Metabolic assessment of wallaby blastocysts during embryonic diapause and subsequent reactivation

The metabolism of tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) blastocysts was analysed by means of quantitative fluorescence microscopy during embryonic diapause and 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 and 10 days after reactivation to determine nutrient preferences during metabolic reactivation of the blastocyst. The surface area of quiescent blastocysts was 0.16 +/- 0.02 mm2 (mean +/- s.e.m.), and increased to 0.44 +/- 0.04 mm2 (P < 0.05) by Day 8 after removal of the sucking stimulus of the pouch young (RPY). Day-10 blastocysts, analysed over two successive breeding seasons, were significantly different in size from each other (Group A, 1992: 4.44 +/- 1.47 mm2; Group B, 1993: 18.87 +/- 4.62 mm2; P < 0.01), and both groups were significantly different in size from diapausing blastocysts (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in carbohydrate uptake or production by blastocysts during the first five days after RPY. Glucose uptake by blastocysts recovered 8 days after RPY (61.9 +/- 30.0 pmol embryo-1 h-1) was significantly greater than that by Day-0 blastocysts (17.9 +/- 5.5 pmol embryo-1 h-1) and glucose uptake by both groups of Day-10 blastocysts (Group A, 174.0 +/- 28.4 pmol embryo-1 h-1; Group B, 616.0 +/- 239.0 pmol embryo-1 h-1) was significantly different from that by Day-0 blastocysts (P < 0.01). Pyruvate uptake by Day-10 blastocysts (Group A, 46.0 +/- 32.2 pmol embryo-1 h-1; Group B, 250.0 +/- 136.0 pmol embryo-1 h-1; P < 0.01) increased significantly compared with that by Day-0 blastocysts (6.4 +/- 1.6 pmol embryo-1 h-1; P < 0.01). Lactate production by Day-10 blastocysts (Group A, 186.7 +/- 30.3 pmol embryo-1 h-1; Group B, 285 +/- 129 pmol embryo-1 h-1; P > 0.01) was also significantly different from that by quiescent blastocysts (41.20 +/- 9.6 pmol embryo-1 h-1). There was a linear relationship between surface area and glucose uptake and surface area and pyruvate uptake (r2 = 0.965 and r2 = 0.971 respectively). Despite increases in carbohydrate uptake, there was a proportional decrease in lactate production indicating an increase in oxidative metabolism during reactivation. This suggests that there may be a metabolic switch at, or around, Day 5 after RPY.

Download Full-text

Characteristics of Particles and Debris Released after Implantoplasty: A Comparative Study

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma15020602 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 602

Author(s):

Xixi Wu ◽

Changjie Cai ◽

Javier Gil ◽

Elizabeth Jantz ◽

Yacoub Al Sakka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Scanning Electron Microscope ◽

Surface Area ◽

Particle Number ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Particle Sizer ◽

