Studies on the origin, evolution, and distribution of the Gramineae. III. The tribes of the subfamily Eragrostoideae

1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 256 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Hartley ◽  
C Slater
Keyword(s):  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Western India ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Hot Arid Climate ◽  
South West Africa ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
World Distribution ◽  
North Western

In further studies of grass distribution, maps are presented showing the world distribution of the Eragrosteae (sensu str.) and of the subfamily Eragrostoideae within which it is included. Both taxa show centres of high relative specific differentiation in inland Australia and in South West Africa, but in addition, the subfamily has centres of differentiation in the Sahara rekion, northern Mexico, and north-western India. The centres of differentiation are all in regions of hot, arid climate near the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. The close relationship between climate and distribution is most apparent in the case of the subfamily Eragrostoideae, species of which are relatively abundant in the grass flora of all arid regions with high winter temperatures and summer or non-seasonal rainfall incidence. The distributions of most of the other tribes and subtribes which have been included in the Eragrostoideae show a similar relationship to climate. Some apparent exceptions to this are discussed, and it is shown that the geographical evidence supports conclusions from recent cytotaxonomic and anatomical studies that the taxa concerned should be removed from the subfamily. The very wide distribution of the subfamily and of its constituent taxa, as well as the close relationship between the distribution pattern and climate, suggests that the subfamily is a very old one. Geographical and taxonomic evidence indicates that it may have originated in tropical or subtropical Africa at least as early as the Oligocene.

Studies on the origin, evolution and distribution of the Gramineae. I. The tribe Andropogoneae

1958 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 116 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Western India ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Cytological Evidence ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Eastern Hemisphere ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
World Distribution

From a study of the grass flora of some 300 regions, a world distribution map of the grass tribe, Andropogoneae, has been prepared. This map shows that the Indo-Malaysian region is relatively rich in species of the tribe, with zones of high concentration in western India and in southern Indonesia. The relative species density falls off rapidly in passing from the tropical to the temperate zones, and is lower in the western than in the eastern hemisphere. Climatic factors are of major importance in determining the distribution pattern. Winter temperatures are of special significance in temperate regions, while there is a striking relationship between high midsummer rainfall and relative abundance of species of Andropogoneae in the tropics and subtropics. In general, the geographical survey supports conclusions drawn from taxonomic and cytological evidence regarding the origin and evolution of the tribe, but with greater emphasis on climate as a significant factor. The Andropogoneae have had a long evolutionary history in the eastern hemisphere, but have spread more recently to the western hemisphere, where they have not yet attained their full development.

The genus Waltheria in southern Africa

Bothalia ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 275-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. C. Verdoorn
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
South West ◽  
The World ◽  
Northern Cape ◽  
South West Africa ◽  
The Tropics

Waltheria indica L., the only species of Waltheria represented in southern Africa, is revised. This species, which occurs throughout the tropics and substropics of the world, is found abundantly in the northern Cape, Swaziland, northern Natal, Transvaal and northwards through South West Africa/Namibia and Botswana. Thoughout its wide distribution the species is uniform. A scrutiny o f herbarium specimens revealed that what appeared as a distinct species or subspecies was without doubt an abnormality, probably caused by insect injury.

Gastrointestinal Protective Effect of Zizyphus xylopyrus (Retz) Willd Leaf Extract Against Indomethacin and HCl-EtOH Induced Ulcers

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-146
Author(s):  
Shweta Jain ◽  
Sourabh Jain ◽  
Nagendra S. Chauhan ◽  
Ankur Vaidya
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Gastric Epithelium ◽  
Gastric Ulcers ◽  
Western India ◽  
Skin Infections ◽  
Ulcer Index ◽  
Digestive Disorders ◽  
North Western

Background: Zizyphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd. (Rhamnaceae) is a straggling shrub or a small tree, armed with spines, found throughout north western India, Pakistan and China. Methods: The aerial and root barks, leaves and fruits of Zizyphus species are used in medicine for the treatment of various diseases such as weakness, liver complaints, obesity, diabetes, skin infections, fever, diarrhea, insomnia and digestive disorders. Ethanolic extract of leaves of Zizyphus xylopyrus (Retz) Willd was prepared by solvent extraction and subjected to study the protective effect against Indomethacin and HCl-EtOH induced ulcer using Ranitidine (100 mg/kg) and Omeprazole (8 mg/kg) as standard respectively. Results: Histopathological lesions with marked disorientation of the gastric epithelium was observed in negative control, while extract treated rats showed a better protected mucosa with intact epithelium in comparison to standard treated rats. Ulcer index and percentage ulcer protection also represent protecting effects of the extract. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of Z. xylopyrus (Retz) Willd leaves extract was found to be significantly protective against gastric ulcers.

Assessment of aerosols optical properties and radiative forcing over an Urban site in North-Western India

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 1232-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikram Mor ◽  
Rajesh Dhankhar ◽  
S. D. Attri ◽  
V. K. Soni ◽  
M. Sateesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Western India ◽  
North Western

Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 482-510
Author(s):  
C. Shackle
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Historical Importance ◽  
Adequate Coverage ◽  
Extreme North ◽  
Language Areas ◽  
North Western ◽  
Scholarly Attention

The Indo-Iranian linguistic frontier constitutes one of the most complex and interesting language-areas of the sub-continent. Given the nature of the area, it is perhaps inevitable that scholarly attention should have been directed particularly to its remoter corners, where so much that is of historical importance has been preserved, and we certainly have every reason to be grateful for the fascination which such out of the way survivals have held for the minds of several outstanding linguists. It is, on the other hand, a matter for regret that so little has been done by comparison on the languages which flourish in less inaccessible parts of the frontier, particularly on the Indo-Aryan side. The wide distribution of such languages alone, quite apart from their intrinsic interest, demands that they too be accorded adequate coverage if the peculiarly complex language-patterns of the area are ever to be properly understood as a whole. The present article, based largely on material collected during a recent field-trip to Pakistan,1 represents an attempt to fill one such gap in contemporary coverage, by providing descriptions of the extreme north-western extensions of the main body of Indo-Aryan.

Actinomycetes as the basis of Probiotics for Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-19
Author(s):  
A.A. Gagarina
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Rhizosphere Microorganisms ◽  
Current State ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Stimulate Plant Growth ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Streptomyces Genus

The present review describes the concept of probiotics for plants and analyzes the prospects for using actinomycetes as producers of these drugs. The minimum requirements for plant probiotic microorganisms are proposed, similar to those for human probiotic microorganisms. These are utility, efficiency and safety for plants, as well as mandatory isolation from plant samples. It is noted that these requirements are usually met by endophytic and rhizosphere microorganisms that stimulate plant growth and provide them with protection from phytopathogens. Evidence is given for the possibility of attributing actinomycetes to probiotic plant bacteria, due to the close relationship of these microorganisms with plants, their wide distribution in populations of endophytic and rhizosphere microorganisms, and the presence of phytoregulatory activity. The review provides examples of genera and species of actinomycetes that are promising producers of probiotics for agronomically important crops. The most studied and commercialized of them are representatives of the Streptomyces genus. The current state, prospects and problems in commercialization of probiotics based on actinomycetes are discussed. probiotic microorganisms of plants, associative actinomycetes, endophytes, rhizosphere, biological preparations

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