scholarly journals Targeting CXCR4-dependent immunosuppressive Ly6Clow monocytes improves antiangiogenic therapy in colorectal cancer

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (39) ◽  
pp. 10455-10460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keehoon Jung ◽  
Takahiro Heishi ◽  
Joao Incio ◽  
Yuhui Huang ◽  
Elizabeth Y. Beech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Antiangiogenic Therapy ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Growth Delay ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Tumor Growth Delay ◽  
Anti Vegf

Antiangiogenic therapy with antibodies against VEGF (bevacizumab) or VEGFR2 (ramucirumab) has been proven efficacious in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. However, the improvement in overall survival is modest and only in combination with chemotherapy. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify potential underlying mechanisms of resistance specific to antiangiogenic therapy and develop strategies to overcome them. Here we found that anti-VEGFR2 therapy up-regulates both C-X-C chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) and C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in orthotopic murine CRC models, including SL4 and CT26. Blockade of CXCR4 signaling significantly enhanced treatment efficacy of anti-VEGFR2 treatment in both CRC models. CXCR4 was predominantly expressed in immunosuppressive innate immune cells, which are recruited to CRCs upon anti-VEGFR2 treatment. Blockade of CXCR4 abrogated the recruitment of these innate immune cells. Importantly, these myeloid cells were mostly Ly6Clow monocytes and not Ly6Chigh monocytes. To selectively deplete individual innate immune cell populations, we targeted key pathways in Ly6Clow monocytes (Cx3cr1−/− mice), Ly6Chigh monocytes (CCR2−/− mice), and neutrophils (anti-Ly6G antibody) in combination with CXCR4 blockade in SL4 CRCs. Depletion of Ly6Clow monocytes or neutrophils improved anti-VEGFR2–induced SL4 tumor growth delay similar to the CXCR4 blockade. In CT26 CRCs, highly resistant to anti-VEGFR2 therapy, CXCR4 blockade enhanced anti-VEGFR2–induced tumor growth delay but specific depletion of Ly6G+ neutrophils did not. The discovery of CXCR4-dependent recruitment of Ly6Clow monocytes in tumors unveiled a heretofore unknown mechanism of resistance to anti-VEGF therapies. Our findings also provide a rapidly translatable strategy to enhance the outcome of anti-VEGF cancer therapies.

Evidence for B cell maturation but not trained immunity in uninfected infants exposed to hepatitis C virus

Gut ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 2203-2213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Lutckii ◽  
Benedikt Strunz ◽  
Anton Zhirkov ◽  
Olga Filipovich ◽  
Elena Rukoiatkina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Cell Maturation ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
B Cell Maturation ◽  
Exposed Uninfected

ObjectivesVertical transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is rare compared with other chronic viral infections, despite that newborns have an immature, and possibly more susceptible, immune system. It further remains unclear to what extent prenatal and perinatal exposure to HCV affects immune system development in neonates.DesignTo address this, we studied B cells, innate immune cells and soluble factors in a cohort of 62 children that were either unexposed, exposed uninfected or infected with HCV. Forty of these infants were followed longitudinally from birth up until 18 months of age.ResultsAs expected, evidence for B cell maturation was observed with increased age in children, whereas few age-related changes were noticed among innate immune cells. HCV-infected children had a high frequency of HCV-specific IgG-secreting B cells. Such a response was also detected in some exposed but uninfected children but not in uninfected controls. Consistent with this, both HCV-exposed uninfected and HCV-infected infants had evidence of early B cell immune maturation with an increased proportion of IgA-positive plasma cells and upregulated CD40 expression. In contrast, actual HCV viraemia, but not mere exposure, led to alterations within myeloid immune cell populations, natural killer (NK) cells and a distinct soluble factor profile with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.ConclusionOur data reveal that exposure to, and infection with, HCV causes disparate effects on adaptive B cells and innate immune cell such as myeloid cells and NK cells in infants.

scholarly journals Engineering advanced logic and distributed computing in human CAR immune cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jang Hwan Cho ◽  
Atsushi Okuma ◽  
Katri Sofjan ◽  
Seunghee Lee ◽  
James J. Collins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Communication Channel ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Complex Phenotypes ◽  
Car T ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Multiple Immune Cell

AbstractThe immune system is a sophisticated network of different cell types performing complex biocomputation at single-cell and consortium levels. The ability to reprogram such an interconnected multicellular system holds enormous promise in treating various diseases, as exemplified by the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells as cancer therapy. However, most CAR designs lack computation features and cannot reprogram multiple immune cell types in a coordinated manner. Here, leveraging our split, universal, and programmable (SUPRA) CAR system, we develop an inhibitory feature, achieving a three-input logic, and demonstrate that this programmable system is functional in diverse adaptive and innate immune cells. We also create an inducible multi-cellular NIMPLY circuit, kill switch, and a synthetic intercellular communication channel. Our work highlights that a simple split CAR design can generate diverse and complex phenotypes and provide a foundation for engineering an immune cell consortium with user-defined functionalities.

