Effect of long-term stubble management on yield and nitrogen-uptake efficiency of wheat topdressed with urea in north-eastern Victoria

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Stubble Retention ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Nitrogen Inputs ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stubble Burning

Use of urea fertiliser for cereal cropping in south eastern Australia has increased rapidly in recent years to arrest a general decline in grain protein and to increase yields. In conservation cropping systems, crop stubbles provide a source of carbon, which has the potential to retain a portion of the fertiliser nitrogen in the soil. The impact of fertiliser nitrogen was compared under 4 stubble management regimes for efficiency of nitrogen uptake by a wheat crop in a long-term cereal–grain legume rotation. The experiment was established on a duplex red-brown earth in 1985 to compare stubble retention (standing, shredded, incorporated) with stubble burning. In 1995, wheat following a failed lupin crop was topdressed with urea fertiliser at 50 kg nitrogen per hectare to split plots of each stubble treatment at the third-leaf stage of growth. The urea significantly increased nitrogen uptake by wheat grown on burnt stubbles and increased grain yield by 1 t/ha. Nitrogen applied to wheat grown on stubbles retained above-ground increased yield by 0.5 t/ha, whereas there was no significant yield increase from nitrogen when stubble was incorporated due to less transfer of dry matter to grain. Efficiency of urea-nitrogen uptake in grain was reduced under stubble retention. The total grain nitrogen uptake in response to stubble burning increased by 17.6 kg/ha, which was equivalent to a conversion efficiency of 35%, compared with only 26, 24 and 16% of the applied 50 kg nitrogen per hectare for stubble standing, shredding and incorporation treatments, respectively. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen levels were 1 and 0.1%, respectively, irrespective of stubble treatment. Added urea increased microbial decomposition of cellulose in calico cloth buried beneath stubbles retained above-ground by 30%, compared with stubble incorporated or burnt treatments. These results suggest that where low levels of available nitrogen exist in cropping systems that use stubble retention, higher nitrogen inputs may be needed, due to less efficient uptake of nitrogen from urea fertiliser.

Crop stubbles are as important for sheep production as annual pastures in the Victorian Mallee

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 993 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Simulation Modelling ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Sheep Production ◽  
The Impact

The impact of different management strategies on production and profit can be evaluated with knowledge of how sheep production responds to changes in the available feed base and sheep or pasture management. This study aimed to quantify on-farm pasture and sheep production in mixed sheep and cropping systems in the Victorian Mallee of south-eastern Australia (325 ± 50 mm annual rainfall) as a prelude to computer simulation modelling. During 2001 (average rainfall) and 2002 (extreme drought) pasture production, the feed base and sheep production were monitored in 15 paddocks on 5 properties located across the region. Crop stubbles were the major source of feed for 6 months of the year, enabling ewes to maintain liveweight. There was more variation in pasture parameters between paddocks at the 1 location than between locations. The botanical composition, plant density, soil fertility and management were key variables associated with between-paddock variation in pasture production. Variation in pasture production between years was larger than within-year differences. In contrast, stocking rates were not much lower in the drought year of 2002 than in 2001. This study suggests there is potential for management to improve pasture production, and demonstrates the importance of feed sources other than annual pasture for sheep production in environments where the annual pasture growing season is short.

Water and bromide movement in a Vertosol under four fallow management systems

Soil Research ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Turpin ◽  
J. P. Thompson ◽  
B. J. Bridge ◽  
D. Orange
Keyword(s):  
Water Movement ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Fallow Management ◽  
Stubble Retention ◽  
Tracer Solution ◽  
Stubble Burning

Recent work on the Hermitage long-term fallow management found increased rates of anion movement under zero tillage systems compared with conventional tillage. Four separate experiments have been used to determine relative rates of water movement through different fallow management treatments on the Hermitage long-term fallow management trial and the causes of any differences. Photography of the aggregation patterns at the depth of tillage (approx. 15 cm) showed that conventional tillage combined with stubble burning has led to the formation of large massive peds up to 20 cm across below the tillage layer, whereas zero-tillage with stubble retention has maintained much smaller aggregates in this zone. Measurements of hydraulic conductivity at 15 cm under both dry and moist conditions indicated that, when the soil is dry and cracked, all tillage treatments have similar conductivities, but when the soil swells and cracks close, zero tillage–stubble retention maintains a greater volume of large pores and thereby greater conductivity. This effect was further demonstrated when a bromide tracer solution was applied to a relatively wet soil by ring infiltrometer, where only 15% of the solution moved below 15 cm in conventional tillage–stubble burning compared with 26% and 38% in zero tillage{stubble retention. In the final experiment, which followed the movement of surface applied bromide over a 6-month fallow, there were no significant differences in rates of leaching between management treatments.

