Phylogenetic revision of the endemic New Zealand carabid genus OregusPutzeys (Coleoptera : Carabidae : Broscini)

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 625 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Pawson ◽  
R. M. Emberson ◽  
K. F. Armstrong ◽  
A. M. Paterson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Nadh Dehydrogenase ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Basal Clade ◽  
Upper South ◽  
Phylogenetic Revision ◽  
Northern Species

This study explores the taxonomy and phylogeny of the New Zealand endemic carabid beetle genus Oregus. The genus was previously known from two species, Oregus aereus, which is widespread throughout the South Island, and Oregus inaequalis, which is highly restricted in its distribution (only found on the outskirts of Dunedin City) and prioritised as a category B threatened species by the Department of Conservation. Both morphology and mitochondrial DNA sequences were used for phylogenetic analysis. Twenty-six DNA sequences of partial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 were analysed. Analyses indicated four species – the existing O. aereus and O. inaequalis and two new morphologically cryptic species from the upper South Island, O. crypticus and O. septentrionalis. Oregus crypticus and O. septentrionalis form a basal clade and O. aereus is the most derived species. Oregus aereus remains the most widespread species, but the northern limit of its geographical range is now Porters Pass (approximately 150 km south of its historically assigned range). Male genitalic characters proved to be the most useful morphological characters. Oregus crypticus and O. septentrionalis are easily separated from O. aereus and O. inaequalis by external morphology. Differentiation between the two northern species was only possible by dissection of male genitalia or DNA sequencing. Oregus inaequalis remains highly restricted in its distribution (morphological analysis did not identify any new populations) and its species status is confirmed. Redescriptions are given for O. aereus and O. inaequalis and new descriptions and type designations are presented for O. crypticus and O. septentrionalis.

Molecular systematics, morphological analysis, and hybrid crossing identify a third taxon, Aedes (Halaedes) wardangensis sp.nov., of the Aedes (Halaedes) australis species-group (Diptera: Culicidae)

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (7) ◽  
pp. 1236-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhart A Brust ◽  
J William O. Ballard ◽  
Felice Driver ◽  
Diana M Hartley ◽  
Nora J Galway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Species Group ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Male Morphology ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase Ii

Phylogenetic and morphological analyses, male morphology, and hybrid crossing indicate that a population from Wardang Island, South Australia, is distinct from the monophyletic series of populations of Aedes (Halaedes) australis (Erichson) 1842 from Victoria, Tasmania, New South Wales, and New Zealand. The name Aedes (Halaedes) wardangensis has been assigned to the new species. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences from the cytochrome oxidase II and internal transcribed spacer loci support the resurrection of Aedes (Halaedes) ashworthi Edwards, 1921 (Brust and Mahon, 1997). Aedes ashworthi is known only from Western Australia and was found to be infertile when crossed with Ae. wardangensis from South Australia and Ae. australis from New Zealand. The hybrid of Ae. australis from New South Wales × Ae. australis from New Zealand was fertile for three generations, documenting these as conspecific.

scholarly journals Reevaluating the Species Status of the Southern Ghost Pipe, Monotropa brittonii (Ericaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 1067-1079
Author(s):  
Ashley R. Keesling ◽  
Michael B. Broe ◽  
John V. Freudenstein
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Parasitic Plants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Species Status ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Fungal Host ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Ecological Differences

Abstract— Relationships among members of Ericaceae subfamily Monotropoideae have been difficult to resolve due to reduction and convergent evolution in these parasitic plants. All species in this subfamily are fully mycoheterotrophic, meaning they obtain nutrients by parasitizing fungi rather than through photosynthesis. Here, we examine relationships and host specificity in one of the most widespread species in this subfamily, Monotropa uniflora. We use several lines of evidence to investigate whether there is support for recognizing a segregate, M. brittonii, as distinct. Based on molecular and morphological analysis of Monotropa collected throughout its range in the United States, we find two distinct lineages, one of which corresponds morphologically and geographically to Small’s M. brittonii. We identified several morphological characters that differ between the two species. We also observed a high degree of fungal host specificity in M. brittonii, which appears to parasitize almost exclusively Lactifluus subgenus Lactariopsis section Albati. Additionally, M. brittonii was primarily collected from Florida scrub, which are xeric, shrub-dominated habitats that differ substantially from the mesic forests where M. uniflora typically occurs. Based on these molecular, morphological, and ecological differences, we support recognition of M. brittonii as distinct from M. uniflora.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic placements of the barbin genera Discherodontus, Chagunius, and Hypselobarbus in the subfamily Cyprininae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) and their relationships with other barbins

