Shallow soil monoliths for laboratory studies on soil erosion from undisturbed soil surfaces

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 227 ◽  
Author(s):  
PIA Kinnell ◽  
C McLachlan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Sampling Frame ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Shallow Soil ◽  
High Soil

Details of a sampling frame for obtaining 500 mm long, 250 mm wide and 100 mm high soil monoliths for soil erosion studies under laboratory conditions are given. A procedure for obtaining and transporting the monoliths intact to the laboratory is outlined. Preliminary results from tests on the susceptibility of a few soil surfaces to erosion by rain-impacted flow are presented.

scholarly journals The application of137Cs and210Pbexmethods in soil erosion research of Titel loess plateau, Vojvodina, Northern Serbia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-24
Author(s):  
Kristina S. Kalkan ◽  
Sofija Forkapić ◽  
Slobodan B. Marković ◽  
Kristina Bikit ◽  
Milivoj B. Gavrilov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Migration Model ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Soil Erosion Rates ◽  
Profile Distribution ◽  
And Migration

AbstractSoil erosion is one of the largest global problems of environmental protection and sustainable development, causing serious land degradation and environmental deterioration. The need for fast and accurate soil rate assessment of erosion and deposition favors the application of alternative methods based on the radionuclide measurement technique contrary to long-term conventional methods. In this paper, we used gamma spectrometry measurements of 137Cs and unsupported 210Pbex in order to quantify the erosion on the Titel Loess Plateau near the Tisa (Tisza) River in the Vojvodina province of Serbia. Along the slope of the study area and in the immediate vicinity eight representative soil depth profiles were taken and the radioactivity content in 1 cm thick soil layers was analyzed. Soil erosion rates were estimated according to the profile distribution model and the diffusion and migration model for undisturbed soil. The net soil erosion rates, estimated by 137Cs method range from −2.3 t ha−1 yr−1 to −2.7 t ha−1 yr−1, related to the used conversion model which is comparable to published results of similar studies of soil erosion in the region. Vertical distribution of natural radionuclides in soil profiles was also discussed and compared with the profile distribution of unsupported 210Pbex measurements. The use of diffusion and migration model to convert the results of 210Pbex activities to soil redistribution rates indicates a slightly higher net erosion of −3.7 t ha−1 yr−1 with 98% of the sediment delivery ratio.

scholarly journals Toxicity of Imidacloprid and Diafenthiuron to Chrysoperla Carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in the Laboratory Conditions

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gnanadhas Preetha ◽  
Johnson Stanley ◽  
Thiagarajan Chandrasekaran ◽  
Sasthakutty Kuttalam
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Chrysoperla Carnea ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Egg Mortality ◽  
Laboratory Conditions

Toxicity of Imidacloprid and Diafenthiuron toChrysoperla Carnea(Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in the Laboratory ConditionsInsecticides are unavoidable in pest management programs especially when the pest crosses Econimic Threshold Level (ETL). Nevertheless, often the plant protection products kill the natural enemy population making the pest to resurge and thus demanding more sprays. Therefore, insecticides used in IPM programs should be selective enough to spare the beneficials. Laboratory studies were conducted to find out the toxicity of imidacloprid and diafenthiuron to the eggs, larvae and adults ofChrysoperla carnea.Imidacloprid at the recommended dose of 0.28 ml/l caused 15.38% egg mortality, 26.67 and 33.33% larval mortality by ingestion and contact, respectively and 50.00% adult mortality. The egg mortality was about 15.38% and larval mortality of 23.33% and adult mortality of 26.67% was caused by diafenthiuron. Based on the classification given by IOBC/WPRS working group on Pesticides and non-target invertebrates, both the insecticides were classified as harmless toC. carnea, since the recommended dose caused less than 50% mortality in the laboratory conditions.

scholarly journals Desert Habitation History by 14C Dating of Soil Layers in Rural Building Structures (Negev, Israel): Preliminary Results from Horvat Haluqim

Radiocarbon ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 391-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik J Bruins ◽  
Johannes van der Plicht ◽  
Mordechai Haiman
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Negev Desert ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Building Structure ◽  
Relative Probability ◽  
14C Dating ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Human Habitation

