Responses to grain:sunflower meal supplements by weaned calves grazing mature pasture or eating hay in pens

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 811
Author(s):  
H. Dove ◽  
M. Freer ◽  
A. Axelsen ◽  
J. R. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Coming Out ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Summer Pasture ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Supplement Intake

In southern Australia, winter-born calves may not be at marketable weights until 18 months of age and can thus compete with their dams and the next crop of calves for the pasture resource. We investigated supplementary feeding options to improve calf liveweight gains and overcome this problem. Weaned beef calves confined to feedlots for 70 days were fed different ratios (1 : 1 up to 1 : 4) of sunflower meal to oat grain (Experiment 1) or barley grain (Experiment 2) at levels of 3–6 kg air-dry/day, plus either oaten hay (Expt. 1) or pasture hay (Expt. 2) fed ad libitum. Liveweight gains at 3 kg supplement/day were ~1.2 kg/day at all ratios and were slightly higher at the higher feeding levels. The intake of hay varied inversely with the amount of supplement fed and substitution rates were 0.49 with oaten hay and 0.47 with pasture hay. Total DM intakes did not decline in Experiment 1 as supplement intake increased and increased in Experiment 2 with increasing supplement intake. A separate group of calves that had been grazing mature pasture while their cohorts were in the feedlot showed good compensatory growth when transferred to good pasture, whereas calves coming out of the feedlot onto the same pasture initially lost weight before regaining weight. This suggests that such feedlot-reared calves should be sold direct from the feedlot. In a third experiment, over 2 years, weaned calves grazed mature summer pasture for 81 days and were fed 0, 1, 2, 3 or 5 kg/day of a 1 : 2 ratio of sunflower meal : hammer-milled oat grain. Weight gains were less than in Experiments 1 and 2 and responses of gain to supplement intake were curvilinear. Gains did not exceed 0.75 kg/day and peaked at supplement intakes of 4.3 and 2.8 kg DM/day in years 1 and 2, respectively. Liveweight gains/kg supplement consumed were similar to those in previous studies. A preliminary assessment of supplement costs and the economic value of liveweight gain showed a curvilinear response to supplement intake and suggested that the greatest economic return resulted from an intake of 1.9–2.4 kg/day of the supplement, lower than the supplement intakes for maximum liveweight gain.

Responses to supplements by weaned lambs when grazing mature pasture or eating hay cut from the same pasture

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Freer ◽  
H. Dove ◽  
A. Axelsen ◽  
J. R. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Substitution Rate ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Total Intake ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Supplement Intake

SummaryWeaned cross-bred lambs either grazed mature pasture or were confined to yards where they were offered material cut from ungrazed areas of the same pasture. A 1:2 mixture (on an air-dry basis) of sunflower meal and oat grain was offered for 81 days at 0, 200, 400 or 600 g/head or ad libitum. Individual estimates of intake of pasture and supplement by grazing sheep at four levels of supplementation were made on four adjacent plots.Weight gain increased from –30 to 178 g/day in the grazing animals as supplement intake increased up to 1030 g D.M./day and from –25 to 142 g/day in the yarded animals as supplement intake increased to 1076 g D.M./day. Growth of greasy wool increased from 4·5 to 11·7 g/day for grazing animals and from 4·5 to 10·2 g/day for those kept in yards.At levels of supplement intake below 400 g D.M./day, the intake of grazed pasture increased by up to 58% compared with unsupplemented animals. However, when the intake of supplement was increased to about 650 g D.M./day, pasture intake fell, with an estimated substitution rate of 1·1 g D.M. pasture per g D.M. supplement. At all levels of supplementation, the intake of hay by the yarded lambs was less than half the intake of herbage in the field. However, at levels of supplement intake between 300 and 500 g D.M./day, the substitution rate was similar to that measured in the grazing animals, suggesting that this is an attribute of roughage quality, rather than differential eating behaviour between grazing and yarded animals.The wastage, w (g D.M./day), of supplement was linearly related to the amount offered, s (g D.M./day), by the equationw = 0·263s − 38·8; R2 = 0·89Variability in supplement intake between individual grazing lambs was not affected by the level of supplementation but the coefficient of variation of supplement intake was considerably greater than that of the intake of unsupplemented pasture. Variability in the intake of pasture increased with the level of supplementation but variability in the total intake of food was similar at each level of supplement, indicating some degree of individual compensation in the intake of the two components.