Group B ◽

Scanning Electron

Titanium particles embedded on peri-implant tissues are associated with a variety of detrimental effects. Given that the characteristics of these detached fragments (size, concentration, etc.) dictate the potential cytotoxicity and biological repercussions exerted, it is of paramount importance to investigate the properties of these debris. This study compares the characteristics of particles released among different implant systems (Group A: Straumann, Group B: BioHorizons and Group C: Zimmer) during implantoplasty. A novel experimental system was utilized for measuring and collecting particles generated from implantoplasty. A scanning mobility particle sizer, aerodynamic particle sizer, nano micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor, and scanning electron microscope were used to collect and analyze the particles by size. The chemical composition of the particles was analyzed by highly sensitive microanalysis, microstructures by scanning electron microscope and the mechanical properties by nanoindentation equipment. Particles released by implantoplasty showed bimodal size distributions, with the majority of particles in the ultrafine size range (<100 nm) for all groups. Statistical analysis indicated a significant difference among all implant systems in terms of the particle number size distribution (p < 0.0001), with the highest concentration in Group B and lowest in Group C, in both fine and ultrafine modes. Significant differences among all groups (p < 0.0001) were also observed for the other two metrics, with the highest concentration of particle mass and surface area in Group B and lowest in Group C, in both fine and ultrafine modes. For coarse particles (>1 µm), no significant difference was detected among groups in terms of particle number or mass, but a significantly smaller surface area was found in Group A as compared to Group B (p = 0.02) and Group C (p = 0.005). The 1 first minute of procedures had a higher number concentration compared to the second and third minutes. SEM-EDS analysis showed different morphologies for various implant systems. These results can be explained by the differences in the chemical composition and microstructures of the different dental implants. Group B is softer than Groups A and C due to the laser treatment in the neck producing an increase of the grain size. The hardest implants were those of Group C due to the cold-strained titanium alloy, and consequently they displayed lower release than Groups A and B. Implantoplasty was associated with debris particle release, with the majority of particles at nanometric dimensions. BioHorizons implants released more particles compared to Straumann and Zimmer. Due to the widespread use of implantoplasty, it is of key importance to understand the characteristics of the generated debris. This is the first study to detect, quantify and analyze the debris/particles released from dental implants during implantoplasty including the full range of particle sizes, including both micro- and nano-scales.

Download Full-text

93 Oestrous Synchronisation Studies in a Marsupial

Reproduction Fertility and Development ◽

10.1071/rdv30n1ab93 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 186

Author(s):

R. R. Witt ◽

L. A. Hinds ◽

J. C. Rodger

Keyword(s):

Gnrh Agonist ◽

Tammar Wallaby ◽

Ovarian Activity ◽

Water Control ◽

Reproductive Suppression ◽

Mating Response ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Copulatory Plugs

There is no strategy to precisely synchronise and predict oestrus and ovulation in marsupials. This is the major limitation in applying assisted reproduction to marsupial conservation. Routine methods of female synchronization that target the ovary (effective in eutherians) are ineffective in marsupials because they do not disrupt the corpus luteum. Gondaotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists have been used to suppress female cycling in several marsupials and work by targeting GnRH action in the pituitary. After the GnRH agonist reaches its active endpoint, female cycling returns. This study investigated whether Lucrin Depot (Abbott Laboratories, Lake Bluff, IL, USA), a tailored 1-month microsphere GnRH agonist preparation, has the potential to first suppress female cycling, and then facilitate a synchronous return to female cycling in a model marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). Preliminary studies indicated that Lucrin could be used to regulate ovarian activity, but a dose >0.20 mg kg−1 was required. In this study, nonpregnant tammars (n = 18, 6 per group) had their pouch young removed (RPY) on Day 0; RPY suspends lactation and reactivates cycling, allowing for controlled assessment of oestrus and mating in treated and untreated females. On Day 0, an intramuscular (IM) injection of water (Control) or 1 mg kg−1 of Lucrin Depot (group A) was given after RPY. Group B also received 1 mg kg−1 of Lucrin Depot but this was not injected until Day 10 after RPY (a strategy to assess whether timing of Lucrin yields different results). Females were placed in breeding pens of 1 male to 3 females. Reproductive suppression and synchrony of return to female cycling was assessed by pouch and urogenital opening checks to detect newborn young and copulatory plugs. All data (time of mating/conception) were analysed using ANOVA (significance, P < 0.05). There was a significant difference between the first mating response in the Control compared with Groups A and B (P = 0.0003), but the time from Lucrin injection to mating, Day 0 or Day 10, was not significant (P = 0.1431). All control females mated before Day 32 RPY, whereas all Lucrin-treated females mated from Day 33 to 66. All Lucrin-treated females conceived as evidenced by pouch young. Further analysis revealed 2 Lucrin-injection to mating response intervals, those females delayed by ~10 days that conceived between 33 and 50 days (n = 7: 41 ± 2.1 days; mean ± SEM), and those females delayed by ~30 days that conceived between 61 and 66 days (n = 5: 62 ± 1.0 days; mean ± SEM) following injection. Thus, an IM injection of 1 mg kg−1 of Lucrin Depot is sufficient to delay oestrus in breeding tammar wallabies whether given at the time of RPY or 10 days later. This study confirmed that Lucrin Depot can be used to regulate ovarian activity in macropod marsupials, and has potential to form the basis of a GnRH agonist-based synchronisation strategy for use in assisted breeding for marsupial conservation. This research was supported by Holsworth Wildlife Research Endowment.