scholarly journals Short-Term Impact of Multi-Cropping on Some Soil Physical Properties and Respiration

Agronomy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Kęstutis Romaneckas ◽  
Jovita Balandaitė ◽  
Aušra Sinkevičienė ◽  
Rasa Kimbirauskienė ◽  
Algirdas Jasinskas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Cropping Intensity ◽  
Gas Concentration ◽  
Structural Composition ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Micro Structures ◽  
The Impact

Growing as much crop biomass as possible in the shortest possible time is the target for most bio-energy producers. However, according to the requirements of the Green Deal, the consumption of fertilizers and crop protection products will have to be significantly reduced between 2023 and 2027. In order to meet all the necessary conditions for the production of biomass, a stationary field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania, in 2020–2021. Multi-cultivations of maize, hemp and faba bean were investigated. The aim of this study was to ascertain the impact of multi-cropping intensity on soil structural composition, stability, penetration resistance and gas concentration–respiration. As expected, multi-cropping stabilized the gas concentration and emission from the soil and decreased the proportion of micro-structures in the top soil layers. However, the stability of the soil decreased in all the experimental plots. Gas concentration and respiration mainly depended on soil structural composition, temperature and moisture content. The results of the experiment suggest performing investigations at a long-term scale because the intensive variation of meteorological conditions had a higher impact on the soil properties than the multi-cropping systems.

Effect of nose ringing and dietary modification in outdoor pig production on temporal changes in soil nitrogen status

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 42-42
Author(s):  
S. A. Edwards ◽  
W. Jamieson ◽  
I. Riddoch ◽  
C. A. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Grass Cover ◽  
Pollution Potential ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Dietary Nutrients ◽  
Nitrogen Inputs ◽  
Grass Growth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stocking Rates

Traditionally fed outdoor sows at commercial stocking rates can deposit onto soil in excess of 500 kg of nitrogen per hectare per annum from unused dietary nutrients. This has the potential to give rise to serious environmental pollution problems, and it is therefore important to seek methods to reduce this amount or to influence its pollution potential. One major determinant will be the extent to which it can be captured and utilised in grass growth, but this will be dependant on the extent to which the rooting activity of the pigs has destroyed the vegetation cover. This experiment was therefore designed to measure the impact of reducing dietary nitrogen inputs and maintaining grass cover by nose-ringing of sows on the long term changes in soil nitrogen content.

scholarly journals The profitability of organic soybean production

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 276-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.D. McBride ◽  
Catherine Greene
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Crop Acreage ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Price Premiums ◽  
The Impact

AbstractResults from long-term experimental trials suggest that similar yields and lower costs are possible with organic compared to conventional soybeans, but there is little information about the relative costs and returns of these systems on commercial farms. This study examines the profitability of commercial soybean production using a nationwide survey of soybean producers for 2006 that includes a targeted sample of organic growers. Treatment-effect models are specified to characterize adopters of the organic approach and to isolate the impact of organic choice on operating, operating and capital, and total economic costs of soybean production. Organic soybean producers tend to be younger, have less crop acreage, and are less likely to work off-farm than conventional producers. Organic soybean production costs range from about $1 to $6 per bushel higher than those for conventional soybeans due to both lower yields and higher per-acre costs, while the average organic price premium in 2006 was more than $9 per bushel. Long-term cropping systems data suggest significant returns to organic systems result from similar yields and lower costs than conventional systems, but the high returns to commercial organic production found in this study can only be attributed to the significant price premiums paid for organic soybeans. Average organic soybean price premiums have remained high since 2006 despite much higher conventional soybean prices as users of organic soybeans attempt to retain and attract more acreage. However, increases in conventional soybean prices and fuel prices reduce the incentive for planting organic soybeans by improving returns to conventional production and increasing the relative costs of organic production.

