Population dynamics of false wireworms (Gonocephalum macleayi, Pterohelaeus alternatus, P. darlingensis) and development of an integrated pest management program in central Queensland field crops: a review

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 953 ◽  
Author(s):  
LN Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Fallow Field ◽  
Economic Injury ◽  
Preceding Season ◽  
Insecticide Control

False wireworms (particularly Pterohelaeus alternatus and Gonocephalum macleayi) are major pests of seedling field crops in central Queensland. Population densities are spatially and temporally dynamic, with high densities (>2/m2) of large larvae and adults generally not persisting at a location for more than 1 year. Adult movement in summer in response to changes in habitat suitability is suggested as the cause of population changes. Natural enemies, particularly entomopathogenic fungi, may also have a role in suppressing high population densities. One-half to three-quarters of fields that have grown summer crops including sorghum, sunflower, soybeans, and mungbeans in the preceding season are infested at densities that could cause economic losses in subsequent crops sown in wide rows with a low seed-sowing rate. Winter-grown wheat results in a significantly lower infestation rate (one-quarter of the fields sampled), but winter chickpea is a suitable crop for development of false wireworm infestations. Cultivation per se does not reduce numbers of false wireworms, but stubble removal may depress densities. False wireworms feed on stubble, and crop damage may be increased in low-stubble fields (following long fallows for example) despite low false wireworm numbers, due to lack of alternative food. The dynamic nature of false wireworm population size makes prediction of pest levels difficult. The presence of false wireworms should be assessed in each fallow field before planting. Management strategies based on preplanting sampling, economic injury levels, stubble management, crop rotation, and insecticide control are discussed.

scholarly journals Assessment of the performance of some new insecticides for the control of the vine mealybug Planococcus ficus in a Tunisian vineyard

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Mansour ◽  
K. Grissa Lebdi ◽  
S. Rezgui
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Control Performance ◽  
Systemic Insecticide ◽  
Planococcus Ficus ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Vine Mealybug

Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) cause major economic losses in many Tunisian grapegrowing areas. In an attempt to improve management strategies for the Vine Mealybug (VM) Planococcus ficus (Signoret), three insecticides, imidacloprid, Prev-Am® and spirotetramat, were evaluated for their effect on this insect on vine, with reference to methidathion. The systemic insecticide spirotetramat (Movento® 150 OD) provided the greatest control performance of the VM populations, compared to the contact insecticide methidathion, the systemic insecticide imidacloprid applied through furrow irrigated system, and to Prev-Am®, a new contact biopesticide. Three weeks after treatment, VM eggs and adult females were missing from spirotetramat-treated vines. Additionally, spirotetramat supplied a long-residual activity against VM populations and prevented further spread of these insects on vine leaves. Therefore, this new systemic insecticide could be incorporated in an Integrated Pest Management program for VM control in Tunisian vineyards. Despite its short-residual activity, Prev-Am® was shown to be more effective than both methidathion and imidacloprid, mainly on VM eggs and L3 nymphs, and resulted in the highest level of VM L1-L2 nymph decrease on vine trunks. Hence, this biopesticide might prove useful for VM management in vineyards. 

Biology and integrated management of wheat stem sawfly and the need for continuing research

2011 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.L. Beres ◽  
L.M. Dosdall ◽  
D.K. Weaver ◽  
H.A. Cárcamo ◽  
D.M. Spaner
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Primary Control ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Research Activities

AbstractThe wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), is historically one of the most important economic insect pests in the northern Great Plains of North America. Within this geographical region, the areas subjected to greatest attack are southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, southwestern Manitoba, eastern and northern Montana, North Dakota, northern South Dakota, and western Minnesota. Cumulative grain-yield losses and annual economic losses associated with this pest can exceed 30% and $350 million, respectively. Solid-stemmed cultivars of common wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae), tolerant of infestation, are critical for C. cinctus management, but outbreaks of this pest continue to occur even after six decades of cultivar development. Furthermore, chemical control (a primary control option for other cereal (Poaceae) insect pests) has proven ineffective; this underscores the need to integrate resistant cultivars into a comprehensive integrated pest management program. We provide overviews of wheat stem sawfly biology, recent advances in applied research, the efficacy and integration of cultural and biological management strategies, and future directions for global research activities to manage wheat stem sawfly.