Download Full-text

Individual variation in fructose metabolism in man

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19710025 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 187-195 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

G. C. Cook ◽

Janice Jacobson

Keyword(s):

Lactate Production ◽

Serum Triglyceride ◽

Glycerol Concentration ◽

Total Carbohydrate ◽

Fructose Metabolism ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

The Difference ◽

Group B ◽

The Individual

1. Constant intravenous (3 h) infusions of a fructose solution were given on a rate for body-weight basis (0·6 g/kg per h) to thirty patients who had no evidence of diabetes mellitus or liver disease. Concentrations of blood fructose, pyruvate and lactate formed a plateau during the last 1–1·5 h of the infusion period.2. Although the numbers were small, the individual pyruvate and lactate concentrations at plateau varied greatly and assumed a bi-modal distribution, suggesting two distinct groups. The group to show a lower pyruvate and lactate rise (group A) contained more males of a lower age and more patients who had ischaemic cardiac disease than the other group (B); none of these differences was, however, statistically significant. The fructose concentrations at plateau were not significantly different between the groups. Serum triglyceride glycerol concentration during the infusions rose markedly in three patients in group A but in none in group B. Minor changes in concentration of blood glucose, insulin, inorganic phosphate and uric acid during the infusions were not significantly different between the groups and did not fall into a bi-modal pattern.3. Constant intravenous (3 h) infusions of 0.15M-sodiurn lactate at the same infusion rate in eight of the patients (four from group A and four from group B) did not produce a significant difference in the blood lactate concentrations at plateau between patients from the two groups.4. These results reflect qualitative differences in fructose metabolism in the patients studied. The difference in pyruvate and lactate production may be associated with total carbohydrate intake. However, the bi-modal distribution strongly suggests a genetically determined difference in metabolism between the two groups.

Download Full-text

DeVega versus ring annuloplasty in severe functional tricuspid insufficiency and their impact on the right ventricle

The Egyptian Cardiothoracic Surgeon ◽

10.35810/ects.v1i4.89 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 133-139

Author(s):

Yasser Hamdy ◽

Mohammed Mahmoud Mostafa ◽

Ahmed Elminshawy

Keyword(s):