An engineered immunotherapy (NKTR-214) with altered selectivity toward the IL2 receptor: Efficacy and tolerability in a murine tumor model.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 3060-3060
Author(s):  
Deborah H. Charych ◽  
Murali Addepalli ◽  
Steve Lee ◽  
Thomas Chang ◽  
Xiaofeng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Tumor Model ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Growth Delay ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Tumor Localization ◽  
Tumor Growth Delay ◽  
Polymer Conjugation

3060 Background: Cytokine-based immunotherapy has been successful for the treatment of cancer, with potential for durable responses in multiple indications. One approach towards stimulating the immune system is to target the heterotrimeric interleukin2 receptor, IL2R. NKTR-214 uses polymer technology to alter receptor subunit selectivity to favor expansion of CD8+ memory effector T cells (CD8T) in the tumor over CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg). In addition, polymer conjugation is designed to improve exposure and enhance tumor localization, significantly improving efficacy, modulating vascular leak syndrome (VLS) and allowing flexible dosing regimens. Methods: C57BL/6 mice bearing established subcutaneous B16F10 melanoma were treated with NKTR-214 at a variety of doses (0.25-4.0 mg/kg) and schedules (q5dx3 to q14dx2). Mice treated with clinically validated IL2 were administered 3mg/kg, bidx5 for 2 cycles. Efficacy was measured by monitoring tumor volumes. Tolerability was evaluated by survival. VLS was measured by injection of Evans Blue dye followed by colorimetry in lungs. Tumor immunotyping, by flow cytometry. Results: Tumors from mice receiving NKTR-214 had a CD8/Treg ratio of over 1,000 versus 14 for IL2. NKTR-214 administered at 2 mg/kg, q9dx3 was identified as the optimal regimen and showed tumor growth delay of 26 days compared to 9 days for optimally dosed IL2. 90% of NKTR-214 treated mice tolerated treatment compared to 67% for IL2. VLS was completely resolved prior to administration of the next dose of NKTR-214, unlike IL2. NKTR-214 was well tolerated in rats at two schedules, at MTD. Conclusions: NKTR-214 is a highly differentiated cytokine with a new mechanism of action that may provide options for cancer immunotherapy. Polymer conjugation of a clinically validated cytokine alters the IL2R selectivity to favor expansion of tumor killing immune cells (CD8T) over regulatory immune cells (Treg) in the tumor. The conjugate is also designed to improve exposure and enhance tumor localization, offering more options of dose and schedule. The optimal dose and schedule is cytokine-sparing, provides substantial tumor growth delay, and reduces toxicity.

scholarly journals Lipopolysaccharide modulates neutrophil recruitment and macrophage polarization on lymphatic vessels and impairs lymphatic function in rat mesentery

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (12) ◽  
pp. H2042-H2057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjukta Chakraborty ◽  
Scott D. Zawieja ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yang Lee ◽  
Yuan J. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Lymphatic Function ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Rat Mesentery

Impairment of the lymphatic system is apparent in multiple inflammatory pathologies connected to elevated endotoxins such as LPS. However, the direct mechanisms by which LPS influences the lymphatic contractility are not well understood. We hypothesized that a dynamic modulation of innate immune cell populations in mesentery under inflammatory conditions perturbs tissue cytokine/chemokine homeostasis and subsequently influences lymphatic function. We used rats that were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (10 mg/kg) to determine the changes in the profiles of innate immune cells in the mesentery and in the stretch-mediated contractile responses of isolated lymphatic preparations. Results demonstrated a reduction in the phasic contractile activity of mesenteric lymphatic vessels from LPS-injected rats and a severe impairment of lymphatic pump function and flow. There was a significant reduction in the number of neutrophils and an increase in monocytes/macrophages present on the lymphatic vessels and in the clear mesentery of the LPS group. This population of monocytes and macrophages established a robust M2 phenotype, with the majority showing high expression of CD163 and CD206. Several cytokines and chemoattractants for neutrophils and macrophages were significantly changed in the mesentery of LPS-injected rats. Treatment of lymphatic muscle cells (LMCs) with LPS showed significant changes in the expression of adhesion molecules, VCAM1, ICAM1, CXCR2, and galectin-9. LPS-TLR4-mediated regulation of pAKT, pERK pI-κB, and pMLC20 in LMCs promoted both contractile and inflammatory pathways. Thus, our data provide the first evidence connecting the dynamic changes in innate immune cells on or near the lymphatics and complex cytokine milieu during inflammation with lymphatic dysfunction.

