Effects of protein supplementation of young sheep on resistance development and resilience to parasitic nematodes

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1469 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Steel
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Faecal Egg Count

The influence of dietary protein content, particularly the supply of metabolisable protein, on immunocompetence and on resilience to pathogenic effects during continuous exposure of young sheep to infective larvae is reviewed for the most important abomasal and small intestinal nematodes infecting young sheep in Australian grazing systems. In lambs infected with Haemonchus contortus supplementary protein improves both development of immunity and resilience in breeds of sheep that are susceptible to haemonchosis, but in relatively resistant breeds dietary supplementation appears unnecessary. Recent studies indicate that the increased protein requirements of Merino weaners parasitised by H. contortus would be met by diets containing about 190 g crude protein/kg dry matter, depending on the rumen degradability of the dietary protein source and level of feed intake. Some evidence exists for an enhanced immune response to Teladorsagia circumcincta in lambs receiving an increased supply of protein at the intestines.Response to protein supplementation of lambs infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis depends on the metabolisable protein content of the basal diet and on the period of exposure to incoming larvae. Where the basal diet only meets requirements for maintenance or low growth rates, increased supply of rumen undegradable protein enhances immune expression in terms of reducing faecal egg count and expelling adult worms, but does not appear to limit the initial establishment of incoming larvae. Effects on growth rate and wool production are most pronounced during the period of worm expulsion, indicating that this phase of the immune response competes with production when nutrient resources, and particularly protein, are limited.Field trials in the Armidale region have shown that supplementation with protein meals of Merino weaners, exposed to natural infection from pasture, can reduce faecal egg count and improve resilience in terms of both growth rate and wool production. These effects may persist for some time after supplementation ceases. Further work is needed to determine the generality of these responses in other sheep-producing regions and genotypes and to establish cost-effective supplementation strategies.

Effect of dietary protein content on growth rate, survival and body composition of juvenile cauque river prawn,Macrobrachium americanum(Bate 1868)

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 741-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuniel Méndez-Martínez ◽  
Stig Yamasaki-Granados ◽  
Marcelo U García-Guerrero ◽  
Luis R Martínez-Córdova ◽  
Marta E Rivas-Vega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein

A note on the effect of amino acid or urea supplements to barley diets for the finishing pig

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Hintz ◽  
W. G. Pond ◽  
W. J. Visek
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Finishing Pig ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

SUMMARYIn trials 1 and 2, supplements of urea and cottonseed meal increased the protein content of the basal diets from 12·2 to 14·0–14·6%, but had no significant effects on growth rate or carcass characteristics. In trial 3 the effect of cottonseed meal on growth rate was almost significant but urea had less effect. In trial 4, the basal diet contained 11·0% protein; soya bean meal increased this to 13·1% and had an almost significant effect on growth rate. Lysine and lysine + urea had no effect.

Artificial Haemonchus contortus infection as a strategy to induce protective immune response to natural infection in Pelibuey lambs

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cruz-Tamayo ◽  
R. González-Garduño ◽  
G. Torres-Hernández ◽  
C. Becerril-Pérez ◽  
O. Hernández-Mendo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Artificial Infection ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Two Phases

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the reduction in nematode faecal egg count (FEC) in Pelibuey lambs segregated as resistant (RES), susceptible (SUS) and intermediate (INT) to gastrointestinal nematodes. Twenty-nine weaned Pelibuey lambs, aged five months old, free of nematode infection, were used. Nine lambs were RES, six were SUS and 14 were INT lambs. The study consisted of two phases: in Phase 1 the lambs were infected experimentally with Haemonchus contortus. In Phase 2, the lambs were naturally infected by grazing. Faecal and blood samples were taken every week. The packed cell volume and total protein were quantified. The FEC value (FECmax) per lamb was recorded together with a natural reduction in FEC in the two phases. The data were analysed with a model of measures repeated over time. During Phase 1, the RES lambs showed the lowest FEC (1061 ± 1053) compared to the other groups (INT: 2385 ± 1794 eggs per gram of faeces (EPG); and SUS: 3958 ± 3037 EPG). However, in Phase 2 no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between the groups of lambs (RES: 275 ± 498 EPG; SUS: 504 ± 1036 EPG; and INT: 603 ± 1061 EPG). At the end of Phase 1, the FEC of RES lambs was naturally reduced by 75.5% in respect to FECmax (p < 0.05), and at the end of Phase 2 the reduction in FEC was 90% in respect to FECmax (p > 0.05); the same behaviour was observed in RES and SUS lambs. It is concluded that the artificial infection in the lambs induced a more rapid immune response in RES than SUS lambs, and all lambs developed high acquired resistance by continuous infection.

