Effect of cysteine ethyl ester supplements on wool growth rate

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
BC Radcliffe ◽  
PI Hynd ◽  
NJ Benevenga ◽  
AR Egan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Continuous Infusion ◽  
Ethyl Ester ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acid ◽  
Ester Hydrochloride ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Wool Growth

L-Cysteine ethyl ester hydrochloride (CEE) was evaluated as a dietary sulfur amino acid supplement for increasing wool growth rate. In Experiment 1, eight sheep were offered 800 g chopped lucerne hay daily and wool growth was measured over a three-week control period. These sheep were then given a continuous infusion of either CEE per rumen, CEE per abomasum, cysteine per abomasum or continued on the basal diet alone, for three weeks, and wool growth was measured again. All supplements were equivalent to 25 mmol/day. Wool growth rate on tattooed patches in sheep given CEE per rumen or abomasum increased 67% and 75% respectively above the rates prior to infusion, while that of animals given cysteine increased 45%. Wool growth rate in the control sheep increased by only 15% in the same period. In Experiment 2, wool growth was measured in 24 sheep offered 800 g/day lucerne chaff, and again when CEE, cystine, or Na2SO4, each providing 21 mmol S/day, were combined with mineral mix and offered with the feed. CEE and cystine increased wool production by 1.9 g/sheep/day (P < 0.01) and 1.0 g/day (P < 0.05), respectively, above that measured in the control groups (nil- or Na2SO4- supplemented) which did not differ.

Wool growth and sulfur amino acid entry rate in sheep fed roughage based diets supplemented with bentonite and sulfur amino acids

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 889 ◽  
Author(s):  
PD Fenn ◽  
RA Leng
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Continuous Infusion ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acid ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acids ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Water Supplementation

In two experiments, sheep were offered a roughage-based diet supplemented with either cysteine or bentonite as a solid, or bentonite, cysteine or methionine added to their drinking water. Supplementation with cysteine as a solid had no effect on wool growth, while supplementation via drinking water had no effect on wool growth or cysteine entry rate into the blood. Supplementation with methionine via drinking water increased the entry rate of methionine into blood by 69% (P< 0.05) as measured by a continuous infusion of [35S]-methionine. This coincided with subsequent increases in wool growth of 16% (P< 0.05) compared to sheep fed a basal diet alone. Compared with the basal diet alone, supplementation with 30 g/day bentonite as a dry powder or 60 g/day as a suspension in drinking water increased wool growth by 19 and 20% respectively. Bentonite given as sole supplement did not increase the entry rate of either cysteine or methionine into the blood of sheep. When bentonite and sulfur amino acids were complexed or mixed, wool growth was not increased above that for bentonite or the amino acid alone.

EFFECT OF DIETARY SULFUR AMINO ACID LEVEL ON COPPER-INDUCED GROWTH DEPRESSION IN RATS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. ROBBINS ◽  
D. H. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Acid Level ◽  
Amino Acid Level ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Amino Acid Concentration ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acid ◽  
Depressing Effect ◽  
Growth Depression ◽  
Growth Assay

A growth assay was conducted with rats to determine if copper-induced growth depression is related to dietary sulfur amino acid concentration. In the absence of added copper, methionine addition to the basal diet had no effect on either gain or gain/feed. However, the growth depressing effect of 750 mg/kg copper was totally alleviated with the addition of 0.18% methionine.

A note on the effect of amino acid or urea supplements to barley diets for the finishing pig

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Hintz ◽  
W. G. Pond ◽  
W. J. Visek
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Finishing Pig ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

SUMMARYIn trials 1 and 2, supplements of urea and cottonseed meal increased the protein content of the basal diets from 12·2 to 14·0–14·6%, but had no significant effects on growth rate or carcass characteristics. In trial 3 the effect of cottonseed meal on growth rate was almost significant but urea had less effect. In trial 4, the basal diet contained 11·0% protein; soya bean meal increased this to 13·1% and had an almost significant effect on growth rate. Lysine and lysine + urea had no effect.