scholarly journals Elucidating the Innate Immunological Effects of Mild Magnetic Hyperthermia on U87 Human Glioblastoma Cells: An in vitro Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Persano ◽  
Francesco Vicini ◽  
Alessandro Poggi ◽  
Jordi Leonardo Castrillo Fernandez ◽  
Giusy Maria Rita Rizzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Magnetic Hyperthermia ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Glioblastoma Cells ◽  
Mild Hyperthermia ◽  
Wide Range

Cancer immunotherapies are gaining a large popularity and many of them have been approved as standard second-line or in some cases even as first-line treatment for a wide range of cancers. However, immunotherapy has not shown a clinically relevant success in glioblastoma (GBM), principally due to the brain’s “immune-privileged” status and the peculiar tumor microenvironment (TME) of GBM featured by lack of presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and the establishment of immunosuppressive mechanisms. Emerging evidence has highlighted the key role played by innate immune cells in immunosurveillance and in initiating and driving immune responses against GBM. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a promising approach to elicit direct activation of the innate immune system by inducing in target cancer cells the expression of molecular signatures recognized through a repertoire of innate immune cell pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) by effector innate immune cells. Herein, we explored local mild thermal treatment, generated by using ultrasmall (size ~ 17 nm) cubic-shaped iron oxide nanoparticles exposed to an external alternating magnetic field (AMF), to induce ICD in U87 glioblastoma cells. In accordance with what has been previously observed with other types of tumors, we found that mild hyperthermia modulates the immunological profile of U87 glioblastoma cells by inducing stress-associated signals leading to enhanced phagocytosis and killing of U87 cells by macrophages. Finally, we demonstrated that mild magnetic hyperthermia has a modulatory effect on the expression of inhibitory and activating NK cell ligands on target cells. Interestingly, alteration in the expression of NK ligands, caused by mild hyperthermia treatment, in U87 glioblastoma cells, increased their susceptibility to NK cell killing and NK cell functionality. The overall findings demonstrate that mild magnetic hyperthermia stimulates ICD and sensitizes GBM cells to NK-mediated killing by inducing the upregulation of specific stress ligands, providing a novel immunotherapeutic approach for GBM treatment, with potential to synergize with existing NK cell-based therapies thus improving their therapeutic outcomes.

scholarly journals Keratinocytes contribute intrinsically to psoriasis upon loss of Tnip1 function

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (41) ◽  
pp. E6162-E6171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirish K. Ippagunta ◽  
Ruchika Gangwar ◽  
David Finkelstein ◽  
Peter Vogel ◽  
Stephane Pelletier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Chemokine Production

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a clear genetic contribution, characterized by keratinocyte proliferation and immune cell infiltration. Various closely interacting cell types, including innate immune cells, T cells, and keratinocytes, are known to contribute to inflammation. Innate immune cells most likely initiate the inflammatory process by secretion of IL-23. IL-23 mediates expansion of T helper 17 (Th17) cells, whose effector functions, including IL-17A, activate keratinocytes. Keratinocyte activation in turn results in cell proliferation and chemokine expression, the latter of which fuels the inflammatory process through further immune cell recruitment. One question that remains largely unanswered is how genetic susceptibility contributes to this process and, specifically, which cell type causes disease due to psoriasis-specific genetic alterations. Here we describe a mouse model based on the human psoriasis susceptibility locus TNIP1, also referred to as ABIN1, whose gene product is a negative regulator of various inflammatory signaling pathways, including the Toll-like receptor pathway in innate immune cells. We find that Tnip1-deficient mice recapitulate major features of psoriasis on pathological, genomic, and therapeutic levels. Different genetic approaches, including tissue-specific gene deletion and the use of various inflammatory triggers, reveal that Tnip1 controls not only immune cells, but also keratinocyte biology. Loss of Tnip1 in keratinocytes leads to deregulation of IL-17–induced gene expression and exaggerated chemokine production in vitro and overt psoriasis-like inflammation in vivo. Together, the data establish Tnip1 as a critical regulator of IL-17 biology and reveal a causal role of keratinocytes in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.