The impact of stubble management on the incidence of crown rot of wheat

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Summerell ◽  
LW Burgess ◽  
TA Klein
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Stubble Retention ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stubble Burning

The influence of 3 stubble management practices, stubble retention, stubble incorporation and stubble burning, on the incidence of crown rot of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe Group 1, and on plant development and grain yield was examined. The incidence of disease (percentage plants affected) was assessed in a susceptible (cv. Sunstar) and moderately resistant cultivar (cv. Suneca) in 1986. In 1987 Sunstar was planted into stubble of the 2 cultivars to assess the influence of host resistance on disease carryover. Crown rot was highest in the stubble retention plots (81% incidence in 1986 and 59% in 1987), whereas stubble burning decreased disease incidence in both years, with the reduction being greater in the second year (47% and 16%). Stubble incorporation was ineffective in reducing disease levels (76% and 53% in years 1 and 2). The incidence of crown rot did not differ in the 2 cultivars. At the harvest sampling in 1987 there were no differences in crown rot incidence in plants sown into stubble of the 2 cultivars. Grain yield did not differ significantly between treatments, but early season plant dry weight was reduced in the retained plots. Grain protein levels were reduced (P< 0.05) in the stubble burnt plots.

Long-term Productivity of Intensive Rice Cropping Systems on the Central Plain of Thailand

1977 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Walcott ◽  
M. Chauviroj ◽  
A. Chinchest ◽  
P. Choticheuy ◽  
R. Ferraris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Multiple Cropping ◽  
Rice Cropping Systems

SUMMARYThe productivity of seven multiple rice-cropping systems, utilizing a short-duration cultivar under irrigation, were assessed over 5 years. Systems of one, two and three crops a year were compared. Multiple cropping reduced grain yield, panicles m-2, total dry matter and nitrogen uptake per crop. However, the unfertilized three-crop-per-year system averaged 9·1 t grain, 17·1 t DM and 126 kg N ha-1 per annum, without showing a long term decline in productivity. Recovery and utilization of nitrogen fertilizer were generally low compared to other experiments, and were highest for the early dry season cropping period.

scholarly journals THE RESPONSE OF SUGARCANE TO TRASH RETENTION AND NITROGEN IN THE BRAZILIAN COASTAL TABLELANDS: A SIMULATION STUDY

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANA PAULA PESSIM DE OLIVEIRA ◽  
PETER J. THORBURN ◽  
JODY S. BIGGS ◽  
EDUARDO LIMA ◽  
LÚCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Mean Square Error ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cane Yield ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Systems Model ◽  
Sugarcane Yield ◽  
N Rates ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYTo evaluate the impact of trash management on sugarcane production and N fertiliser requirements in environmental conditions of Brazilian coastal tablelands, a simulation was conducted with APSIM-Sugar cropping systems model. The model was parameterised for, and validated against results from a long term (over 23 years) experiment comparing the system-burnt trash and green cane trash blanketing (GCTB), in Linhares-ES. Simulations were conducted over two crop cycles (14 years) with different management (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% GCTB and burnt trash), and N fertiliser rates from 0 to 240 kg ha−1 (in 40 kg ha−1 increments) on the ratoon crops, and 75% of these rates on the plant crops. Measured cane yields and soil carbon were simulated well by the model. The RMSE (root mean square error) of predictions in burnt and GCTB treatments were 14.02 Mg ha−1 and 13.45 Mg ha−1 for yield, and 0.09 and 0.13% for soil carbon. In the simulation, the cane yield responded positively to the GCTB systems. Optimum N rates were higher in the 100%, 75% and 50% GCTB than with burnt trash and 25% GCTB reflecting the greater yields under GCTB systems. The response to trash retention was dependent on N fertiliser, and it was smaller or even negative at lower N rates. With adequate N, the positive responses were predicted to occur in all crops after the imposition of GCTB system. The removal of any proportion of the trash reduced the potential sugarcane yield. The simulations showed that average environmental losses of N are likely to be greater from trash-retained systems at all N fertiliser rates.

Cradle-to-farmgate greenhouse gas emissions for 2-year wheat monoculture and break crop–wheat sequences in south-eastern Australia

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippa M. Brock ◽  
Sally Muir ◽  
David F. Herridge ◽  
Aaron Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Life Cycle Assessment Methodology ◽  
Soil C ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Rainfed Wheat ◽  
The Impact