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3586 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEI YANG ◽  
M. VINCENT HIRT ◽  
TETSUYA SADO ◽  
M. ARUNACHALAM ◽  
RAJA MANICKAM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Nadh Dehydrogenase ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Taxon Sampling ◽  
Cyt B

The barbin genera Discherodontus Rainboth 1989, Chagunius Smith 1938 and Hypselobarbus Bleeker 1860 are distrib-uted in Southeast and South Asia and are among the least studied taxa of the order Cypriniformes. Few morphologicalstudies have been conducted on these genera and only a very limited number of morphological characters were employedto hypothesize or infer their monophyly, inter-relationships, and relationships with other barbins. The main aim of thisstudy is to examine the monophyly of these three genera and propose hypothesis of relationship among these taxa andother barbins based on a molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Cyprininae. A total of 106 cypriniform species were sam-pled, including 64 species and 31 genera of barbins collected from Eurasia and Africa. Partitioned maximum likelihoodanalysis was performed using DNA sequences derived from five mitochondrial genes (5601 bp): cytochrome c oxidasesubunit I (COI), cytochrome b (Cyt b), 16S ribosomal RNA (16S), NADH dehydrogenase subunits 4 (ND4) and subunits5 (ND5). The resulting phylogeny demonstrates that, under current taxon sampling, Discherodontus, Chagunius, andHypselobarbus are all monophyletic genera. Together they do not form a monophyletic group, as hypothesized in previousstudies, but are instead part of three distinct and unrelated clades. Discherodontus constitutes the basal lineage of a cladeformed by Southeast Asian barbins (e.g. Poropuntius, Hypsibarbus, Balantiocheilos); Chagunius is basal to a cladeformed mainly by Puntius and allies (although this relationship was only weakly supported); Hypselobarbus and Barbuscarnaticus formed a clade sister to a clade including Tor, Neolissochilus, Labeobarbus, and Varicorhinus. Homoplasy andshared plesiomorphy of some hypothesized important morphological characters employed in previous studies that led researchers to hypothesize earlier relationships are discussed.

scholarly journals A Phylogenetic Investigation of the New Zealand  Pteridaceae Ferns

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Whitney L M Bouma
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Taxonomic Confusion ◽  
Species Specific

<p>The fern family Pteridaceae is among the largest fern families in New Zealand. It comprises 17 native species among five genera. Traditionally the classification of Pteridaceae was based on morphological characters. The advent of molecular technology, now makes is possible to test these morphology-based classifications. The Pteridaceae has previously been subjected to phylogenetic analyses; however representatives from New Zealand and the South Pacific have never been well represented in these studies. This thesis research aimed to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of the New Zealand Pteridaceae, as well as, the phylogenetic relationships of the New Zealand species to their overseas relatives. The DNA sequences of several Chloroplast loci (e.g. trnL-trnF locus, rps4 and rps4-trnS IGS, atpB, and rbcL) were determined and the phylogenetic relationships of the New Zealand Pteridaceae and several species-specific question within the genus Pellaea and Adiantum were investigated. Results presented in this thesis confirm previously published phylogenetics of the Pteridaceae, which show the resolution of five major clades, i.e.,cryptogrammoids, ceratopteridoids, pteridoids, cheilanthoids, and the adiantoids. The addition of the New Zealand species revealed a possible South West Pacific groups formed by the respective genera, where New Zealand species were generally more related to one another than to overseas relatives. Within the New Zealand Pellaea, the analysis of the trnL-trnF locus sequence data showed that the morphologically-intermediate plants P. aff. falcata, responsible for taxonomic confusion, were more closely related to P. rotundifolia than to P. falcata. Furthermore, the species collected on the Kermadec Islands, previously thought to be P. falcata, are genetically distinct from the Australian P. falcata and they could constitute a new species. Adiantum hispidulum, which is polymorphic for two different hair types being used to distinguish them as different species, was also reinvestigated morphologically and molecularly. Morphological inspection of hairs revealed three hair types as opposed to the previous thought two, and furthermore, they correspond to three different trnL-trnF sequences haplotypes.</p>

The squat lobster genus Phylladiorhynchus Baba, 1969 in New Zealand and eastern Australia, with description of six new species

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4688 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAREEN E. SCHNABEL ◽  
SHANE T. AHYONG
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Squat Lobster ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
Tasman Sea ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

