Effect of drinking-water temperature on heat balance and thermoregulatory responses in dairy heifers

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
BP Purwanto ◽  
M Harada ◽  
S Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses

A study was made to determine the effect of heat dissipation from drinking water (8 kg at 10, 20, or 30�C) on the heat balance and thermoregulatory responses of 4 dairy heifers housed at 24, 29, and 34�C. No effect of drinking-water temperature on heat production or heart rate was found. Respiration rate, mean skin-surface temperature, and rectal temperature all decreased with decreasing drinking-water temperature. Rectal temperature reached a minimum 20 min after watering. The respiration rate, skin temperature, and rectal temperature returned to prior-to-watering values 120-180 min after watering. The cooling efficiency of drinking water was about 40%, and decreased at high environmental temperature, because the cooling potential was used initially in depressing heat loss responses. It is suggested that in order to eliminate excessive heat load, chilled drinking water could be effective during the night time when the environmental temperature is lowest.

scholarly journals Effects of cooled floor pads combined with chilled drinking water on behavior and performance of lactating sows under heat stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Zhu ◽  
L J Johnston ◽  
M H Reese ◽  
E S Buchanan ◽  
J E Tallaksen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Drinking Frequency

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate whether cooled floor pads combined with chilled drinking water could alleviate negative impacts of heat stress on lactating sows. Thirty sows (Landrace × Yorkshire, Parity = 1 to 6) were housed in individual farrowing stalls in two rooms with temperatures being controlled at 29.4°C (0700–1900 hours) and 23.9°C (1900–0700 hours). Sows in one room (Cool), but not in the other room (Control) were provided cooled floor pads (21–22°C) and chilled drinking water (13–15°C). Behavior of sows (15 sows/treatment) was video recorded during farrowing, and days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 after farrowing. Videos were viewed continuously to register the birth time of each piglet, from which total farrowing duration and birth intervals were calculated. The number of drinking bouts and the duration of each drinking bout were registered for each sow through viewing videos continuously for 2 h (1530–1730 hours) each video-recording day. Postures (lying laterally, lying ventrally, sitting, and standing) were recorded by scanning video recordings at 5-min intervals for 24 h each video-recording day, and time budget for each posture was calculated. Rectal temperature and respiration rate were measured for all sows the day before and after farrowing, and then once weekly. Sow and litter performance was recorded. Data were analyzed using the Glimmix procedure of SAS. The cooling treatment did not affect sow behavior or litter performance. Sows in the Cool room had lower rectal temperature (P = 0.03) and lower respiration rate (P < 0.001), consumed more feed (P = 0.03), tended to have reduced weight loss (P = 0.07), and backfat loss (P = 0.07) during lactation than sows in the Control room. As lactation progressed, sows increased drinking frequency (P < 0.001) and time spent lying ventrally (P < 0.0001), standing (P < 0.001), and sitting (P < 0.0001), and decreased time spent lying laterally (P < 0.0001) in both Cool and Control rooms. While cooled floor pads combined with chilled drinking water did not affect sow behavior, they did alleviate heat stress partially, as indicated by decreased rectal temperature, respiration rate, weight, and backfat loss, and increased feed intake in lactating sows.

Selecting the correct exercise intensity for unbiased comparisons of thermoregulatory responses between groups of different mass and surface area

2014 ◽  
Vol 116 (9) ◽  
pp. 1123-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew N. Cramer ◽  
Ollie Jay
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Heat Acclimation ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses ◽  
Different Levels

We assessed whether comparisons of thermoregulatory responses between groups unmatched for body mass and surface area (BSA) should be performed using a metabolic heat production (Ḣprod) in Watts or Watts per kilogram for changes in rectal temperature (ΔTre), and an evaporative heat balance requirement ( Ereq) in Watts or Watts per square meter for local sweat rates (LSR). Two groups with vastly different mass and BSA [large (LG): 91.5 ± 6.8 kg, 2.12 ± 0.09 m2, n = 8; small (SM): 67.6 ± 5.6 kg, 1.80 ± 0.09 m2, n = 8; P < 0.001], but matched for heat acclimation status, sex, age, and with the same onset threshold esophageal temperatures (LG: +0.37 ± 0.12°C; SM: +0.41 ± 0.17°C; P = 0.364) and thermosensitivities (LG: 1.02 ± 0.54, SM: 1.00 ± 0.38 mg·cm−2·min−1·°C−1; P = 0.918) for sweating, cycled for 60 min in 25°C at different levels of Ḣprod (500 W, 600 W, 6.5 W/kg, 9.0 W/kg) and Ereq (340 W, 400 W, 165 W/m2, 190 W/m2). ΔTre was different between groups at a Ḣprod of 500 W (LG: 0.52 ± 0.15°C, SM: 0.92 ± 0.24°C; P < 0.001) and 600 W (LG: 0.78 ± 0.19°C, SM: 1.14 ± 0.24°C; P = 0.007), but similar at 6.5 W/kg (LG: 0.79 ± 0.21°C, SM: 0.85 ± 0.14°C; P = 0.433) and 9.0 W/kg (LG: 1.02 ± 0.22°C, SM: 1.14 ± 0.24°C; P = 0.303). Furthermore, ΔTre was the same at 9.0 W/kg in a 35°C environment (LG: 1.12 ± 0.30°C, SM: 1.14 ± 0.25°C) as at 25°C ( P > 0.230). End-exercise LSR was different at Ereq of 400 W (LG: 0.41 ± 0.18, SM: 0.57 ± 0.13 mg·cm−2·min−1; P = 0.043) with a trend toward higher LSR in SM at 340 W (LG: 0.28 ± 0.06, SM: 0.37 ± 0.15 mg·cm−2·min−1; P = 0.057), but similar at 165 W/m2 (LG: 0.28 ± 0.06, SM: 0.28 ± 0.12 mg·cm−2·min−1; P = 0.988) and 190 W/m2 (LG: 0.41 ± 0.18, SM: 0.37 ± 0.15 mg·cm−2·min−1; P = 0.902). In conclusion, when comparing groups unmatched for mass and BSA, future experiments can avoid systematic differences in ΔTre and LSR by using a fixed Ḣprod in Watts per kilogram and Ereq in Watts per square meter, respectively.

