposition.

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