scholarly journals H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza in Indigenous Australians

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Markey ◽  
Jiunn-Yih Su ◽  
Andre Wattiaux ◽  
James Trauer ◽  
Vicki Krause
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Indigenous Australians ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
The Impact

Given the known prevalence of chronic disease in the Australian Indigenous population, and the known risk factors for severe disease from influenza infection, it is not surprising that Indigenous Australians carried a higher burden of disease during the influenza pandemic of 2009. However, other determinants apart from comorbidities might also have affected influenza morbidity in Indigenous Australia. Factors such as overcrowding, sanitation infrastructure, remoteness, access to health care and availability of the specific hardware of the pandemic (such as personal protective equipment ? PPE? and antivirals) may also have been risk factors for poor outcomes at the population level. This article summarises the impact of the 2009 influenza pandemic on Australia?s Indigenous population, with particular emphasis on those living remotely in the Northern Territory (NT).

scholarly journals Clinical and Epidemiologic Characteristics of Hospitalized Patients with 2009 H1N1 Influenza Infection

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saygin Nayman Alpat ◽  
Gaye Usluer ◽  
Ilhan Ozgunes ◽  
Elif Doyuk Kartal ◽  
Nurettin Erben
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
H1n1 Virus ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
H1n1 Influenza ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Ventilation Support ◽  
Mechanical Ventilation Support ◽  
2009 H1n1 ◽  
Epidemiologic Characteristics

Objective. 2009 H1N1 virus is a new virus that was firstly detected in April 2009. This virus spreads from human to human and causes a worldwide disease. This paper aimed to review the clinical and epidemiological properties of patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza who were hospitalized and monitored at Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine Hospital. Setting. A 1000-bed teaching hospital in Eskisehir, Turkey. Patients-Methods. Between 05 November 2009–01 February 2010, 106 patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza, who were hospitalized, were prospectively evaluated. Results. Out of 106 patients who were hospitalized and monitored, 99 (93.4%) had fever, 86 (81.1%) had cough, 48 (45.3%) had shortness of breath, 47 (44.3%) had sore throat, 38 (35.8%) had body pain, 30 (28.3%) had rhinorrhea, 17 (16%) had vomiting, 15 (14.2%) had headache, and 14 (13.2%) had diarrhea. When the patients were examined in terms of risk factors for severe disease, 83 (78.3%) patients had at least one risk factor. During clinical monitoring, pneumonia was the most frequent complication with a rate of 66%. While 47.2% of the patients were monitored in intensive care unit, 34% of them required mechanical ventilation support. Conclusion. Patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza, who were hospitalized and monitored, should be carefully monitored and treated.

scholarly journals An international survey on the impact of COVID-19 in individuals with Down syndrome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anke Hüls ◽  
Alberto C. S. Costa ◽  
Mara Dierssen ◽  
R. Asaad Baksh ◽  
Stefania Bargagna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
General Population ◽  
Heart Defects ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
International Survey ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTBackgroundHealth conditions and immune dysfunction associated with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome, DS) may impact the clinical course of COVID-19 once infected by SARS-CoV-2.MethodsThe T21RS COVID-19 Initiative launched an international survey for clinicians or caregivers/family members on patients with COVID-19 and DS (N=1046). De-identified survey data collected between April and October 2020 were analysed and compared with the UK ISARIC4C survey of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with and without DS. COVID-19 patients with DS from the ISARIC4C survey (ISARIC4C DS cases=100) were matched to a random set of patients without DS (ISARIC4C controls=400) and hospitalized DS cases in the T21RS survey (T21RS DS cases=100) based on age, gender, and ethnicity.FindingThe mean age in the T21RS survey was 29 years (SD=18), 73% lived with their family. Similar to the general population, the most frequent signs and symptoms of COVID-19 were fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Pain and nausea were reported less frequently (p<0.01), whereas altered consciousness/confusion were reported more frequently (p<0.01). Risk factors for hospitalization and mortality were similar to the general population (age, male gender, diabetes, obesity, dementia) with the addition of congenital heart defects as a risk factor for hospitalization. Mortality rates showed a rapid increase from age 40 and were higher than for controls (T21RS DS versus controls: risk ratio (RR)=3.5 (95%-CI=2.6;4.4), ISARIC4C DS versus controls: RR=2.9 (95%-CI=2.1;3.8)) even after adjusting for known risk factors for COVID-19 mortality.InterpretationLeading signs/symptoms of COVID-19 and risk factors for severe disease course are similar to the general population. However, individuals with DS present significantly higher rates of mortality, especially from age 40.FundingDown Syndrome Affiliates in Action, Down Syndrome Medical Interest Group-USA, GiGi’s Playhouse, Jerome Lejeune Foundation, LuMind IDSC Foundation, Matthews Foundation, National Down Syndrome Society, National Task Group on Intellectual Disabilities and Dementia Practices.