Effects on wool growth of the infusion of mixtures of amino acids into the abomasum of sheep

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Reis ◽  
D. A. Tunks
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Standard Mixture ◽  
Wool Growth

SUMMARYMerino sheep were given abomasal infusions of either mixtures of amino acids or protein during periods of 8 or 12 days. Effects on wool growth were measured using autoradiography and a clipping procedure which allowed time for the emergence of the wool fibres. Estimates of volume growth rate, from the autoradiographic measurements, and of mass of wool grown, from clipping, were in good agreement.An infusion of a standard mixture of 13 amino acids, which included ten essential amino acids in approximately the proportions in casein, consistently stimulated wool growth. The mean increases in volume and mass of wool grown, during 30 infusions, were 66 and 67% respectively. A mixture of ten essential amino acids alone appeared to be as effective as the standard mixture for stimulating wool growth, and there were no significant differences between the effects on wool growth of casein and the standard mixture of amino acids.The omission of methionine from an infusion of the standard mixture of amino acids, or from a mixture of essential amino acids only, inhibited wool growth rate; both fibre diameter and length of wool grown per day were reduced to below the control values. In addition, the strength of the fibres was considerably reduced.Infusions of zein and of an amino acid mixture simulating the essential amino acid composition of zein both inhibited wool growth rate, due to a reduction in fibre diameter. Similar effects on wool growth were observed when any one of three essential amino acids (lysine, isoleucine or leucine) was omitted from an infusion of the standard mixture of amino acids. The omission of five other essential amino acids (arginine, histidine, phenylalanine, threonine or valine) from the infusion, or variations in the proportions of leucine, lysine or methionine, had no appreciable effects on wool growth.

scholarly journals Measurement of intracellular sulfur amino acid metabolism in humans

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (6) ◽  
pp. E947-E955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. MacCoss ◽  
Naomi K. Fukagawa ◽  
Dwight E. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Continuous Infusion ◽  
Rate Constant ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Plasma Homocysteine ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acid ◽  
Methionine Metabolism ◽  
Intracellular Metabolism

Methionine metabolism forms homocysteine via transmethylation. Homocysteine is either 1) condensed to form cystathionine, which is cleaved to form cysteine, or 2) remethylated back to methionine. Measuring this cycle with the use of isotopically labeled methionine tracers is problematic, because the tracer is infused into and measured from blood, whereas methionine metabolism occurs inside cells. Because plasma homocysteine and cystathionine arise from intracellular metabolism of methionine, plasma homocysteine and cystathionine enrichments can be used to define intracellular methionine enrichment during an infusion of labeled methionine. Eight healthy, postabsorptive volunteers were given a primed continuous infusion of [1-13C]methionine and [ methyl-2H3]methionine for 8 h. Enrichments in plasma methionine, [13C]homocysteine and [13C]cystathionine were measured. In contrast to plasma methionine enrichments, the plasma [13C]homocysteine and [13C]cystathionine enrichments rose to plateau slowly (rate constant: 0.40 ± 0.03 and 0.49 ± 0.09 h−1, respectively). The enrichment ratios of plasma [13C]homocysteine to [13C]methionine and [13C]cystathionine to [13C]methionine were 58 ± 3 and 54 ± 3%, respectively, demonstrating a large intracellular/extracellular partitioning of methionine. These values were used to correct methionine kinetics. The corrections increase previously reported rates of methionine kinetics by ∼40%.

Sulfur supplementation of lupin grain diets fed to young sheep

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 657
Author(s):  
P. T. Doyle ◽  
A. J. M. Ritchie ◽  
M. R. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acid ◽  
Cereal Straw ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Limiting Nutrients ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

Summary. We examined the effects of supplementation of lupins with limestone or gypsum on liveweight change and wool production of young Merino wethers [age 10 months; starting liveweight (mean s.e.m.) 34.8 0.33 kg]. Lupins with the added compounds were fed in amounts estimated to provide metabolisable energy at 0.8, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times maintenance requirements. The remainder of the ration was cereal straw fed at 10% of the weight of lupins given. Lupins coated with limestone or gypsum had a dry matter digestibility of 880 g/kg, and contained (g/kg DM) nitrogen 56.1 v. 57.4, sulfur 2.3 v. 4.6 and calcium 7.9 v. 5.4 respectively. As the amount of the ration fed was increased, there were linear increases (P<0.001) in liveweight gain (–9 to 226 g/day), clean wool growth rate (5.3–10.2 g/day), and fibre diameter of wool grown (18.0–21.6 m). There were no significant differences between lupins coated with limestone or gypsum in liveweight change (97 v. 105 g/day) or clean wool growth rate (7.6 v. 7.5 g/day). While the addition of sulfur to the diet reduced fibre diameter of wool grown (19.4 v. 20.0 m; P<0.01), this is not consistent with the effects of increased sulfur amino acid supply which would be expected to increase fibre diameter. It is concluded that the supply of inorganic sulfur to ruminal organisms was not limiting production responses to lupins or that there were other more limiting nutrients.

