Salt Tolerance Is Not Associated With the Sodium Accumulation of Two Maize Hybrids

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 675 ◽  
Author(s):  
GR Cramer ◽  
GJ Alberico ◽  
C Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Ion Transport ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Na Transport ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Sodium Accumulation ◽  
Ion Concentrations

In this report, we test the hypothesis that Na+ accumulation in the shoot in maize is negatively correlated with salt tolerance. Salt tolerance is defined as a percentage of the control on a dry weight basis. Two hybrids (Pioneer hybrid 3578 and Pioneer hybrid 3772) differing widely in Na+ accumulation were compared. Plants were treated with two types of salinity for 15 days (80 mol m-3 NaCl or 80 mol m-3 NaCl plus 8.75 mol m-3 CaCl2). Ion concentrations (Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl-) were measured in the roots, stalks, sheaths and leaves of plants harvested every third day. Ion concentrations were significantly affected by the treatments. Na+ and Cl- concentrations increased with salinity treatments; K+ and Ca2+ concentrations decreased. Supplemental Ca2+ increased Ca2+ and decreased Na+ concentrations. Hybrid 3772 maintained very low Na+ concentrations in the shoots, whereas 3578 did not. The largest distinction between the hybrids was in the ability to transport Na+ to the shoot; hybrid 3578 transported Na+ at twice the rate of hybrid 3772. In general, ion transport to the shoot appeared to be a function of root ion concentration. This model could account for the effects of NaCl salinity and supplemental Ca2+ on ion transport, although Na+ transport was complicated by an apparent reabsorption mechanism in the root and mesocotyl. The lack of correlation of Na+ accumulation in the shoot and other ion parameters with growth indicated that the mineral nutrition of the plants was not correlated with salt tolerance. It was concluded that the growth response of maize to salinity was primarily affected by osmotic factors.

Influence of salinity on ionic concentration and yield of three tropical grain legumes

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Keating
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Ionic Concentration ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Limited Growth ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Potential Level

The relationships between dry matter yield and ion concentration in three tropical grain legumes, viz. guar, cowpea and blackgram, were examined in soil salinized with a range of isosmotic levels of NaCl, CaCl2 and Na2SO4. The shoot yield of guar and cowpea was reduced to 50% of the control, at soil salt levels corresponding to electrical conductivities determined on saturated extracts (ECe,50%) of 11.8 and 11.6 dS m-1 respectively, the response being independent of the form of salt used. Both these species maintained low Na+ in shoots but accumulated moderate levels of Cl- in the presence of Cl- salts. The shoot yield of blackgram was less affected by CaCl2 salinity than NaCl salinity (i.e. ECe,50% = 13.6 dS m-1 compared with 8.8 dS m-1 respectively), whilst the growth response to Na2SO, was intermediate (ECe,50% = 10.8 dS m-1. Blackgram was found to accumulate large quantities of both Na+ (up to 1500 8mol g-1) and Cl- (up to 8 g-1) in shoot tissues. The use of isosmotic levels of different salts enabled the effects on growth of variation in ion concentration of shoots to be assessed, at the same potential level of water deficit. There was no evidence that ion excess was limiting growth of guar or cowpea, since large differences in ion concentration were not related to differences in dry matter yield. There was evidence that high ion concentrations in the shoots of blackgram, in particular high Na+ , limited growth under salinity stress. It is suggested that some benefit may be gained by searching for blackgram cultivars that accumulate less Na+ in shoots.

Some physiological responses of Verticillium albo-atrum to zinc

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. O. Throneberry
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Zinc Concentration ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
Nitrate Sources ◽  
Verticillium Albo Atrum

Zinc markedly stimulated growth of Verticillium albo-atrum R. & B. in Czapek-Dox broth shake cultures. Minimum zinc concentration producing optimum growth response was 0.15 to 0.2 μg/ml. On a dry weight basis added zinc resulted in increased total nitrogen content and oxygen uptake. Oxygen uptake per unit total nitrogen was essentially unaffected. Cells from 5- and particularly 7-day-old zinc-free cultures showed less response to zinc than did those from 3- and 10-day-old cultures. Zinc response was greatest with L-alanine as the nitrogen source as compared with nitrate, urea, and ammonium nitrate sources.

scholarly journals Growth Response of Major U.S. Cowpea Cultivars. I. Biomass Accumulation and Salt Tolerance

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde Wilson ◽  
Xuan Liu ◽  
Scott M. Lesch ◽  
Donald L. Suarez
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Colorado River ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cowpea Cultivars ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Colorado River Water