scholarly journals The Effect of Gut Bacteria on the Physiology of Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier and Their Potential for the Control of This Pest

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 594
Author(s):  
Qian-Xia Liu ◽  
Zhi-Ping Su ◽  
Hui-Hui Liu ◽  
Sheng-Ping Lu ◽  
Bing Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
Red Palm Weevil ◽  
Nutrient Metabolism ◽  
Palm Weevil

Red Palm Weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, is a notorious pest, which infests palm trees and has caused great economic losses worldwide. At present, insecticide applications are still the main way to control this pest. However, pesticide resistance has been detected in the field populations of RPW. Thus, future management strategies based on the novel association biological control need be developed. Recent studies have shown that the intestinal tract of RPW is often colonized by multiple microbial species as mammals and model insects, and gut bacteria have been found to promote the growth, development and immune activity of RPW larvae by modulating nutrient metabolism. Furthermore, two peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), PGRP-LB and PGRP-S1, can act as the negative regulators to modulate the intestinal immunity to maintain the homeostasis of gut bacteria in RPW larvae. Here, we summarized the current knowledge on the gut bacterial composition of RPW and their impact on the physiological traits of RPW larvae. In contrast with metazoans, it is much easier to make genetic engineered microbes to produce some active molecules against pests. From this perspective, because of the profound effects of gut bacteria on host phenotypes, it is promising to dissect the molecular mechanisms behind their effect on host physiology and facilitate the development of microbial resource-based management methods for pest control.

scholarly journals Diversity of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Anthracnose Disease in Tropical Fruit Crops—A Review

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Latiffah Zakaria
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Colletotrichum Species ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Dragon Fruit ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Fruit Plantations

In tropical fruit crops, anthracnose is mainly caused by species belonging to the fungal genus, Colletotrichum. These phytopathogens can infect several parts of the fruit crops; however, infection during postharvest or ripening stages is responsible for major economic losses. Due to the formation of black to dark brown sunken lesions on the fruit surface, anthracnose reduces fruit quality and marketability. Among the most common tropical fruit crops susceptible to anthracnose are mango, papaya, banana, avocado, guava, and dragon fruit; these are economically relevant products in many developing countries. It is important to document that the newly recorded Colletotrichum spp. associated with fruit anthracnose can infect multiple hosts, but some species may be host-specific. By using multiple markers, many phylogenetic species of Colletotrichum have been reported as anthracnose-causing pathogens. Taking into account that disease management strategies strongly rely on adequate knowledge of the causative agents, updated information on Colletotrichum species and the hazard posed by the most recently identified species in tropical fruit plantations and harvested fruits becomes vital. Besides, the newly recorded species may be important for biosecurity and should be listed as quarantine pathogens, considering that tropical fruits are traded worldwide.

scholarly journals Border Habitat Effects on Captures of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Pheromone Traps and Fruit Injury at Harvest in Apple and Peach Orchards in the Mid-Atlantic, USA

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 419
Author(s):  
James Christopher Bergh ◽  
William R. Morrison ◽  
Jon W. Stallrich ◽  
Brent D. Short ◽  
John P. Cullum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Losses ◽  
Halyomorpha Halys ◽  
Pheromone Traps ◽  
Alternative Management ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Tree Fruit ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Fruit Orchards

The invasive Halyomorpha halys invades crop fields from various bordering habitats, and its feeding on crops has caused significant economic losses. Thus, H. halys is considered a perimeter-driven threat, and research on alternative management tactics against it has focused on intervention at crop edges. Woodlands adjacent to crop fields contain many hosts of H. halys and are therefore considered “riskiest” in terms of pest pressure and crop injury. However, tree fruit orchards in the Mid-Atlantic, USA, are often bordered on one or more sides by woodlands and other habitats, including other tree fruit blocks, and field crops. Monitoring H. halys using pheromone traps has most often focused on the crop–woodland interface, but the relative effects of woodlands and other habitats bordering orchards on pest pressure and crop injury have not been examined. A two-year study comparing seasonal captures of H. halys and fruit injury among different habitats bordering commercial apple and peach orchards in the Mid-Atlantic revealed that while woodland borders often posed the greatest risk, other border habitats also contributed significantly to captures and injury in numerous instances. The relevance of these findings to refining and optimizing perimeter-based monitoring and management approaches for H. halys is discussed.