scholarly journals Explaining the increment in coronary heart disease mortality in Mexico between 2000 and 2012

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0242930
Author(s):  
Carmen Arroyo-Quiroz ◽  
Martin O’Flaherty ◽  
Maria Guzman-Castillo ◽  
Simon Capewell ◽  
Eduardo Chuquiure-Valenzuela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease Mortality ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Impact Model ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
Chd Risk Factors ◽  
Surgical Treatments ◽  
The Impact

Background Mexico is still in the growing phase of the epidemic of coronary heart disease (CHD), with mortality increasing by 48% since 1980. However, no studies have analyzed the drivers of these trends. We aimed to model CHD deaths between 2000 and 2012 in Mexico and to quantify the proportion of the mortality change attributable to advances in medical treatments and to changes in population-wide cardiovascular risk factors. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis using the previously validated IMPACT model to explain observed changes in CHD mortality in Mexican adults. The model integrates nationwide data at two-time points (2000 and 2012) to quantify the effects on CHD mortality attributable to changes in risk factors and therapeutic trends. Results From 2000 to 2012, CHD mortality rates increased by 33.8% in men and by 22.8% in women. The IMPACT model explained 71% of the CHD mortality increase. Most of the mortality increases could be attributed to increases in population risk factors, such as diabetes (43%), physical inactivity (28%) and total cholesterol (24%). Improvements in medical and surgical treatments together prevented or postponed 40.3% of deaths; 10% was attributable to improvements in secondary prevention treatments following MI, while 5.3% to community heart failure treatments. Conclusions CHD mortality in Mexico is increasing due to adverse trends in major risk factors and suboptimal use of CHD treatments. Population-level interventions to reduce CHD risk factors are urgently needed, along with increased access and equitable distribution of therapies.

scholarly journals Planning for a cohort study to investigate the impact and management of influenza in pregnancy in a future pandemic

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Knight ◽  
Peter Brocklehurst ◽  
Pat O’Brien ◽  
Maria A Quigley ◽  
Jennifer J Kurinczuk
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
H1n1 Influenza ◽  
Steering Committee ◽  
Pandemic Strain ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
In Pregnancy

BackgroundEvidence from the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic demonstrated that pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to infection and at an increased risk of death. Active data collection through the UK Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS) about women admitted to hospital during the 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic was used to inform ongoing clinical guidance regarding the use of antiviral treatment for pregnant women and demonstrated that, in addition to an increased risk of maternal morbidity, influenza infection in pregnancy is associated with poor perinatal outcomes, including an increased risk of stillbirth and preterm birth. This evidence influenced the decision to offer routine influenza immunisation to pregnant women. Even in a non-epidemic period, pregnant women continue to die from influenza.ObjectiveTo establish, and then to put into hibernation, the study mechanisms needed to mount a rapid investigation of the impact of pandemic influenza in pregnancy in the event of a newly emerging pandemic strain.DesignA new UKOSS cohort study was designed, based on the 2009–10 study, and following consultation with the Pandemic Flu Planning Group at the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and the UKOSS Steering Committee, to identify potential previously unanswered questions.SettingUK maternity units.ParticipantsAll pregnant women admitted to hospital with influenza in a future pandemic.Main outcome measuresManagement of pregnant women with influenza infection, intervention rates, treatment and pregnancy outcome for both the mother and fetus.ResultsThe study was designed and approved by the UKOSS Steering Committee and then placed into hibernation for activation in the event of an influenza pandemic.ConclusionsPregnant women, as a result of their changed immunological status, appear to be particularly susceptible to infection, including from influenza. The existence of the UKOSS enabled us to rapidly mount a study of pregnant women who were hospitalised with 2009 A/H1N1 influenza. Minor modifications to incorporate previously unanswered questions and our previous study enabled us to design, and then put into hibernation, a new study ready to investigate the impact and management of influenza in pregnancy, which is poised for activation in the event of a newly emerging pandemic strain. This will enable real-time data to be available on which to base rapid changes in clinical management as the as-yet-unforeseen pandemic unfolds. In the event of an influenza pandemic the study will be available to be immediately activated following expedited regulatory approvals.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN44137563.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.

scholarly journals Social and Clinical Determinants of COVID-19 Outcomes: Modeling Real-World Data from a Pandemic Epicenter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyothi Manohar ◽  
Sajjad Abedian ◽  
Rachel Martini ◽  
Scott Kulm ◽  
Kaylee Ho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Real World ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Clinical Factors ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Impact