Over the last several years, there has been increasing interest in amending the soil using cover crops, especially in desert agriculture. One cover crop of interest in the desert Coachella Valley of California is cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Cowpea is particularly useful in that as an excellent cover crop, fixing abundant amounts of nitrogen which can reduce fertilizer costs. However, soil salinity problems are of increasing concern in the Coachella Valley of California where the Colorado River water is a major source of irrigation water. Unfortunately, little information is available on the response of cowpea growth to salt stress. Thus, we investigated the growth response of 12 major cowpea cultivars (`CB5', `CB27', `CB46', `IT89KD-288', `IT93K-503-1', `Iron Clay', `Speckled Purple Hall', `UCR 134', `UCR 671', `UCR 730', `8517', and `7964') to increasing salinity levels. The experiment was set up as a standard Split Plot design. Seven salinity levels ranging from 2.6 to 20.1 dS·m–1 were constructed, based on Colorado River water salt composition, to have NaCl, CaCl2 and MgSO4 as the salinization salts. The osmotic potential ranged from –0.075 to –0.82 MPa. Salt stress began 7 days after planting by adding the salts into irrigating nutrient solution and ended after 5 consecutive days. The plants were harvested during flowering period for biomass measurement (53 days after planting). Data analysis using SAS analysis of variance indicated that the salinity in the range between 2.6 and 20.1 dS·m–1 significantly reduced leaf area, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight and root dry weight (P ≤ 0.05). We applied the data to a salt-tolerance model, log(Y) = a1 + a2X + a3X2, where Y represents biomass, a1, a2 and a3 are empirical constants, and X represents salinity, and found that the model accounted for 99%, 97%, 96%, 99%, and 96% of salt effect for cowpea shoot, leaf area, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight and root dry weight, respectively. We also found significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) of each biomass parameter among the 12 cultivars and obtained different sets of the empirical constants to quantitatively describe the response of each biomass parameter to salinity for individual cowpea cultivars. Since a significant salt × cultivar interaction effect (P ≤ 0.05) was found on leaf area and leaf dry weight, we concluded that salt tolerance differences exist among the tested cultivars.

Control of sprout growth in the potato. Effect of humidity and water supply

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 2140-2145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon I. McIntyre ◽  
William A. Quick
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
External Water ◽  
Sprout Growth

The growth of apical sprouts of potato tubers, var. Norland, kept in darkness at 15 °C, was significantly increased either by increasing the relative humidity (RH) from approximately 40 to 100% or by supplying water to the basal cut end of the tubers. These two treatments showed a significant interaction, the response to the external water supply being considerably greater at the higher RH. The growth response was closely correlated with increases in the dry weight and the water content of the sprouts, expressed on either a sprout or dry weight basis. The high RH plus water treatment also eliminated the inhibition of sprout growth by light, the length of the sprouts in this treatment being almost 160% greater than in the light at low RH and 60% greater than in the dark. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that when the tuber has no external supply of water, the growth of the sprouts is determined primarily by their water content, and thus by the effect and interaction of factors affecting the supply of water from the tuber and its rate of loss from the sprouts by transpiration.

Soil microbe Bacillus subtilis (GB03) induces biomass accumulation and salt tolerance with lower sodium accumulation in wheat

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Lin Zhang ◽  
Mina Aziz ◽  
Yan Qiao ◽  
Qing-Qiang Han ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Subtilis Strain ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Sodium Accumulation

Bacillus subtilis strain GB03 has been shown to confer salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, the potential for GB03 to promote biomass accumulation and increase salt tolerance was investigated in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Soil-grown wheat seedlings were assayed for dry-weight increase. Endogenous Na+ and K+ contents were determined in plants with or without soil inoculation with GB03 along with 0, 25 or 100 mm NaCl solution added to the soil. We demonstrated that the introduction of GB03 in the soil triggered wheat biomass accumulation. Furthermore, GB03 improved salt tolerance as measured by increased tissue mass, lower Na+ accumulation and improved K+/Na+ ratio when GB03-inoculated plants were grown under elevated salt conditions. This study provides insight for the application of selected bacteria to monocot crops to combat saline toxicity.