We used life cycle assessment methodology to determine the cradle-to-farmgate GHG emissions for rainfed wheat grown in monoculture or in sequence with the break crops canola (Brassica napus) and field peas (Pisum sativum), and for the break crops, in the south-eastern grains region of Australia. Total GHG emissions were 225 kg carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-e)/t grain for a 3 t/ha wheat crop following wheat, compared with 199 and 172 kg CO2-e/t for wheat following canola and field peas, respectively. On an area basis, calculated emissions were 676, 677 and 586 kg CO2-e/ha for wheat following wheat, canola and field peas, respectively. Highest emissions were associated with the production and transport of fertilisers (23–28% of total GHG emissions) and their use in the field (16–23% of total GHG emissions). Production, transport and use of lime accounted for an additional 19–21% of total GHG emissions. The lower emissions for wheat after break crops were associated with higher yields, improved use of fertiliser nitrogen (N) and reduced fertiliser N inputs in the case of wheat after field peas. Emissions of GHG for the production and harvesting of canola were calculated at 841 kg CO2-e/ha, equivalent to 420 kg CO2-e/t grain. Those of field peas were 530 kg CO2-e/ha, equivalent to 294 kg CO2-e/t grain. When the gross margin returns for the crops were considered together with their GHG emissions, the field pea–wheat sequence had the highest value per unit emissions, at AU$787/t CO2-e, followed by wheat–wheat ($703/t CO2-e) and canola–wheat ($696/t CO2-e). Uncertainties associated with emissions factor values for fertiliser N, legume-fixed N and mineralised soil organic matter N are discussed, together with the potentially high C cost of legume N2 fixation and the impact of relatively small changes in soil C during grain cropping either to offset all or most pre- and on-farm GHG emissions or to add to them.

scholarly journals Measuring and Monitoring the Impact of Precision Land Levelling and Arable Cropping Systems on Aggregate Associated Carbon Fractions and Soil Carbon Stock in Sub-tropical Ecosystems

2020 ◽  
pp. 197-220
Author(s):  
R. K. Naresh ◽  
Yogesh Kumar ◽  
S. S. Tomar ◽  
Mukesh Kumar ◽  
M. Sharath Chandra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Energy Productivity ◽  
Tropical Ecosystems ◽  
Carbon Fractions ◽  
The Impact

The Long term experiment (2009-10 to-2018-19) was conducted to study the effects of precision land levelled (PLL) versus traditional land levelled (TLL) systems on aggregate-associated soil organic carbon (SOC) in a farmers participatory fields under sub-tropical ecosystems (Western Uttar Pradesh) of Indian conditions. The significance of this study mainly focus to determine the suitability of various labile carbon fractions as indicators of soil quality and the stability of aggregates plays a vital role in preserving and long term storing of soil organic carbon by implementing Precision Land Levelling under various arable cropping system. The treatment comprised of sixteen alternative arable cropping systems strategies viz. R-WPLL, R-WTLL, S-WPLL, S-WTLL, R-P-MbPLL, R-P-MbTLL, R-P-OPLL, R-P-OTLL, R-C-OPLL, R-C-OTLL, O-W-MbPLL, O-W-MbTLL, M-W-MbPLL, M-W-MbTLL, M-P-MbPLL, and M-P-MbTLL etc were taken with recommended dose of fertilizers and various observations were recorded. The results indicated that the M-P-MbPLL produced 79.5 kgha-1day-1 productivity and used only 110 cm irrigation water which was 48.1 per cent less than irrigation water used for R-WPLL. The land use efficiency under R-P-MbPLL, R-P-OPLL, R-P-MbPLL, R-C-OPLL and M-P-MbPLL were recorded as 86.2, 85.1, 84.8, 84.6 and 83.9%. However, energy value in terms total input energy and energy productivity were 39.9 and 218.5 GJ ha-1 over existing R-W system (32.9 & 105.7 GJ ha-1). The quantity of water used in the R-C-O, M-W-Mb, M-P-Mb, and O-W-Mb were 46.1, 44.9, 40.1 and 36.3 per cent less than quantity of water used for R-W system. Aggregate-associated SOC contents in 0-15 cm depth were recorded highest SOC at 15-30 cm depth in PLL systems as 9.4% for both M-P-MbPLL and M-W-MbPLL. Highest PON change in arable cropping system (30.9 & 40.1%) was found in O-W-Mb with precision land levelling (T11) plots followed by R-P-O with precision land levelling (T7) plots (26.1 & 35.8%) as compared to R-W and S-W system. The values of LFOC in surface soil were 194.7, 187.9, 176.2, 170.9, 168.5, 150.6, 132.8 and 123.8 mgkg−1 in R-P-O, R-C-O, M-W-Mb, O-W-Mb, M-P-Mb, R-P-Mb, R-W and S-W with precision land levelling treatments. Higher SOC sequestration was observed with precision land leveling along with alternative arable cropping systems with O-W-MbPLL, R-C-OPLL, R-P-OPLL, O-W-MbPLL and M-P-MbPLL respectively. Therefore, PLL systems had greater soil surface aggregation and carbon storage, land levelling did not affect SOC patterns across aggregates, but changed the distribution of aggregate size, reflecting that land levelling mainly influenced soil fertility by altering soil structure.

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