Right Ventricular ◽

Tricuspid Valve ◽

Tricuspid Regurgitation ◽

Early Postoperative Period ◽

Tricuspid Valve Repair ◽

Ring Annuloplasty ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

The Right

Background: Functional tricuspid valve regurgitation secondary to left-sided valve disease is common. DeVega repair is simple, but residual regurgitation with subsequent impairment of the right ventricular function is a concern. This study aims to compare tricuspid valve repair using DeVega vs. ring annuloplasty and their impact on the right ventricle in the early postoperative period and after six months. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study of 51 patients with rheumatic heart disease who underwent tricuspid valve repair for secondary severe tricuspid regurgitation. Patients were divided into two groups: group A; DeVega repair (n=34) and group B; ring annuloplasty repair (n=17). Patients were assessed clinically and by echocardiography before discharge and after six months for the degree of tricuspid regurgitation, right ventricular diameter and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE). Results: Preoperative echocardiographic assessment showed no difference in left ventricular end-systolic diameter, end-diastolic diameter, ejection fraction and right ventricular diameter, however; group A had significantly better preoperative right ventricular function measured by TAPSE (1.96 ± 0.27 vs1.75 ± 0.31 cm; p=0.02). Group B had significantly longer cardiopulmonary bypass time (127.65 ± 13.56 vs. 111.74 ± 18.74 minutes; p= 0.003) and ischemic time (99.06 ± 11.80 vs. 87.15 ± 16.01 minutes; p= 0.009). Pre-discharge, there was no statistically significant difference in the degree of tricuspid regurgitation, but the right ventricular diameter was significantly lower in group B (2.66 ± 0.41 and 2.40 ± 0.48 cm; p=0.049). After six months of follow up, the degree of tricuspid regurgitation (p= 0.029) and the right ventricular diameter were significantly lower in the ring annuloplasty group (2.56 ± 0.39 and 2.29 ± 0.44 cm; p=0.029). Although there was a statistically significant difference in preoperative TAPSE, this difference disappeared after six months. Conclusion: Both DeVega and ring annuloplasty techniques were effective in the early postoperative period, ring annuloplasty was associated with lesser residual regurgitation and better right ventricular remodeling in severe functional tricuspid regurgitation than DeVega procedure after 6-months of follow up.

Download Full-text

Effect of short-term use of oral contraceptive pills on intraocular pressure

Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.36351/pjo.v35i3.871 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Tayyaba Gul Malik ◽

Hina Nadeem ◽

Eiman Ayesha ◽

Rabail Alam

Keyword(s):

Oral Contraceptive ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Short Term ◽

Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽

Contraceptive Pills ◽

Time Period ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Short Time

Objective: To study the effect of short-term use of oral contraceptive pills on intra-ocular pressures of women of childbearing age. Methods: It was a comparative observational study, conducted at Arif memorial teaching hospital and Allied hospital Faisalabad for a period of six months. Hundred female subjects were divided into two groups of 50 each. Group A, included females, who had been taking oral contraceptive pills (OCP) for more than 6 months and less than 36 months. Group B, included 50 age-matched controls, who had never used OCP. Ophthalmic and systemic history was taken. Careful Slit lamp examination was performed and intraocular pressures (IOP) were measured using Goldman Applanation tonometer. Fundus examination was done to rule out any posterior segment disease. After collection of data, we analyzed and compared the intra ocular pressures between the two groups by using ANOVA in SPSS version 21. Results: Average duration of using OCP was 14.9 months. There was no significant difference of Cup to Disc ratios between the two groups (p= 0.109). However, significant difference was noted between the IOP of OCP group and controls. (p=0.000). Conclusion: OCP significantly increase IOP even when used for short time period.

Download Full-text

Comparative Clinical study of Jatyadi Taila and Jatyadi Ghrita in the management of Dushta Vrana

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences (JAIMS) ◽

10.21760/jaims.v3i3.12875 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Rajendra Joshi ◽

N. B. Mashetti ◽

Rakesh Kumar Gujar

Keyword(s):

Clinical Study ◽

Burning Sensation ◽

Normal Process ◽

Surgical Practice ◽

Local Factors ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Comparative Clinical Study ◽

Group A ◽

Contaminated Wound ◽

Group B

Dushta Vrana is a common and frequently encountered problem faced in surgical practice. The presence of Dushta Vrana worsens the condition of the patient with different complications and may become fatal. Local factors on wound like slough, infection and foreign body, affect the normal process of healing. A healthy wound in a normal body heals earlier with a minimum scar as compared to a contaminated wound. Therefore in this study all the efforts are made to make a Dushta Vrana into a Shuddha Vrana. Once the Vrana becomes Shuddha, Ropana of the Vrana will start. The objective of the study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Jatyadi Taila and Jatyadi Ghrita in Dushta Vrana. Clinically diagnosed 60 Patients of Dushta Vrana were randomly divided into two groups, each consisting of 30 Patients. Group A were treated with the Jatyadi Taila and Group B was treated by Jatyadi Ghrita. The results observed was based on the relief obtained on the subjective and objective parameters taken for consideration for this study viz, size of ulcer, discharge, smell, pain, burning sensation, itching and granulation were found significant (P Lass Than 0.05). On the basis of assessment criteria and overall result of treatment, the patients of Jatyadi Taila group showed better results when compared to Jatyadi Ghrita group. Even though statistically there is no much significant difference between the two groups, but by seeing the effect on individual parameters (subjective and objective) and over all response, Jatyadi Taila seems to be effective when compared to Jatyadi Ghrita. It is having more Ropana qualities when compared to Shodhana.