Spider mites of agricultural importance in China, with focus on species composition during the last decade (2008–2017) 

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 2087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng-Yu Jin ◽  
Lu Tian ◽  
Lei Chen ◽  
Xiao-Yue Hong
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Spider Mites ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Panonychus Citri ◽  
Important Species ◽  
River Region

Understanding pest species composition and their geographic distribution of important spider mites is fundamental and indispensable to establish an integrated pest management program. From a long-term survey during 2008–2017 in mainland China, we found that Tetranychus truncatus was the most frequently sampled Tetranychus spider mite (48.5%), followed by T. pueraricola (21.2%), T. kanzawai (12.5%), T. urticae (red) (5.7%) and T. urticae (green) (4.5%). Among them, T. truncatus was the major mite pest in the north of China. T. kanzawai was the dominant species in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Region and T. pueraricola was the most important species in the southwest region. Other common and serious pests include Amphitetranychus viennensis (6.8%) and Panonychus citri (3.8%). This pattern was largely different from that in 2002–2004, when T. urticae (green and red) was believed to be the most serious mite pest. The factors involved in the change of species composition are not clear and need more exploration. We suggested that the increasing corn planting range may be partly responsible for the conversion of dominant species from other spider mites to T. truncatus. Further research on the mechanisms underlying the change of dominant species will help develop integrated management strategies.

scholarly journals Extent and Variation of Nitrogen Losses from Non-legume Field Crops of Conterminous United States

Nitrogen ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-51
Author(s):  
Amitava Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Loss ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
N Management

Nitrogen (N) losses from field crops have raised environmental concerns. This manuscript accompanies a database of N loss studies from non-legume field crops conducted across the conterminous United States. Cumulative N losses through nitrous oxide-denitrification (CN2O), ammonia volatilization (CNH3), and nitrate leaching (CNO3−) during the growing season and associated crop, soil, and water management information were gathered to determine the extent and controls of these losses. This database consisted of 404, 26, and 358 observations of CN2O, CNH3, and CNO3− losses, respectively, from sixty-two peer-reviewed manuscripts. Corn (Zea mays) dominated the N loss studies. Losses ranged between −0.04 to 16.9, 2.50 to 50.9, and 0 to 257 kg N ha−1 for CN2O, CNH3 and CNO3−, respectively. Most CN2O and CNO3− observations were reported from Colorado (n = 100) and Iowa (n = 176), respectively. The highest values of CN2O, and CNO3− were reported from Illinois and Minnesota states, and corn and potato (Solanum tuberosum), respectively. The application of anhydrous NH3 had the highest value of CN2O loss, and ammonium nitrate had the highest CNO3− loss. Among the different placement methods, the injection of fertilizer-N had the highest CN2O loss, whereas the banding of fertilizer-N had the highest CNO3− loss. The maximum CNO3− loss was higher for chisel than no-tillage practice. Both CN2O and CNO3− were positively correlated with fertilizer N application rate and the amount of water input (irrigation and rainfall). Fertilizer-N management strategies to control N loss should consider the spatio-temporal variability of interactions among climate, crop-and soil types.

Ongoing restoration and management of Las Vegas Wash: an evaluation of success criteria

Water Policy ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 720-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesh Gautam ◽  
Kumud Acharya ◽  
Seth A. Shanahan
Keyword(s):  
Las Vegas ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Lake Mead ◽  
Channel System ◽  
Las Vegas Valley ◽  
Success Criteria ◽  
Southern Nevada ◽  
Channel Degradation

The Las Vegas Wash is a dynamic channel system that drains the Las Vegas Valley (3,950 km2) into Lake Mead and the lower Colorado River, which provides drinking water to southern California, Arizona, and southern Nevada. In the last few decades the Las Vegas Wash has undergone massive changes in terms of channel degradation and bank erosion followed by recovery and restoration efforts. The evolution of the Las Vegas Wash is interlinked with urbanization, water use, and wastewater discharge. This article reviews the historical dynamics of the Las Vegas Wash in the context of restoration: evaluates the ongoing activities in the Las Vegas Wash against an established framework and success criteria; summarizes lessons learned; and discusses challenges. The ongoing activities in the Las Vegas Wash differ from other regional restoration projects in that there is a lack of an appropriate historical reference to which restoration goals should be targeted. Keys to the success of the Las Vegas Wash restoration and management program appear to be strong interagency collaboration, funding availability, effective outreach and monitoring efforts, and adaptive management strategies based on pragmatic urban values. There is a potential for realignment of existing resources for more practical ecological restoration goals.