The Relationship between Concentration and Sensory Properties of 2-Methylisoborneol and Geosmin in Drinking Water

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Ito ◽  
T. Okumura ◽  
M. Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Consumer Panel ◽  
Triangle Method ◽  
Musty Odor ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mixed Samples

The study of the relations between the senses of smell and taste and odorant concentration is important for the solution of odor problems. The threshold concentrations of odor and taste (TOC, TTC) of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin were measured by the non-forced choice triangle method using 12-20 panelists. Both TOC and TTC were found to be functions of water temperature and the concentration of residual chlorine. The TOC and TTC of mixed samples were rather lower than the concentrations calculated from the mixing ratio. The sensitivities of the consumer panel and the number of musty odor complaints from consumers are related to MIB or geosmin concentration. The ratio of the number of complaints to MIB (or geosmin) concentration decreased after maximum complaint, but the sensitivity of the consumer panel remained the same.

Heat balance and thermoregulatory responses in pinnaless rabbits

1980 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Caputa ◽  
W. Kądziela ◽  
J. Narąbski
Keyword(s):  
Heat Balance ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses

Heat balance, haematology and serum chemistry of layers under varying stocking density reared in locally fabricated metal-type cage system

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-103
Author(s):  
K. O. Bello ◽  
A. E. Adiatu ◽  
M. O. Osunlakin ◽  
O. O. Oni
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Fabricated Metal ◽  
Cage System ◽  
Chemical Measurements ◽  
Metal Type

One hundred and thirty five 18weeks old Bovans Nera Black strain pullets were used in a 10week study to determine their heat balance and blood profile under varying stocking density in locally fabricated metal-type cage system. The cages were stocked 2, 3 and 4birds/cell. Daily ambient temperature and relative humidity of the cage and rectal temperature of the birds were taken and heat balance calculated. Record of Packed cell volume (PCV), Haemoglobin concentration (Hb), Red blood cell (RBC), White blood count (WBC) and differential of the birds were taken at beginning and end of the study for the haematological indices while blood glucose, total protein, Albumin and blood urea were taken for the bio-chemical measurements. Ambient temperature, relative humidity, and heat balance showed no significant (P>0.05) difference with cage stocking density. Cage stocking density had significant (P<0.05) effect on rectal temperature of layers. Bird stocked 3/cell recorded the least (41.14oC) rectal temperature while those stocked 4/cell recorded the highest (41.27oC). All the haematological parameters of the birds were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by stocking density of the cage type. Bio-chemical measurements were not significantly (P>0.05) different among layers under varying stocking density of the cage except total protein (P<0.05). Layers stocked 4/cell recorded highest (5.22g/dl) total protein while those stocked 3/cell had the least value (4.37g/dl). However, the values were within the normal range recommended for healthy chicken. The study concluded that locally fabricated metal-type battery cage could be used to rear layers and stocking density of 3birds/cell is ideal without compromising the welfare of the birds.

Respiration in exercising fowl. II. Respiratory water loss and heat balance

1981 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 327-332
Author(s):  
J. H. Brackenbury ◽  
M. Gleeson ◽  
P. Avery
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Respiratory Heat Loss ◽  
All Speeds ◽  
Body Heat ◽  
Respiratory Evaporation

1. Respiratory water loss and rectal temperature were measured in domestic fowl running for 10 min on a treadmill at speeds of 1.24-4.3 km h-1 in air temperatures of 20 +/− 2 degrees C or 32 +/− 2 degrees C. 2. At given speeds the water loss at 32 +/− 2 degrees C was approximately twice that at 20 +/− 2 degrees C and the end-exercise rectal temperature was 0.5-0.8 degrees C higher. 3. At 20 +/− 2 degrees C, respiratory evaporation accounted for 10–12% of the total metabolic energy used at all speeds. At 32 +/− 2 degrees C, the fractional respiratory heat loss fell from 26.5% at 1.24 km h-1 to 17% at 3.6 km h-1. The fraction of the total metabolic energy stored as body heat rose progressively with air temperature.