Download Full-text

Clinical effect of Suvarna Bindu Prashan

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences (JAIMS) ◽

10.21760/jaims.v2i3.8203 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Patil Aniket ◽

Dindore Pallavi ◽

Arbar Aziz ◽

Kadam Avinash ◽

Saroch Vikas

Keyword(s):

Physical Health ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Control Group ◽

Inform Consent ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Immune Booster ◽

Mental And Physical Health ◽

Apparently Healthy

The quest for excellence in mental and physical health is not new. We find various references and formulations in Ayurvedic classics meant for promoting mental and physical health of a child. Suvarna Prashan is one of the formulations explained in age old Ayurvedic classic Kashyap Samhita. This formulation is very widely used now days as a memory and immune booster for children. But there is very little systematic documented study which can be used to evaluate the efficacy of the formulation. Suvarna Bhasma was prepared in Ayurved Rasayani Pharmacy, Pune. Madhu and Ghrita were collected from KLE Ayurveda Pharmacy, Belgaum. Suvarna Bindu Prashan was prepared in KLE Ayurved pharmacy, Belgaum. It contains Suvarna Bhasma, Ghrita and Madhu. Twenty apparently healthy male and female children with age group of three to four years were ready to sign inform consent form were selected into two groups each. Subjects in Group A received Suvarna Bindu Prashan where as Group B (Control group) did not receive any treatment. Both the groups were observed for six months. Children in Suvarna Bindu Prashan group showed significant reduction in the scores of eating habits, behavior, mood, temperament and scores of event of illness. However there was no significant difference in the score of sleeping habit. There was significant increase in IQ percentage.

Download Full-text

Microsurgical unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression of degenerative lumbar canal stenosis: a comparative study

The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery ◽

10.1186/s41983-019-0125-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mohamed I. Refaat ◽

Amr K. Elsamman ◽

Adham Rabea ◽

Mohamed I. A. Hewaidy

Keyword(s):

Patient Satisfaction ◽

Blood Loss ◽

Minimally Invasive ◽

Invasive Technique ◽

Decompression Surgery ◽

Microsurgical Decompression ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Duration Of Surgery ◽

Group A ◽

Group B

Abstract Background The quest for better patient outcomes is driving to the development of minimally invasive spine surgical techniques. There are several evidences on the use of microsurgical decompression surgery for degenerative lumbar spine stenosis; however, few of these studies compared their outcomes with the traditional laminectomy technique. Objectives The aim of our study was to compare outcomes following microsurgical decompression via unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression (ULBD) of the spinal canal to the standard open laminectomy for cases with lumbar spinal stenosis. Subjects and methods Cases were divided in two groups. Group (A) cases were operated by conventional full laminectomy; Group (B) cases were operated by (ULBD) technique. Results from both groups were compared regarding duration of surgery, blood loss, perioperative complication, and postoperative outcome and patient satisfaction. Results There was no statistically significant difference between both groups regarding the improvement of visual pain analogue, while improvement of neurogenic claudication outcome score was significant in group (B) than group (A). Seventy-three percent of group (A) cases and 80% of group (B) stated that surgery met their expectations and were satisfied from the outcome. Conclusion Comparing ULBD with traditional laminectomy showed the efficacy of the minimally invasive technique in obtaining good surgical outcome and patient satisfaction. There was no statistically significant difference between both groups regarding the occurrence of complications The ULBD technique was found to respect the posterior spinal integrity and musculature, accompanied with less blood loss, shorter hospital stays, and shorter recovery periods than the open laminectomy technique.