SYNTHESIS OF A NEW α-AMINO ACID, S-METHYL-β,β-DIMETHYLCYSTEINE

1946 ◽  
Vol 24b (1) ◽  
pp. 28-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Savard ◽  
Edwin M. Richardson ◽  
Gordon A. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Ethyl Ester ◽  
Ester Hydrochloride ◽  
First Time

A new sulphur-containing α-amino acid, S-methyl-β,β-dimethylcysteine has been prepared from S-benzyl-β,β-dimethylcysteine. These two compounds and the intermediate β,β-dimethylcysteine may be of physiological importance.S-Benzyl-β,β-dimethylcysteine has been prepared by the addition of benzyl mercaptan to α-benzoylamino-β,β-dimethylacrylic acid, its azlactone, and methyl ester, followed by hydrolysis.In addition to the above three new sulphur-containing α-amino acids, the following compounds are described, as far as the authors are aware, for the first time: methyl α-benzoylamino-β,β-dimethylacrylate, S-benzyl-N-benzoyl-β,β-dimethylcysteine and its methyl ester, the hydantoin of S-benzyl-β,β-dimethylcysteine, and S-benzyl-β,β-dimethylcysteine ethyl ester hydrochloride, and helianthate.

Responses in wool growth, liveweight, glutathione and amino acids, in Merino wethers fed increasing amounts of methionine protected from degradation in the rumen

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Mata ◽  
DG Masters ◽  
D Buscall ◽  
K Street ◽  
AC Schlink
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acid ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Amino Acid Intake ◽  
Animal House

The aim of the experiments reported was to evaluate the protection from microbial breakdown of two methionine formulations (Lactet and Mepron) and to measure responses in wool production, liveweight, amino acids and glutathione in blood and tissues when one of these forms of methionine (Lactet) was supplied to merino wethers fed at maintenance. Lactet was well protected against microbial breakdown in the rumen. Peak values for concentrations of methionine in plasma, following administration of the different forms of methionine into the rumen, were 574, 148 and 143pmol L-1 for Lactet, DL-methionine and Mepron. Production responses to dosed levels of Lactet (0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 g methionine dayw1) were measured over 63 days in the animal house. Significant linear responses were obtained for wool growth (4-38%), fibre diameter (0.5-2 8m) and liveweight gain (30-1 15%). Concentrations of reduced glutathione in blood, liver and skin were increased, at some times during the experiment, by provision of Lactet. However, responses were inconsistent and highly variable among sheep, Glutathione was of limited use as an indicator of sulfur amino acid intake or status. Sulfate in plasma increased markedly at all levels of Lactet intake, and there was a linear relationship between Lactet intake and the concentration of sulfur in wool. Plasma free methionine and the ratio of methionine to total essential amino acids showed significant linear responses to the supplements. It was concluded that Lactet was an effective method of supplying rumen-protected methionine to ruminants.

Quantitative analysis of methionine and cysteine requirements for wool production of sheep

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Liu ◽  
D. G. Masters
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Wool Growth

AbstractThe conventional system of estimating metabolizable protein requirement is unsuitable for defining amino acid requirements because nitrogen loss cannot be converted to amino acid loss, and because there is a lack of data on the utilization efficiencies of individual amino acids for various productive purposes. Therefore, we are proposing an alternative approach. In this review, we use methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys) for wool production in sheep as examples, and define requirement as retention in both body and wool protein, plus the amount of obligatory oxidation that accompanies the retention. The requirements are expressed in terms of the net absorption. Mathematical models for the calculation of the requirements of both amino acids are established based on the level of absorption, endogenous contribution from body protein breakdown, oxidation rates and the amino acid composition of body and wool proteins. The flows and oxidation of Met and Cys, and Cys synthesis de novo as well are quantified using their plasma kinetics data. Wool growth rate is predicted from the amount of the amino acid available for protein retention and the partition ratio to wool growth. The estimated requirements for Met and Cys absorption for Merino sheep at maintenance are 0·45 to 0·75 g/day and 0·52 to 0·63 g/day depending on the live weight of the sheep. When wool growth rate increases to 10 g/day, the requirements increase to 0·91 to 1·24 g/day and 1·97 to 2·02 g/day respectively. The utilization efficiency for protein retention varies with the level of absorption, and is 0·02 to 0·55 for Met, and 0·09 to 0·55 for Cys. The model shows that wool growth rate is restricted by the lack of Cys supplied in conventional diets and is very sensitive to changes in oxidation of the amino acids.

Chlorinolysis of cysteine ethyl ester hydrochloride: an efficient route to certain chloro-amino acid derivatives

1969 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 3703-3705 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. Norcross ◽  
R. L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Ethyl Ester ◽  
Amino Acid Derivatives ◽  
Ester Hydrochloride ◽  
Efficient Route
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