scholarly journals Critical Temperature-Humidity Index Thresholds for Dry Cows in a Subtropical Climate

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Ouellet ◽  
Izabella M. Toledo ◽  
Bethany Dado-Senn ◽  
Geoffrey E. Dahl ◽  
Jimena Laporta
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Subtropical Climate ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Environmental Indices ◽  
Temperature Humidity Index ◽  
Humidity Index

The effects of heat stress on dry cows are profound and significantly contribute to lower overall welfare, productivity, and profitability of the dairy sector. Although dry cows are more thermotolerant than lactating cows due to their non-lactating state, similar environmental thresholds are currently used to estimate the degree of heat strain and cooling requirements. Records of dry cow studies conducted over 5 years in Gainesville, Florida, USA were pooled and analyzed to determine environmental thresholds at which dry cows exhibit signs of heat stress in a subtropical climate. Dry-pregnant multiparous dams were actively cooled (CL; shade of a freestall barn, fans and water soakers, n = 107) or not (HT; shade only, n = 111) during the last 7 weeks of gestation, concurrent with the entire dry period. Heat stress environmental indices, including ambient temperature, relative humidity, and temperature-humidity index (THI), and animal-based indices, including respiration rate, rectal temperature and daily dry matter intake were recorded in all studies. Simple correlations were performed between temperature-humidity index and each animal-based indicator. Differences in respiration rate, rectal temperature and dry matter intake between treatments were analyzed by multiple regression. Using segmented regression, temperature-humidity thresholds for significant changes in animal-based indicators of heat stress were estimated. Stronger significant correlations were found between the temperature-humidity index and all animal-based indices measured in HT dry cows (−0.22 ≤ r ≤ 0.35) relative to CL dry cows (−0.13 ≤ r ≤ 0.19). Although exposed to similar temperature-humidity index, rectal temperature (+0.3°C; P &lt; 0.001) and respiration rate (+23 breaths/min; P &lt; 0.001) were elevated in HT dry cows compared with CL cows whereas dry matter intake (−0.4 kg of dry matter/d; P = 0.003) was reduced. Temperature-humidity index thresholds at which respiration rate and rectal temperature began to change were both determined at a THI of 77 in HT dry cows. No significant temperature-humidity threshold was detected for dry matter intake. At a practical level, our results demonstrate that dry cow respiration rate and rectal temperature increased abruptly at a THI of 77 when provided only shade and managed in a subtropical climate. Therefore, in the absence of active cooling, dry cows should be closely monitored when or before THI reaches 77 to avoid further heat-stress related impairments during the dry period and the subsequent lactation and to mitigate potential carry-over effects on the offspring.

scholarly journals Seasonal Dynamics in the Number and Composition of Coliform Bacteria in Drinking Water Reservoirs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Reitter ◽  
Heike Petzoldt ◽  
Andreas Korth ◽  
Felix Schwab ◽  
Claudia Stange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
List Type ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Water Reservoirs ◽  
Drinking Water Production

AbstractWorldwide, surface waters like lakes and reservoirs are one of the major sources for drinking water production, especially in regions with water scarcity. In the last decades, they have undergone significant changes due to climate change. This includes not only an increase of the water temperature but also microbiological changes. In recent years, increased numbers of coliform bacteria have been observed in these surface waters. In our monitoring study we analyzed two drinking water reservoirs (Klingenberg and Kleine Kinzig Reservoir) over a two-year period in 2018 and 2019. We detected high numbers of coliform bacteria up to 2.4 x 104 bacteria per 100 ml during summer months, representing an increase of four orders of magnitude compared to winter. Diversity decreased to one or two species that dominated the entire water body, namely Enterobacter asburiae and Lelliottia spp., depending on the reservoir. Interestingly, the same, very closely related strains have been found in several reservoirs from different regions. Fecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and enterococci could only be detected in low concentrations. Furthermore, fecal marker genes were not detected in the reservoir, indicating that high concentrations of coliform bacteria were not due to fecal contamination. Microbial community revealed Frankiales and Burkholderiales as dominant orders. Enterobacterales, however, only had a frequency of 0.04% within the microbial community, which is not significantly affected by the extreme change in coliform bacteria number. Redundancy analysis revealed water temperature, oxygen as well as nutrients and metals (phosphate, manganese) as factors affecting the dominant species. We conclude that this sudden increase of coliform bacteria is an autochthonic process that can be considered as a mass proliferation or “coliform bloom” within the reservoir. It is correlated to higher water temperatures in summer and is therefore expected to occur more frequently in the near future, challenging drinking water production.HighlightsColiform bacteria proliferate in drinking water reservoirs to values above 104 per 100 mlThe genera Lelliottia and Enterobacter can form these “coliform blooms”Mass proliferation is an autochthonic process, not related to fecal contaminationsIt is related to water temperature and appears mainly in summerIt is expected to occur more often in future due to climate changeGraphical abstract

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