The small galatheid squat lobster genus Phylladiorhynchus currently contains five species, three of which supposedly have wide Indo-Pacific distributions. To date, two putatively widespread species, P. pusillus and P. integrirostris have been recorded from New Zealand and Australian waters. Here, we review the New Zealand and eastern Australian species of Phylladiorhynchus based on extensive collections from the region using morphological and molecular data. The type species, P. pusillus (Henderson, 1885) (type locality: Twofold Bay, Australia) is redescribed and shown to occur on both sides of the Tasman Sea. Phylladiorhynchus integrirostris, for which the original Hawaiian type material has been lost, is redescribed based on a neotype and shown not to occur in New Zealand or Australian waters, previous records being referable to other species. Six new species of Phylladiorhynchus are described. Seven species of Phylladiorhynchus are now known from New Zealand and eastern Australia. A key to all species of the genus is provided. Results of the present study show that the regional diversity of Phylladiorhynchus is significantly higher than previously reported and demonstrates the utility of a number of subtle morphological characters as diagnostic of species. 

scholarly journals The diverse origins of New Zealand house mice

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1655) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy B Searle ◽  
Paul M Jamieson ◽  
İslam Gündüz ◽  
Mark I Stevens ◽  
Eleanor P Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Mus Musculus Domesticus ◽  
Mus Musculus Musculus ◽  
History Of

Molecular markers and morphological characters can help infer the colonization history of organisms. A combination of mitochondrial (mt) d -loop DNA sequences, nuclear DNA data, external measurements and skull characteristics shows that house mice ( Mus musculus ) in New Zealand and its outlying islands are descended from very diverse sources. The predominant genome is Mus musculus domesticus (from western Europe), but Mus musculus musculus (from central Europe) and Mus musculus castaneus (from southern Asia) are also represented genetically. These subspecies have hybridized to produce combinations of musculus and domesticus nuclear DNA coupled with domesticus mtDNA, and castaneus or musculus mtDNA with domesticus nuclear DNA. The majority of the mice with domesticus mtDNA that we sampled had d -loop sequences identical to two haplotypes common in Britain. This is consistent with long-term British–New Zealand cultural linkages. The origins of the castaneus mtDNA sequences widespread in New Zealand are less easy to identify.

scholarly journals A Phylogenetic Investigation of the New Zealand  Pteridaceae Ferns

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Whitney L M Bouma
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Taxonomic Confusion ◽  
Species Specific

<p>The fern family Pteridaceae is among the largest fern families in New Zealand. It comprises 17 native species among five genera. Traditionally the classification of Pteridaceae was based on morphological characters. The advent of molecular technology, now makes is possible to test these morphology-based classifications. The Pteridaceae has previously been subjected to phylogenetic analyses; however representatives from New Zealand and the South Pacific have never been well represented in these studies. This thesis research aimed to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of the New Zealand Pteridaceae, as well as, the phylogenetic relationships of the New Zealand species to their overseas relatives. The DNA sequences of several Chloroplast loci (e.g. trnL-trnF locus, rps4 and rps4-trnS IGS, atpB, and rbcL) were determined and the phylogenetic relationships of the New Zealand Pteridaceae and several species-specific question within the genus Pellaea and Adiantum were investigated. Results presented in this thesis confirm previously published phylogenetics of the Pteridaceae, which show the resolution of five major clades, i.e.,cryptogrammoids, ceratopteridoids, pteridoids, cheilanthoids, and the adiantoids. The addition of the New Zealand species revealed a possible South West Pacific groups formed by the respective genera, where New Zealand species were generally more related to one another than to overseas relatives. Within the New Zealand Pellaea, the analysis of the trnL-trnF locus sequence data showed that the morphologically-intermediate plants P. aff. falcata, responsible for taxonomic confusion, were more closely related to P. rotundifolia than to P. falcata. Furthermore, the species collected on the Kermadec Islands, previously thought to be P. falcata, are genetically distinct from the Australian P. falcata and they could constitute a new species. Adiantum hispidulum, which is polymorphic for two different hair types being used to distinguish them as different species, was also reinvestigated morphologically and molecularly. Morphological inspection of hairs revealed three hair types as opposed to the previous thought two, and furthermore, they correspond to three different trnL-trnF sequences haplotypes.</p>

New species and phylogeny of landhoppers in the genus Waematau Duncan, 1994 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae) from northern New Zealand

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4306 (2) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
OLIVIER J.-P. BALL ◽  
W. RICHARD WEBBER ◽  
LARA D. SHEPHERD
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Histone H3 ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
High Degree

The talitrid landhopper genus Waematau Duncan, 1994 is restricted to the northern North Island of New Zealand. Six species of Waematau from Te Paki Ecological District are documented. Three known species, Waematau muriwhenua Duncan, 1994, W. reinga Duncan, 1994 and W. unuwhao Duncan, 1994, are redescribed and three new species, W. kohuroa sp. nov., W. rereke sp. nov. and W. ringanohinohi sp. nov. are described, bringing the total number of known Waematau species to eight. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of all eight known Waematau species was conducted using DNA sequences from the CO1, 16S and histone H3 loci. Results show a high degree of congruence between the molecular phylogeny and morphological characters distinguishing the species. Molecular analysis also supports recognition of the three new species, despite low levels of interspecific morphological variation for certain traits. We identify the most obvious morphological indicators of evolutionary change between closely related species of Waematau, and predict that the New Zealand landhopper fauna is richer than currently recognised. 