Responses to supplements by weaned lambs grazing mature pasture or eating hay in yards

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Freer ◽  
H Dove ◽  
A Axelsen ◽  
JR Donnelly ◽  
GT McKinney
Keyword(s):  
Substitution Rate ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Supplement Intake

Weaned crossbred lambs grazing mature pasture in summer at stocking rates of 14, 28 or 42 lambs/ha were supplemented for 60 days with 0, 400, 600 or 800 g/day of either sunflower meal or a 1:1 mixture of sunflower meal and oats. Mean daily gains in fasted weight without and with supplement were - 51 and 62 g, respectively, with no significant difference between the three feeding levels. Greasy wool production increased from 4.7 g/day without supplement to 9.9 g/day at the 600 or 800 g level but the composition of the supplement had no effect. Stocking rate had no effect on animal performance. It was estimated that pasture intake increased slightly with the first 400 g of supplement but fell sharply as the level increased further, with a substitution rate of 1.3. In two experiments, yarded lambs were offered oaten or lucerne hay ad libitum and mixtures of sunflower meal and oats at levels from 400 g/day to ad libitum. Mean daily gain in fasted weight increased from about 140 to about 190 g/day over this range of supplementation and greasy wool production from about 9 to about 10 g/day. In one experiment weight gain and wool production were significantly lower with a 1:6 mixture of sunflower meal and oats than with a 1:2 mixture and the same trend was shown in the other experiment. Measurements of intake showed that the substitution rate for both types of hay was only about 0.5. Comparisons of the animals' estimated requirements and intake in all three experiments indicated that the relatively poor performance of grazing animals was due to the very high substitution rate for grazed pasture at levels of supplement intake above 400 g/day.

scholarly journals 117 Functionality of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant in enhancing phosphorus digestibility in gestating and lactating sows

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 109-109
Author(s):  
Deepak Velayudhan ◽  
Xandra Benthem de Grave ◽  
Katie Waller ◽  
Leon Marchal ◽  
Yueming Dersjant-Li
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of phytase on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of phosphorus (P) in gestating and lactating sows. In Exp. 1, a total of 40 sows (parity 2–6) at d 78 of gestation were randomly assigned, based on parity, over 4 experimental diets. In Exp. 2, 40 sows (parity 2.0–6.0) at d 4 of lactation were randomly assigned based on parity, over 4 experimental diets. Both studies had a positive control (PC) diet with adequate levels of calcium (Ca) and digestible P (6.5 and 2.5 g/kg and 7.0 and 3.2 g/kg for gestation and lactation diets, respectively), a negative control (NC) diet with low Ca and digestible P levels (5.0 and 1.0 g/kg and 5.0 and 1.5 g/kg for gestation and lactation diets, respectively), and NC supplemented with a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant (PhyG) or a commercial Buttiauxella sp. phytase (PhyB), both at 500 FTU/kg. Diets were corn, soybean meal and sunflower meal based (phytate P of 3.0 g/kg) with restricted feeding during gestation and ad libitum during lactation. In both studies, fecal samples were collected after an adaptation of 14 d on 4 successive days to determine ATTD of P. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, treatment mean comparison using Tukey test using JMP 14. In addition, data from the Exp. 1 and 2 were pooled to further investigate their combined effect, using trial as random effect. In both studies, supplementation of both phytases improved (P < 0.05) ATTD of P vs NC. With data combined from two trials, sows fed PhyG showed greater (P < 0.05) ATTD of P when compared those fed PhyB. In conclusion, PhyG at 500 FTU/kg showed a greater ATTD of P in sows when compared to the PhyB at 500 FTU/kg, when data combined from two trials.

scholarly journals Effects of different restricted feeding strategies on performance of growing and finishing dairy bulls offered grass silage and barley based diets

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katariina Manni ◽  
Marketta Rinne ◽  
Erkki Joki-Tokola ◽  
Arto Huuskonen
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Dairy Bulls

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of restricted feeding strategies on performance of growing and finishing dairy bulls. The feeding experiment comprised in total 32 Finnish Ayrshire bulls with an initial mean live weight (LW) of 122 kg and age of 114 days. Feeding treatments were silage ad libitum and daily barley allowance of 93 g kg-1 LW0.60 (A); restricted feeding (R) at 0.80 × A; increasing feeding (I) similar to R until LW of 430 kg and thereafter similar to A; and decreasing feeding (D) similar to A until LW of 430 kg and thereafter similar to R. Restricted feeding strategies decreased daily dry matter intake and LW gain and increased the time to reach the target carcass weight (300 kg). Bulls on I exhibited compensatory growth. There were no significant differences in feed efficiency between the treatments. The present experiment indicates that silage intake ad libitum and supplemented with concentrate resulted in most effective beef production.