scholarly journals RNAi of a Putative Grapevine Susceptibility Gene as a Possible Downy Mildew Control Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demetrio Marcianò ◽  
Valentina Ricciardi ◽  
Elena Marone Fassolo ◽  
Alessandro Passera ◽  
Piero Attilio Bianco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Susceptibility Gene ◽  
Plasmopara Viticola ◽  
Pinot Noir ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Reproductive Structures

Downy mildew, caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola, is one of the diseases causing the most severe economic losses to grapevine (Vitis vinifera) production. To date, the application of fungicides is the most efficient method to control the pathogen and the implementation of novel and sustainable disease control methods is a major challenge. RNA interference (RNAi) represents a novel biotechnological tool with a great potential for controlling fungal pathogens. Recently, a candidate susceptibility gene (VviLBDIf7) to downy mildew has been identified in V. vinifera. In this work, the efficacy of RNAi triggered by exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in controlling P. viticola infections has been assessed in a highly susceptible grapevine cultivar (Pinot noir) by knocking down VviLBDIf7 gene. The effects of dsRNA treatment on this target gene were assessed by evaluating gene expression, disease severity, and development of vegetative and reproductive structures of P. viticola in the leaf tissues. Furthermore, the effects of dsRNA treatment on off-target (EF1α, GAPDH, PEPC, and PEPCK) and jasmonic acid metabolism (COI1) genes have been evaluated. Exogenous application of dsRNA led to significant reductions both in VviLBDIf7 gene expression, 5 days after the treatment, and in the disease severity when artificial inoculation was carried out 7 days after dsRNA treatments. The pathogen showed clear alterations to both vegetative (hyphae and haustoria) and reproductive structures (sporangiophores) that resulted in stunted growth and reduced sporulation. Treatment with dsRNA showed signatures of systemic activity and no deleterious off-target effects. These results demonstrated the potential of RNAi for silencing susceptibility factors in grapevine as a sustainable strategy for pathogen control, underlying the possibility to adopt this promising biotechnological tool in disease management strategies.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Potential of Eco-Friendly Nematicides in the Management of Root-Knot Nematodes on French Beans in Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
E. O. Ogumo ◽  
W. M. Muiru ◽  
J. W. Kimenju ◽  
D. M. Mukunya
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
French Bean ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
French Beans ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference

Root-knot nematodes (RKN) (Meloidogyne spp) are a serious pest causing heavy economic losses in a wide range of agricultural crops. A trial was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of various eco-friendly nematicides in the management of RKN affecting French bean. The field trial was carried out in two seasons with the following treatments; Rigel-G (salicylic acid), Phyto Protect (Sesame oil extract), Mytech (Paecilomyces lilacinus), Neemraj 0.3% (Azadirachtin), Vydate® (Oxamyl) as a positive control and an untreated control. Various rates; Rigel –G (2.5 ml/l), Phyto Protect (10 l/ha), Mytech (125 g/ha) Neemraj 0.3% (3L/ha) and Vydate® (6 l/ha) of treatments were administered and damage on plants was assessed based on galling indices, crop biomass and yield whereas nematode reproductive potential was assessed based on the J2 counts. There was no significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) in the nematode population densities and galling indices observed among the eco-friendly nematicides and the conventional nematicide (Vydate®). Eco-friendly nematicides had a significant (P ≤ 0.05) reduction of RKN J2 population densities compared to the negative control. The negative control had the highest mean of root-knot nematode densities (240 RKN/200 cc soil) and a galling index of 3.77 while Vydate and Neemraj had the lowest mean density (40 RKN/200 cc soil) in the first season. Similar results were observed in the second season with control having the highest RKN J2 population densities (285 RKN/200 cc soil) and a galling index of 3.89 and Vydate had the lowest (23 RKN/200 cc soil). The results of this study clearly indicate that eco-friendly nematicides can be fully adopted to suppress RKN in French beans as alternatives to conventional nematicides.

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