Download Full-text

The Role of Obesity in Predicting the Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19

Obesity Facts ◽

10.1159/000517180 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Serdar Sahin ◽

Havva Sezer ◽

Ebru Cicek ◽

Yeliz Yagız Ozogul ◽

Murat Yildirim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Outcomes ◽

Health Care Providers ◽

Study Groups ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Care Providers ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Group D

Introduction: The aim of this was to describe the predictors of mortality related to COVID-19 infection and to evaluate the association between overweight, obesity, and clinical outcomes of COVID-19. Methods: We included the patients >18 years of age, with at least one positive SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Patients were grouped according to body mass index values as normal weight <25 kg/m2 (Group A), overweight from 25 to <30 kg/m2 (Group B), Class I obesity 30 to <35 kg/m2 (Group C), and ≥35 kg/m2 (Group D). Mortality, clinical outcomes, laboratory parameters, and comorbidities were compared among 4 groups. Results: There was no significant difference among study groups in terms of mortality. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation requirement was higher in group B and D than group A, while it was higher in Group D than Group C (Group B vs. Group A [p = 0.017], Group D vs. Group A [p = 0.001], and Group D vs. Group C [p = 0.016]). Lung involvement was less common in Group A, and presence of hypoxia was more common in Group D (Group B vs. Group A [p = 0.025], Group D vs. Group A [p < 0.001], Group D vs. Group B [p = 0.006], and Group D vs. Group C [p = 0.014]). The hospitalization rate was lower in Group A than in the other groups; in addition, patients in Group D have the highest rate of hospitalization (Group B vs. Group A [p < 0.001], Group C vs. Group A [p < 0.001], Group D vs. Group A [p < 0.001], Group D vs. Group B [p < 0.001], and Group D vs. Group C [p = 0.010]). Conclusion: COVID-19 patients with overweight and obesity presented with more severe clinical findings. Health-care providers should take into account that people living with overweight and obesity are at higher risk for COVID-19 and its complications.

Download Full-text

Comparison of functional and oncological outcomes of innovative “three-port” and traditional “four-port” laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in patients with prostate cancer

BMC Urology ◽

10.1186/s12894-021-00787-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ben Xu ◽

Si-da Cheng ◽

Yi-ji Peng ◽

Qian Zhang

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Radical Prostatectomy ◽

Biochemical Recurrence ◽

Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy ◽

Positive Surgical Margin ◽

Oncological Outcomes ◽

Estimated Blood Loss ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B

Abstract Background To compare the functional and oncological outcomes between innovative “three-port” and traditional “four-port” laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). Methods We retrospectively collected the data of PCa patients treated at our institutions from June 2012 to May 2016. According to the inclusion criteria, a total of 234 patients were included in the study, including 112 in group A (four-port) and 122 in group B (three-port). The perioperatively surgical characteristics, functional and oncological outcomes were compared between groups. Results There were no statistical differences in the baseline parameters between these two groups. Compared with group A, the operative time (OT) and estimated blood loss (EBL) were significantly less in group B. On follow-up, the rate of positive surgical margin (PSM), prostate specific antigen (PSA) biochemical recurrence and continence after LRP did not show any statistically significant difference between the groups. An identical conclusion was also received in comparison of overall survival (OS) and biochemical recurrence-free survival (BRFS) between both groups. Conclusions Innovative “three-port” LRP can significantly shorten the OT and reduce the EBL compared with the traditional “four-port” LRP. Meanwhile, it does not increase the rate of PSM and PSA biochemical recurrence. “Three-port” LRP could be popularized in the future in view of its superior surgical technique, considerably better functional outcomes and remarkable oncological control.

Download Full-text