Effect of protein level in cereal based rations for Continental cross Holstein bulls and heifers

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 114-114
Author(s):  
S.P Marsh ◽  
E Walters
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Holstein Bulls ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

The use of barley and a protein supplement such as soya bean meal as an ad libitum ration for intensively finished male beef calves has been well established and widely used since the conception of the cereal beef system in the 1960’s (Preston et al 1963). Rations on commercial beef units rearing Continental cross Holstein beef cattle are usually formulated to contain 175g CP/kg DM. With the recent fall in the price of barley there is increased interest in the cereal beef system for bull calves and late maturing Continental cross Holstein heifers. Increasing the proportion of barley in cereal beef rations can reduce ration costs and provided productivity is maintained, increase profit. There is also a paucity of information on the performance of heifers on the cereal beef system. The objective of this study was to evaluate feeding cereal based rations containing either 140 or 175g CP/kg DM to Continental cross Holstein bulls and heifers.

Body chemical composition of churra lambs at 20kg live-weigth: effect of level of milk-intake and Protein content in the post-weaning diet

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 212-212
Author(s):  
T. Manso ◽  
A.R. Mantecó ◽  
T. Castro ◽  
P. Lavin
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Composition Changes

Body composition changes in animals undergoing compensatory growth and these response vary with the age or stage of maturity at which the restriction is applied and with the undegradable protein in the diet during post-restriction period (O'Donovan, 1984; Ryan, 1990).This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of level of intake during milk-fed period and the energy/protein relationship during post-weaning period on changes in carcass, non-carcass and empty body weigth (EBW) components in lambs slaughtered at 20 Kg live weigth (LW).A total of 16 lambs of Churra breed were used in a comparative slaughter experiment to determinate the effect of level of intake during milk-fed period (4 weeks) and the protein supplement in the diet during post-weaning period on chemical body composition at 20 Kg LWThe lambs were assigned to a 2×2×4 factorial design, defined by 2 levels of milk intake (High: 1.5 MJ GE/Kg LW°75/day and Low: 0.9 MJ GE/kg LW°75/day) during milk-fed period, 2 post-weaning concentrate supplements (HP: barley grain plus 200g/kg fish meal and LP: barley) and 4 lambs per treatment.All lambs were individually penned. During post-weaning period low quality hay and concentrate were independently offered ad libitum. Intake and LW were recorded daily and three times a week respectively. At slaughter (20Kg LW), EBW was estimated and carcass and non-carcass chemical composition (water, fat, ash and protein) and energy content was measured.

Effects of cottonseed meal and cereal grain supplements on intake and utilisation of alkali-treated wheat straw by cattle

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 527
Author(s):  
JC Spragg ◽  
RC Kellaway ◽  
TJ Kempton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Ad Libitum

Effects of cottonseed meal and cereal grain supplements on intake and utilisation of alkali-treated wheat straw were studied with 45 Friesian heifers (250 kg liveweight) in individual pens. Responses were measured in terms of feed intake and growth rate over 60 days. The basal diet fed ad libitum was coarsely milled wheat straw which was alkali-treated, sprayed with a solution containing urea, sulfur, copper and cobalt and sprinkled with dicalcium phosphate. Animals were also fed 800 g/day of 1 of 5 supplements: cottonseed meal (CSM), whole barley (WB), cracked barley (CB), ammonia-treated whole barley (NB) and extruded barley (EB). Intakes of the basal diet did not differ significantly between groups. Digestible organic matter in dry matter (%) was 53.1, 51.7, 47.2, 47.7, and 48.7 with supplements CSM, CB, WB, NB and EB, respectively; values for CSM and CB were significantly higher than for the other supplements (P< 0.05). Liveweight gains were 891,761,639, 657 and 784 g/day with the respective supplements, and did not differ significantly between CSM, CB and EB. We concluded that CSM did not stimulate intake of roughage more than supplements of barley grain, and that growth of the cattle was limited primarily by intake of energy.