scholarly journals Thyroid hormone metabolism in innate immune cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 232 (2) ◽  
pp. R67-R81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne H van der Spek ◽  
Eric Fliers ◽  
Anita Boelen
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cell ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell Function

Thyroid hormone (TH) metabolism and thyroid status have been linked to various aspects of the immune response. There is extensive literature available on the effects of thyroid hormone on innate immune cells. However, only recently have authors begun to study the mechanisms behind these effects and the role of intracellular TH metabolism in innate immune cell function during inflammation. This review provides an overview of the molecular machinery of intracellular TH metabolism present in neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells and the role and effects of intracellular TH metabolism in these cells. Circulating TH levels have a profound effect on neutrophil, macrophage and dendritic cell function. In general, increased TH levels result in an amplification of the pro-inflammatory response of these cells. The mechanisms behind these effects include both genomic and non-genomic effects of TH. Besides a pro-inflammatory effect induced by extracellular TH, the cellular response to pro-inflammatory stimuli appears to be dependent on functional intracellular TH metabolism. This is illustrated by the fact that the deiodinase enzymes and in some cell types also thyroid hormone receptors appear to be crucial for adequate innate immune cell function. This overview of the literature suggests that TH metabolism plays an important role in the host defence against infection through the modulation of innate immune cell function.

Inhibition of mTOR blocks the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids in myeloid immune cells

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 117 (16) ◽  
pp. 4273-4283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Weichhart ◽  
Michael Haidinger ◽  
Karl Katholnig ◽  
Chantal Kopecky ◽  
Marko Poglitsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Myeloid Dendritic Cells ◽  
Mtor Inhibition ◽  
Proinflammatory Mediators ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Abstract A central role for the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in innate immunity has been recently defined by its ability to limit proinflammatory mediators. Although glucocorticoids (GCs) exert potent anti-inflammatory effects in innate immune cells, it is currently unknown whether the mTOR pathway interferes with GC signaling. Here we show that inhibition of mTOR with rapamycin or Torin1 prevented the anti-inflammatory potency of GC both in human monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells. GCs could not suppress nuclear factor-κB and JNK activation, the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and the promotion of Th1 responses when mTOR was inhibited. Interestingly, long-term activation of monocytes with lipopolysaccharide enhanced the expression of TSC2, the principle negative regulator of mTOR, whereas dexamethasone blocked TSC2 expression and reestablished mTOR activation. Renal transplant patients receiving rapamycin but not those receiving calcineurin inhibitors displayed a state of innate immune cell hyper-responsiveness despite the concurrent use of GC. Finally, mTOR inhibition was able to override the healing phenotype of dexamethasone in a murine lipopolysaccharide shock model. Collectively, these data identify a novel link between the glucocorticoid receptor and mTOR in innate immune cells, which is of considerable clinical importance in a variety of disorders, including allogeneic transplantation, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.

scholarly journals Host–Microbe Interactions and Gut Health in Poultry—Focus on Innate Responses

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon J. Broom
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

Commercial poultry are continually exposed to, frequently pathogenic, microorganisms, usually via mucosal surfaces such as the intestinal mucosa. Thus, understanding host–microbe interactions is vital. Many of these microorganisms may have no or limited contact with the host, while most of those interacting more meaningfully with the host will be dealt with by the innate immune response. Fundamentally, poultry have evolved to have immune responses that are generally appropriate and adequate for their acquired microbiomes, although this is challenged by commercial production practices. Innate immune cells and their functions, encompassing inflammatory responses, create the context for neutralising the stimulus and initiating resolution. Dysregulated inflammatory responses can be detrimental but, being a highly conserved biological process, inflammation is critical for host defence. Heterogeneity and functional plasticity of innate immune cells is underappreciated and offers the potential for (gut) health interventions, perhaps including exogenous opportunities to influence immune cell metabolism and thus function. New approaches could focus on identifying and enhancing decisive but less harmful immune processes, improving the efficiency of innate immune cells (e.g., targeted, efficient microbial killing) and promoting phenotypes that drive resolution of inflammation. Breeding strategies and suitable exogenous interventions offer potential solutions to enhance poultry gut health, performance and welfare.

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