IMPORTANCE: As the United States continues to accumulate COVID-19 cases and deaths, and disparities persist, defining the impact of risk factors for poor outcomes across patient groups is imperative. OBJECTIVE: Our objective is to use real-world healthcare data to quantify the impact of demographic, clinical, and social determinants of health associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes. We sought to identify high-risk scenarios and characterize dynamics of risk among racial and ethnic groups. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort of COVID-19 patients diagnosed between March 1 and August 20, 2020. Fully adjusted logistical regression models for hospitalization, severe disease and mortality outcomes across 1-the entire cohort and 2- nested within self-reported race/ethnicity groups. SETTING: Three NewYork-Presbyterian health care system that draw patients across all five boroughs of New York City. Data was obtained through automated abstraction of real-world data from electronic medical records. PARTICIPANTS: During the study timeframe, 110,498 individuals were tested for SARS-CoV-2 in the NewYork-Presbyterian health care system; 11,930 patients were confirmed for COVID-19 by RT-PCR or covid-19 clinical diagnosis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary predictor of interest was patient race/ethnicity, and study covariates included demographics, clinical comorbidity, and zip code-based neighborhood socio-economic status. The primary outcomes of interest were COVID-19 hospitalization, severe disease, and death. RESULTS: Of the patients who tested positive for COVID-19, 4,895 were hospitalized; of those, 1,070 developed severe disease. 1,654 patients suffered COVID-19 related death. Certain risk factors only showed an impact in specific race groups and varied among outcome models. Clinical factors were more significant than demographic or social determinants. In our all-patients models, hypertension conveyed the highest risk of hospitalization (OR=1.89, 89p=1.26x10 -1020), while Type 2 Diabetes was significantly associated with all three outcomes (hospitalization: OR=1.4848, p=1.39x10-04394; severe disease: OR=1.466, p=44.47x10-099; mortality: OR=1.27, p=0.001). In race-nested models, COPD increased risk of hospitalization only in Non-Hispanic (NH)-White patients (OR=2.707, p=0.009). Obesity (BMI 30+) was associated with severe disease among hospitalized NH-White (OR=1.48, p=0.038) and NH-Black (OR=1.77, p=0.025). Cancer was the only significant mortality risk factor in Hispanic patients (OR=1.9797, p=0.04343), and heart failure was associated with mortality only in NH-Asian patients (OR=2.62, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE. We found that clinical comorbidity, more than social determinants, was associated with COVID-19 outcomes, suggesting clinical factors are more predictive of risk than social factors.

scholarly journals Allergic inflammation hinders synergistic viral-bacterial co-infection in C57BL/6 mice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim S. LeMessurier ◽  
Amy R. Iverson ◽  
Ti-Cheng Chang ◽  
Maneesha Palipane ◽  
Peter Vogel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Disease ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
Lung Microbiome ◽  
Severe Influenza ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAsthma is a chronic airways disease that can be exacerbated during respiratory infections. Our previous findings that the inflammatory state of allergic airways at the time of influenza A virus (IAV) infection in combination with epidemiologic findings that asthmatics were less likely to suffer from severe influenza during the 2009 pandemic suggest that additional complications of influenza, such as increased susceptibility to bacterial superinfection, may be mitigated in the allergic host. To test this hypothesis, we developed a murine model of ‘triple-disease’ in which mice were first rendered allergic to Aspergillus fumigatus and co-infected with IAV and Streptococcus pneumoniae seven days apart. Significant alterations to known synergistic effects of co-infection were noted in the allergic mice including reduced morbidity and mortality, bacterial burden, maintenance of alveolar macrophages, and reduced lung inflammation and damage. The lung microbiome of allergic mice differed from that of non-allergic mice during co-infection. To investigate the impact of the microbiome on the pathogenesis of lung disease, we induced a perturbation with a short course of fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is often prescribed for lung infections. A significant change in the microbiome was complemented with alterations to the inflammatory profile and a drastic increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines in allergic mice which were now susceptible to severe disease from IAV and S. pneumoniae co-infection. Our data suggest that responses to co-infection in allergic hosts likely depends on the immune and microbiome states and that antibiotics should be used with caution in individuals with underlying chronic lung disease.Author SummaryAsthma is a condition of the lungs that affects millions worldwide. Traditionally, respiratory infections are considered to have a negative impact on asthmatics. However, epidemiological data surrounding the 2009 influenza pandemic suggest that asthmatics may be better equipped to counter severe influenza including bacterial pneumonia. Herein, we introduce a novel mouse model system designed to recapitulate an influenza virus and Streptococcal co-infection in a host with fungal asthma. We found that underlying allergic asthma protects against severe disease induced by co-infection. Mice with underlying allergic inflammation had reduced damage to the lungs and did not show signs of respiratory distress. Among the differences noted in the allergic mice that were protected from viral and bacterial co-infection, was the lung microbiome. Allergic mice lost their protection from co-infection after we perturbed their lung microbiome with antibiotics suggesting that the lung microbiome plays a role in host immunity against invading pathogens.