Traditional archaeological approaches in the central Negev Desert used to employ excavation techniques in post-prehistoric periods in which stratigraphy is based on architecture, while material culture forms the basis for dating assessment and chronology. Such an approach was understandable, as it focused on the most visible remains of past human habitation. However, the detailed habitation record is in the soil rather than in the walls. Moreover, ceramics and stone tools in desert cultures often have limited time resolution in terms of absolute chronology. The rural desert site of Horvat Haluqim in the central Negev yielded 2 habitation periods with the traditional methodology: (1) Roman period, 2nd–3rd centuries CE; (2) Iron Age IIA, 10th century BCE. We have conducted at Horvat Haluqim initial excavations in small building remains that were never excavated before. Our excavation methodology focuses on detailed examination of the archaeological soil in building structures, coupled with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating for chronology, and micromorphology of undisturbed soil samples to study stratigraphy and soil contents at the microscopic scale. Here, we report preliminary results, concentrating on the 14C dates. These suggest a much longer habitation history at the site during the Iron Age. The 14C dates obtained so far from these building remains cover Iron Age I, II, III, and the Persian period. The oldest calibrated date (charred C4 plants) in a rectangular building structure (L100) is 1129–971 BCE (60.5%, highest relative probability). The youngest calibrated date in a round building structure (L700) is 540–411 BCE (57.9%, highest relative probability). This excavation methodology provides additional “eyes” to look at past human habitation in the Negev Desert, seeing more periods and more detail than was possible with traditional schemes and ceramic dating.

RUSLE Model based Assessment of Soil Erosion in Parbati River Basin, Central India using Google Earth Engine and GIS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohit Kumar ◽  
Benidhar Deshmukh ◽  
Kiran Sathunuri
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Rusle Model ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Google Earth Engine

<p>Land degradation is a global concern posing significant threat to sustainable development. One of its major aspects is soil erosion, which is recognised as one of the critical geomorphic processes controlling sediment budget and landscape evolution. Natural rate of soil erosion is exacerbated due to anthropogenic activities that may lead to soil infertility. Therefore, assessment of soil erosion at basin scale is needed to understand its spatial pattern so as to effectively plan for soil conservation. This study focuses on Parbati river basin, a major north flowing cratonic river and a tributary of river Chambal to identify erosion prone areas using RUSLE model. Soil erodibility (K), Rainfall erosivity (R), and Topographic (LS) factors were derived from National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur (NBSS-LUP) soil maps, India Meteorological Department (IMD) datasets, and SRTM30m DEM, respectively in GIS environment. The crop management (C) and support practice (P) factors were calculated by assigning appropriate values to Land use /land cover (LULC) classes derived by random forest based supervised classification of Sentinel-2 level-1C satellite remote sensing data in Google Earth Engine platform. High and very high soil erosion were observed in NE and NW parts of the basin, respectively, which may be attributed to the presence of barren land, fallow areas and rugged topography. The result reveals that annual rate of soil loss for the Parbati river basin is ~319 tons/ha/yr (with the mean of 1.2 tons/ha/yr). Lowest rate of soil loss (i.e. ~36 tons/ha/yr with mean of 0.22 tons/ha/yr) has been observed in the open forest class whereas highest rate of soil loss (i.e. ~316 tons/ha/yr with mean of 32.08 tons/ha/yr) have been observed in gullied area class. The study indicates that gullied areas are contributing most to the high soil erosion rate in the basin. Further, the rate of soil loss in the gullied areas is much higher than the permissible value of 4.5–11 tons/ha/yr recognized for India. The study helps in understanding spatial pattern of soil loss in the study area and is therefore useful in identifying and prioritising erosion prone areas so as to plan for their conservation.</p>

scholarly journals The Effect of Hydrology on Soil Erosion

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Rodrigo-Comino ◽  
José María Senciales-González ◽  
José Damián Ruiz-Sinoga
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Hydrological Processes ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Degradation Processes ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
The World ◽  
New Research ◽  
Different Parts

In this Special Issue, we have tried to include manuscripts about soil erosion and degradation processes and the accelerated rates due to hydrological processes and climate change. We considered that the main goal was successfully reached. The new research focused on measurements, modelling, and experiments under field or laboratory conditions developed at different scales (pedon, hillslope, and catchment) were submitted and published. This Special Issue received investigations from different parts of the world such as Ethiopia, Morocco, China, Iran, Italy, Portugal, Greece and Spain, among others. We are happy to see that all papers presented findings characterized as unconventional, provocative, innovative and methodologically new. We hope that the readers of the journal Water can enjoy and learn about hydrology and soil erosion using the published material, and share the results with the scientific community, policymakers and stakeholders new research to continue this amazing adventure, featuring plenty of issues and challenges.

scholarly journals Effect of soil erosion and topography on distribution of cadmium (Cd) in Sumani watershed, west Sumatra, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 229 ◽  
pp. 03001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aflizar ◽  
Aprisal ◽  
Cornelius Idowu Alarima ◽  
Tsugiyuki Masunaga
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
River Sediments ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
High Soil ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Material Translocation ◽  
Carbon Erosion