Influence of Nitrogen and Humidity on Rhizome Bud Growth and Glyphosate Translocation in Quackgrass (Agropyron repens)

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 655-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon I. McIntyre ◽  
Andrew I. Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Apical Node ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Rhizome Bud ◽  
Agropyron Repens

When buds on the rhizome of quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv.] were released from apical dominance either by increasing the nitrogen supply to the parent shoot (from 5.25 to 210 ppm) or by raising the humidity around the rhizome (from 55 to 100%), the growth response of the buds was closely correlated with their uptake of foliar-applied14C-labeled glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl] glycine]. The14C level in the buds, expressed on a dry-weight basis, was greatest in the youngest, most rapidly growing bud at the apical node and decreased in successively older buds along the rhizome. A similar gradient was shown by the14C content of the associated rhizome nodes. The high-humidity treatment also increased the total amount of14C that was translocated into the rhizome, whereas increasing the nitrogen supply, while promoting14C uptake by the buds, markedly reduced the amount in the rhizome nodes and in other parts of the plant. This nitrogen-induced reduction in translocation was associated with a reduction of about 30% in uptake of the herbicide by the treated leaves.

scholarly journals Growth, Fruit Yield, and Ion Concentration in Tomato Genotypes after Pre- and Post-emergence Salt Treatments

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.C. Bolarín ◽  
F. Pérez-Alfocea ◽  
E.A. Cano ◽  
M.T. Estañ ◽  
M. Caro
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Advanced Stages

The effects of increasing salinity on dry weight and ion concentration of shoots at various growth stages and on fruit yield in four tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes were assessed. The salt treatments (35, 70, and 140 mm NaCl) were applied pre-emergence (seed sowing) (pre-E) and post-emergence (four-leaf stage) (post-E) and maintained during plant growth. Genotype salt tolerance, measured as shoot dry weight in response to increases in salt concentration, varied depending on plant growth stage and salt application time. When salt was applied pre-E, salt tolerance increased with plant age, whereas when applied post-E, 45-day-old plants were the most salt tolerant. Mature plants were similarly salt tolerant independent of the growth stage at which the salt treatments began. However, fruit yield of all genotypes was higher when salt was applied pre-E than post-E. Shoot dry weight decreased as shoot Cl and Na ion concentrations increased. During early growth stages, pre-E salt-treated plants had the highest Cl-and Na+ concentrations and the lowest shoot dry weights. However, at the advanced stages, shoot Cl- and Na Concentrations were equal for both salt application times. These results show that the plants must adapt to salinity during a period that allows them to develop a mechanism to regulate internal Cl- and Na+ concentrations and, thus, grow under high salinity.

ERRORS ASSOCIATED WITH HERBAGE DISSECTION ANALYSES 2. Problems of species identification

1976 ◽  
pp. 213-225
Author(s):  
I.M. Ritchie ◽  
C.C. Boswell ◽  
A.M. Badland
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Plant Identification ◽  
Leaf Fragment ◽  
Research Division ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Botanical Analysis

HERBACE DISSECTION is the process in which samples of herbage cut from trials are separated by hand into component species. Heavy reliance is placed on herbage dissection as an analytical tool ,in New Zealand, and in the four botanical analysis laboratories in the Research Division of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries about 20 000 samples are analysed each year. In the laboratory a representative subsample is taken by a rigorous quartering procedure until approximately 400 pieces of herbage remain. Each leaf fragment is then identified to species level or groups of these as appropriate. The fractions are then dried and the composition calculated on a percentage dry weight basis. The accuracy of the analyses of these laboratories has been monitored by a system of interchanging herbage dissection samples between them. From this, the need to separate subsampling errors from problems of plant identification was, appreciated and some of this work is described here.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sediments of the Brisbane River (Australia) – Preliminary Results

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. I. Kayal ◽  
D. W. Connell
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Treated Sewage ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Petroleum Refineries

Results of the analysis of twenty-three composite sediment samples revealed that PAHs are widely distributed in the Brisbane River estuary. Mean concentrations for individual compounds, on a dry weight basis, ranged from 0.03 µg/g for dibenz [ah] anthracene to 2.34 µg/g for fluoranthene. Observed PAH assemblages were rich in compounds having pyrolytic origins. However, the presence of petroleum derived compounds was indicative of the importance of petroleum as a PAH source in the estuary. Petroleum refineries, a coal loading terminal and a major treated sewage outfall located at the mouth were not indicated as major contributing sources of PAH pollution in the estuary.

Mineral nutrition, dinitrogen fixation, and growth of Alnuscrispa and Alnusglutinosa

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 855-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Prégent ◽  
C. Camiré
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Dinitrogen Fixation ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Critical Levels ◽  
N Status

Invitro cultures of Alnuscrispa (Ait.) Pursh and Alnusglutinosa (L.) Gaertn. were used to estimate critical foliage levels of selected nutrients for optimal growth and dinitrogen (N2) fixation. For A. crispa to obtain 90% of maximum growth and N2 fixation, foliar levels of 0.12% P, 0.13% Mg, <0.31% K, and <0.04% Ca on a dry weight basis were needed. For A. glutinosa, the critical levels were 0.138% P, 0.10% Mg, 0.29% Ca, and ~0.20% K. From all the deficiencies observed, P had the more pronounced effects on N status of both species.

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