Mastitis in meat sheep

Livestock ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 248-253
Author(s):  
Phillipa Page ◽  
Mike Evans ◽  
Clare Phythian ◽  
Natalia Vasileiou ◽  
JP Crilly
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Supportive Care ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Drug ◽  
Subclinical Disease ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Meat Sheep ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

Mastitis in meat sheep occurs in all flocks, but incidence can vary. It can be a severe disease, resulting in ewe deaths, but chronic and subclinical cases also occur. It is a costly disease, but accurate assesments of the impact, especially of chronic and subclinical disease, are lacking. The most commonly involved pathogens are Mannheimia haemolytica and Staphylococcus aureus. The most important risk factors relate to compromise of teat defences, and increased transmission, but environmental cases do occur. Treatment of acute clinical cases requires systemic antibiosis and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration, and, where required, supportive care. Prevention involves tackling the risk factors, and using vaccination and breeding to reduce ewe susceptibility.

Factors Associated with COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality: A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omid Dadras ◽  
Nazanin Shahrokhnia ◽  
Sarina Borran ◽  
Ali Asadollahi-Amin ◽  
SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Impaired Liver ◽  
Duration Of Hospitalization ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
Underlying Diseases

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has been declared as a pandemic on March 11th 2020 by the WHO. Morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 has been shown to be high among patients with underlying diseases. In this narrative review, searching a number of electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct), 127 related articles written in English were retrieved and of which 73 articles related to risk factors affecting morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 were extracted and summarized. Factors such as old age, male gender and working in health setting were associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Hypertension was the most frequent reported condition among those with severe disease. It also appeared to increase the mortality and duration of hospitalization. Diabetes, respiratory chronic illnesses (COPD, asthma), impaired liver and renal function, and malignancies were also mentioned as the risk factors for severe disease, longer hospitalization, poor prognosis and outcome. Some laboratory findings such as elevated D-dimer, CRP, and LDH as well as severe lymphopenia were associated with severity, mortality and poor outcomes in hospitalized patients. All in all, a considerable number of comorbidities and biomarkers are associated with severity and presentations of COVID-19 disease, affecting its morbidity and mortality rates.

scholarly journals Community Level Disadvantage and the Likelihood of First Ischemic Stroke

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette Boden-Albala ◽  
Eric T. Roberts ◽  
Harmon Moats ◽  
Hiba Arif ◽  
Ralph L. Sacco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New York ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Census Tract ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Community Controls ◽  
The Impact

Background and Purpose. Residing in “disadvantaged” communities may increase morbidity and mortality independent of individual social resources and biological factors. This study evaluates the impact of population-level disadvantage on incident ischemic stroke likelihood in a multiethnic urban population. Methods. A population based case-control study was conducted in an ethnically diverse community of New York. First ischemic stroke cases and community controls were enrolled and a stroke risk assessment performed. Data regarding population level economic indicators for each census tract was assembled using geocoding. Census variables were also grouped together to define a broader measure of collective disadvantage. We evaluated the likelihood of stroke for population-level variables controlling for individual social (education, social isolation, and insurance) and vascular risk factors. Results. We age-, sex-, and race-ethnicity-matched 687 incident ischemic stroke cases to 1153 community controls. The mean age was 69 years: 60% women; 22% white, 28% black, and 50% Hispanic. After adjustment, the index of community level disadvantage (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.7–2.1) was associated with increased stroke likelihood overall and among all three race-ethnic groups. Conclusion. Social inequalities measured by census tract data including indices of community disadvantage confer a significant likelihood of ischemic stroke independent of conventional risk factors.

scholarly journals Influenza and Community-acquired Pneumonia Interactions: The Impact of Order and Time of Infection on Population Patterns

2012 ◽  
Vol 175 (5) ◽  
pp. 363-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M. Davis ◽  
Allison E. Aiello ◽  
Suzanne Dawid ◽  
Pejman Rohani ◽  
Sourya Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Swine Flu ◽  
1918 Influenza ◽  
The Impact

AbstractDiscoveries made during the 1918 influenza A pandemic and reports of severe disease associated with coinfection during the 2009 hemagglutinin type 1 and neuraminidase type 1 (commonly known as H1N1 or swine flu) pandemic have renewed interest in the role of coinfection in disease pathogenesis. The authors assessed how various timings of coinfection with influenza virus and pneumonia-causing bacteria could affect the severity of illness at multiple levels of interaction, including the biologic and population levels. Animal studies most strongly support a single pathway of coinfection with influenza inoculation occurring approximately 7 days before inoculation with Streptococcus pneumoniae, but less-examined pathways of infection also may be important for human disease. The authors discussed the implications of each pathway for disease prevention and what they would expect to see at the population level if there were sufficient data available. Lastly, the authors identified crucial gaps in the study of timing of coinfection and proposed related research questions.

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