The food intake and growth of Australian feral cross Angora kids when fed whole grain barley-lupins diets with three levels of roughage intake

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (124) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Total Food Intake ◽  
Total Food ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding ◽  
Basal Ration

Kids six months old and of mean liveweight 22 kg were offered a basal ration of barley and lupins (crude protein 15 .4%) supplemented with three levels of chopped hay (0, 13% of total intake and ad libitum). Supplementation of the basal ration with 13% hay increased total dry matter intake from 479 to 753 g/d (P< 0.001) and liveweight gain from 10 to 54 g/d (P<0 .01). Non-significant increases in total food intake and liveweight gains were achieved by supplementing with ad libitum hay; kids fed ad libitum hay actually consumed 26.9% of their diet as hay. They were then offered various mixtures of barley, oats and lupins with 13% chopped hay at near ad libitum feeding. Differences in intake or growth were not significant at P= 0.05 with kids growing at 74, 65 and 101 g/d for those fed barley, oats and lupins respectively. Results indicate that highest food intake was obtained when 13% chopped hay was added to whole barley grain rations.

A growth model to estimate economic values for food intake capacity in pigs

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. de Vries ◽  
E. Kanis
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Economic Values ◽  
Biological Growth ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Positive Economic ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractA biological growth model was developed to study economic values for average ad libitum food intake capacity (FIC) in growing pigs. The model was based on the linear/plateau relationship between protein deposition and food intake. Input variables were: minimum fat to protein deposition ratio (R), maximum protein deposition rate (Pdmax)and food intake (FI). Output variables were production traits and production costs.Economic values (under commercial conditions with ad libitum feeding) were derived with the growth model for each of the traits FIC, R, and Pdmax keeping the other two traits constant, for three alternative levels of FIC. If FIC was too low to realize Pdmax, FIC had a positive economic value, R had a negative economic value and the value of Pdmax was zero. If FIC was higher than necessary to realize Pdmax, economic values were negative, zero and positive for FIC, R, and Pdmax respectively. If FIC was just sufficient to realise Pdmax, the lowest production costs occurred. Now, R had a negative economic value and Pdmax had a positive economic value.With a restricted feeding regimen under commercial conditions a daily food supply just sufficient to realize Pdmax should be pursued. It was concluded that use of a biological growth model to estimate economic values for FIC would give more insight into correct selection strategies than would the use of an economic model.

Effect of feed restriction and subsequent re-alimentation on hormones and genes of the somatotropic axis in cattle

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 264-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Keogh ◽  
Sinéad M. Waters ◽  
Alan K. Kelly ◽  
Alastair R. G. Wylie ◽  
David A. Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Hepatic Tissue ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Somatotropic Axis ◽  
Hepatic Expression ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Lower Growth Rate ◽  
Ad Libitum

The objective of this study was to characterize the effect of feed restriction and compensatory growth during re-alimentation on the functionality of the somatotropic axis. We blocked 60 bulls into one of two groups: 1) restricted feed allowance for 125 days ( period 1) (RES, n = 30) followed by ad libitum feeding for 55 days ( period 2) or 2) ad libitum access to feed throughout (ADLIB, n = 30). A growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) challenge was performed during each period. At the end of each period, 15 animals from each treatment were slaughtered and hepatic tissue collected. Hepatic expression of 13 genes of the somatotropic axis was measured by qRT-PCR. RES displayed a lower growth rate during period 1 (0.6 vs. 1.9 kg/day; P < 0.001), subsequently gaining more than ADLIB animals during period 2 (2.5 vs. 1.4 kg/day; P < 0.001). Growth hormone response to GHRH was not different between treatments at either time-point ( P > 0.05); however, resultant plasma IGF-1 was lower in period 1 and greater in period 2 in RES animals ( P < 0.05). Expression of IGFBP2 was higher ( P < 0.01) and IGF1 ( P < 0.001) and GHRIA ( P < 0.05) lower in RES compared with ADLIB during period 1, with no difference evident in period 2 ( P > 0.05). Collectively, the results of this study are consistent with uncoupling of the somatotropic axis following feed restriction. However, there is no evidence from this study that the somatotropic axis per se is a significant contributor to compensatory growth.

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