The purpose of this study was to characterize and present the distribution of heavy metals especially Cd on agricultural and non-agricultural lands and river sediments in relation to soil erosion and topography status in watersheds. The study was conducted for a detailed soil survey by collecting 146 soil sample based on land use, soil family and topography position and 23 river sediments sample. The Cd was extracted by 0.1 M HCl and determined by ICP. The result showed that the concentration of Cd in soil and river sediment were low in toxicity based on FAO recommendation (Cd 0.4 mg/kg) with only 4 out of 169 sampling sites contained Cd exceeding the toxicity level. Volcanic ash from Mount Talang Volcano is a natural source of Cd in Sumani watershed. Cd concentration was low in areas with high soil erosion, which indicate material translocation caused by high soil erosion that accumulates sediment in plains and rivers. Agricultural soil was found to be low in soil pH and clay accompanied by high R factor and upland topography hence the increase in Cd concentration of the soil. The study concluded that Cd abundance in soils may be influenced by soil pH, texture, total carbon, erosion factors, and topography.

Laboratory studies on the life-history of Valanga nigricornis nigricornis (Burm.) (Orth., Acrididae)

1971 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Kok
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Oviposition Period ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
History Of

Descriptions are given of all growth stages of Valanga nigricornis nigricornis (Burm.). The hopper instars (normally six in the male and seven in the female) could be distinguished by the development of the external genitalia. Under laboratory conditions (mean 27–9°C and 80% r.h.), the life-cycle was completed in 6½–8½ months, and the females had a mean fecundity of 158. Crowding slowed the growth rate of the adults, extended the pre-oviposition period from 60 to 65 days at 30–9°C and reduced fecundity. It is concluded that the low fecundity and slow life-cycle preclude the possibility of the species becoming a widespread pest.

Impact of Soil Firmness and Tillage Depth on Irrigated Maize Silage Performance

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Zeyada ◽  
K. A. Al-Gaadi ◽  
E. Tola ◽  
R. Madugundu ◽  
A. G. Kayad
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Soil Medium ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Tillage Depth

Abstract. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the response of maize silage ( L.) to tillage depth under different soil firmness levels. The study was carried out on a 16 ha center-pivot irrigated field in a commercial farm located in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. A soil firmness map was generated and used as a management map. This map was divided into three soil firmness zones based on soil cone index (low: 617 to 1270 kPa for a 0 to 15 cm depth in undisturbed soil, medium: 1271 to 1652 kPa and high: 1653 to 2306 kPa). Three tillage depth treatments (10, 20, and 25 cm) were imposed on each of the three soil firmness zones, using a tandem disc harrow. Maize growth parameters [plant population, plant height, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)] and maize silage yield were used to evaluate the response of the maize crop to tillage depth. The results revealed that soil firmness and tillage depth at both early (25 days after sowing) and late (60 days after sowing) growth stages did not introduce significant effects on maize plant population. However, the plant height measured at 60 days after sowing showed a significant response to soil firmness. The lowest mean value of plant height (114.4 cm) was recorded at the high soil firmness level, while the greatest mean value (136.3 cm) was recorded under low soil firmness level. Also, significant differences in maize silage yield were recorded under different soil firmness levels and tillage depths. For maize silage production, a tillage depth of 10 cm was observed to be optimum for areas of low and medium soil firmness. For areas of high soil firmness, the optimum tillage depth was 20 cm. Keywords: Disc harrow, Kriging, Maize, Maps, Penetrometer, Tillage depths.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF MODEL AND BEACH SCOUR PATTERNS

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
John B. Herbich
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Intermediate Type ◽  
Characteristic Parameters ◽  
Reflected Waves ◽  
Texas Gulf Coast ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Incident Waves

Artificial or natural barriers may be divided into two classes, those from which waves are reflected and those on which waves break In general, any intermediate type that gives a combination of reflection and breaking may set up severe erosive action of the beach m front of barriers When the reflected waves are superimposed on the incident waves a stationary spatial envelope of the combined incident and reflected waves is produced Previous laboratory studies indicated that the crests of the sand bed appear fairly closely under the nodes of the envelope and troughs of the scoured sand bed under the loops of the envelope The predominant scouring pattern had a spacing between crests equal to one-half the wave length Other studies by Keulegan and Shepard established characteristic parameters for bar and trough depth for laboratory conditions and for several field locations Their studies were compared with beach profiles taken along the Texas Gulf Coast.

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