The effect of different levels of crude protein on the pathophysiology of Haemonchus contortus infection in 2-year-old Boer dry does under confined conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 719
Author(s):  
T. V. Can ◽  
M. A. Hohenhaus ◽  
P. J. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Serum Protein ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Total Serum Protein ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cell Volumes

The effect of dietary protein supplementation on the pathophysiology of a single Haemonchus contortus infection in 2-year-old Boer dry does under confined conditions was examined. Twenty-four does were randomly confined in individual pens and allocated into three groups balanced by their liveweight. The goats in the Control group were offered a basal diet whereas goats in Treatments 1 and 2 were fed the basal diet plus 25% and 50% dietary protein increments, respectively. Each animal was orally administrated 100 H. contortus L3 larvae/kg liveweight on Day 0 of the experiment. The goat liveweights and FAMACHA scores were recorded at weekly intervals. Packed cell volumes, eosinophil percentage, haemoglobin concentration, total serum protein, globulin, and albumin concentrations were recorded on Days 0 and 14, and then at weekly intervals during the experiments. Faecal egg counts were measured on Days 0, 21, and then at weekly intervals thereafter. Antigen-specific IgA, IgG, and IgM titres were determined from Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays tests on Days 0, 28, and at the termination of the experiment. The results of this study showed that a single H. contortus L3 infection did not cause pathogenic effects in 2-year-old Boer dry does. Dietary protein supplementation significantly lowered faecal egg count and significantly enhanced IgG titres (P < 0.05). However, the higher protein diets did not have any significant effects on liveweight, packed cell volumes, haemoglobin concentration, biological parameters (total serum protein, albumin, and globulin concentrations), and peripheral antibodies (IgA and IgM titres) between the treatments. Further investigations are required to clarify the role of protein supplementation to control H. contortus infection in goats.

scholarly journals 111 Changes in proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in beef steers chronically exposed to endophyte-infected tall fescue seed

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 42-43
Author(s):  
Alecia R Brown ◽  
Rebecca K Poole ◽  
McKenzie Lane Jackson ◽  
Matthew H Poore ◽  
Carrie L Pickworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Cytokine Analysis ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Endophyte-infected tall fescue consumption adversely effects health and immune response. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of protein supplementation on cytokine response in steers consuming ergovaline, found in endophyte-infected tall fescue. Thirty-two beef steers were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) and randomly assigned to receive one of four treatments for 56 days: endophyte-free seed (0 ug/kg ergovaline) with either 18% (EF-18; n = 8) or 14% dietary protein (EF-14; n = 8) and endophyte-infected seed (500 ug/ kg ergovaline) with 18% (EI-18; n = 8) or 14% dietary protein (EI-14; n = 8). Blood samples were collected for cytokine analysis on d 28 and d 42 of the feeding period representing when steers vaccinated and boostered for bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) types 1 and 2 and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR). Cytokine concentrations were evaluated using Quantibody Bovine Cytokine Arrays. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with repeated measures. Statistical significance was determined at P0.05). Interestingly, concentrations of cytokines, IL13 (912±148 vs. 410.9±135 pg/mL) and IL21 (1636.0±295 vs. 629±305 pg/mL), which are involved in chronic inflammatory process were greater (P < 0.05) in EI steer compared to EF steers on d 28 and d 42. Concentrations of chemokine CCL4 and proinflammatory cytokines IFNG and IL-1alpha tended to be greater in EI steers compared to EF steers (P < 0.10). Overall, these data demonstrate that consumption of ergovaline increased proinflammatory cytokines and induced a chronic immune response. Developing a better understanding of overall immunity in cattle exposed to endophyte-infected tall fescue is fundamental to improve cattle health within the beef industry.

SUPPLEMENTAL PROTEIN NEEDS OF FINISHING STEERS FED CORN SILAGE

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-473
Author(s):  
D. N. MOWAT ◽  
O. B. SMITH ◽  
G. K. MACLEOD ◽  
P. M. SNODDON ◽  
D. R. MCKNIGHT
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Finishing Steers ◽  
Moderate Condition ◽  
Supplemental Protein

Three experiments involving a total of 300 steers were conducted to determine the effects of duration of protein supplementation of finishing steers fed moderate to high levels of corn silage. Hereford and Hereford-cross steers were utilized in two experiments, and Holstein steers in the third study. Growth rate and feed intake suggested that protein supplementation could be withdrawn from a basal diet containing approximately 9.0% crude protein with Hereford or Hereford-cross steers initially in moderate condition after they reach approximately 400 kg liveweight. Holstein steers in thin condition at the start of the experiment appeared to require protein supplementation until a liveweight of 410–450 kg. Protein supplementation had little or no effect on carcass measurements in all three experiments.