The genus Mecodema Blanchard 1853 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Broscini) from the North Island, New Zealand

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4598 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID S. SELDON F.L.S. ◽  
THOMAS R. BUCKLEY
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Pitfall Trapping ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Island Species ◽  
Taxonomic Framework ◽  
Species Descriptions

Mecodema (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Broscini) is a hyperdiverse endemic New Zealand genus of ground beetles with only a few geographically widespread species found throughout the two main islands, as well as many offshore islands. Using specimens from a number of private and institutional collections, in addition new specimens were acquired by extensive pitfall trapping, we describe or redescribe all of the known North Island Mecodema species. Additionally, we redescribe three South Island species from the former genus Metaglymma, as morphological evidence shows that these species are nested within Mecodema. Species descriptions are formed by using 128 morphological characters, which include external characters, as well as both male and female internal structures. There are four new combinations: Mecodema antarctica comb. n., M. aberrans comb. n., M. moniliferum comb. n. and M. tibiale comb. n. We synonymise M. occiputale under Mecodema curvidens, and M. sulcatum under Mecodema oblongum, and reinstate M. scitulum Broun (northwest Hunua Range, Auckland). Twenty four new species are described: Mecodema argentum sp. n., M. atuanui sp. n., M. dunnorum sp. n., M. genesispotini sp. n., M. godzilla sp. n., M. jacinda sp. n., M. kipjac sp. n., M. kokoroiho sp. n., M. mohi sp. n., M. ngaiatonga sp. n., M. ngaitahuhu sp. n., M. papake sp. n., M. perexiguus sp. n., M. rusticulus sp. n., M. temata sp. n., M. teparawhau sp. n., M. teroroa sp. n., M. tewhara sp. n., M. tuhoe sp. n., M. undecimus sp. n., M. wharekahika sp. n., M. xylanthrax sp. n., M. yconomus sp. n., M. zonula sp. n. North Island regional species endemism is very high in Northland (15/16 endemic species), with species becoming more widespread in the southern regions, e.g. Wellington only has two endemic species from a total of eight species. This research increases the total number of described Mecodema species to 102, and will allow a modern taxonomic framework for completion of the revision of the South Island species.

Systematics, Biogeography, and Morphological Character Evolution of the Hemiepiphytic Subfamily Monsteroideae (Araceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Zuluaga ◽  
Martin Llano ◽  
Ken Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
R Package ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Tropics

The subfamily Monsteroideae (Araceae) is the third richest clade in the family, with ca. 369 described species and ca. 700 estimated. It comprises mostly hemiepiphytic or epiphytic plants restricted to the tropics, with three intercontinental disjunctions. Using a dataset representing all 12 genera in Monsteroideae (126 taxa), and five plastid and two nuclear markers, we studied the systematics and historical biogeography of the group. We found high support for the monophyly of the three major clades (Spathiphylleae sister to Heteropsis Kunth and Rhaphidophora Hassk. clades), and for six of the genera within Monsteroideae. However, we found low rates of variation in the DNA sequences used and a lack of molecular markers suitable for species-level phylogenies in the group. We also performed ancestral state reconstruction of some morphological characters traditionally used for genera delimitation. Only seed shape and size, number of seeds, number of locules, and presence of endosperm showed utility in the classification of genera in Monsteroideae. We estimated ancestral ranges using a dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis model as implemented in the R package BioGeoBEARS and found evidence for a Gondwanan origin of the clade. One tropical disjunction (Monstera Adans. sister to Amydrium Schott–Epipremnum Schott) was found to be the product of a previous Boreotropical distribution. Two other disjunctions are more recent and likely due to long-distance dispersal: Spathiphyllum Schott (with Holochlamys Engl. nested within) represents a dispersal from South America to the Pacific Islands in Southeast Asia, and Rhaphidophora represents a dispersal from Asia to Africa. Future studies based on stronger phylogenetic reconstructions and complete morphological datasets are needed to explore the details of speciation and migration within and among areas in Asia.

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