Toxic Effects of Quinalphos on Protein Content and Growth Rate in Freshwater Teleost, Cyprinus carpio (L.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
A. Padmanabha ◽  
H. R. V. Reddy ◽  
N. B. Shridhar ◽  
Muttappa Khavi ◽  
B. T. Naveen Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Freshwater Teleost

scholarly journals Biological Impact of Photoperiod on Fairy Shrimp (Branchinecta orientalis): Life History and Biochemical Composition

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 695
Author(s):  
Sara Farhadi ◽  
Behrooz Atashbar Kangarloei ◽  
Ahmad Imani ◽  
Kourosh Sarvi Moghanlou
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Constant Darkness ◽  
Fairy Shrimp ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine

B. orientalis, fairy shrimp, is often among the most conspicuous invertebrates inhabiting temporary aquatic habitats with a typical variation in environmental conditions. Its life history characteristics and biochemical composition were studied under four different photoperiodic regimes (24L:0D, 0L:24D, 16L:8D, and 12L:12D). The significantly highest cumulative and initial hatching rates (48 h) were obtained at 24L:0D (p < 0.05). Cultivating the larvae under different photoperiods did not significantly affect specific growth rate (SGR) (p > 0.05). However, higher final total body length and daily growth rate were recorded under constant darkness. Higher lipid content was found at 24L:0D to the extent that it was more than two times higher than that at 16L:8D and 12L:12D (p < 0.05). There was also a remarkable increase in body crude protein content at 24L:0D (p < 0.05). Body fatty-acid profiles of the fairy shrimps were also affected by culture condition (p < 0.05). Extension of lighting period resulted in a subtle increase in body contents of arginine, lysine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, methionine, and phenylalanine, especially in the group kept under a 16L:8D regime. The highest and lowest digestive enzyme activity was observed at 0L:24D and 24L:0D, respectively (p < 0.05). In contrast, the highest and lowest soluble protein content was recorded at 24L:0D and 0L:24D, respectively (p < 0.05). Similarly, antioxidant status was significantly higher at 0L:24D (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a 16L:8D light–dark cycle might be an optimal condition in terms of growth performance and physio-biochemical characteristics. These findings could be helpful in optimizing the rearing conditions for upscaling B. orientalis production.

scholarly journals PSVII-2 Differentially expressed genes and their biological function in skeletal muscle of calves born from cows with or without protein supplementation during mid-gestation

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 165-166
Author(s):  
Elisa B Carvalho ◽  
Letícia P Sanglard ◽  
Karolina B Nascimento ◽  
Javier M Meneses ◽  
Daniel R Casagrande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Q Value

Abstract Gestating cows have an increased nutrient demand to meet the needs of developing the fetus and the mid-gestation is a critical period for the fetal skeletal muscle development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the skeletal muscle transcriptome in the progeny as a function of the maternal protein nutrition during mid-gestation. Eleven Tabapuã cows and their male calves were used in this study. In the first third of gestation (0 to 100 days of gestation; dg), all cows were kept on pasture. From 100 to 200 dg, the control group (CTRL; 7 animals) received a basal diet achieving 5.5% crude protein (CP), whereas the supplemented group (SUPPL; 4 animals) received a basal diet plus protein supplementation (40% CP). After 200 dg, all animals received the same diet. Weaning was performed at 205 ± 7.5 days of age and animals were kept on pasture until reaching 240 days of age, when they were transferred to a feedlot. Muscle samples were collected at 260 days of age and RNA was extracted for RNA-seq analysis. Gene expression data was analyzed with a negative binomial model to identify (q-value ≤ 0.05) differentially expressed genes (DEG) between treatments. A total of 716 DEG were identified (289 DEG up-regulated and 427 down-regulated in SUPPL group; q-value ≤ 0.05). From the 10 most significant down-regulated DEG in the SUPPL group, two genes associated with apoptotic process were identified: MAPK8IP1 and GRINA, with log2 Fold-Changes (log2FC) of 1.04 and 0.49, respectively. From the 10 most significant up-regulated DEG in the SUPPL group, mTOR was identified, with log2FC=0.31. This is a well-known gene involved in muscle protein synthesis. In conclusion, maternal protein supplementation during mid-gestation affects the expression of genes related to energy metabolism and muscle development, which can lead to long-term impacts on production efficiency.

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