scholarly journals Protecting memory from misinformation: Warnings modulate cortical reinstatement during memory retrieval

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (37) ◽  
pp. 22771-22779
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Karanian ◽  
Nathaniel Rabb ◽  
Alia N. Wulff ◽  
McKinzey G. Torrance ◽  
Ayanna K. Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Memory Distortion ◽  
Memory Errors ◽  
Misleading Information ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Increased Susceptibility ◽  
Original Event

Exposure to even subtle forms of misleading information can significantly alter memory for past events. Memory distortion due to misinformation has been linked to faulty reconstructive processes during memory retrieval and the reactivation of brain regions involved in the initial encoding of misleading details (cortical reinstatement). The current study investigated whether warning participants about the threat of misinformation can modulate cortical reinstatement during memory retrieval and reduce misinformation errors. Participants watched a silent video depicting a crime (original event) and were given an initial test of memory for the crime details. Then, participants listened to an auditory narrative describing the crime in which some original details were altered (misinformation). Importantly, participants who received a warning about the reliability of the auditory narrative either before or after exposure to misinformation demonstrated less susceptibility to misinformation on a final test of memory compared to unwarned participants. Warned and unwarned participants also demonstrated striking differences in neural activity during the final memory test. Compared to participants who did not receive a warning, participants who received a warning (regardless of its timing) demonstrated increased activity in visual regions associated with the original source of information as well as decreased activity in auditory regions associated with the misleading source of information. Stronger visual reactivation was associated with reduced susceptibility to misinformation, whereas stronger auditory reactivation was associated with increased susceptibility to misinformation. Together, these results suggest that a simple warning can modulate reconstructive processes during memory retrieval and reduce memory errors due to misinformation.

scholarly journals Errors of Derived Proofs and Evaluation of Their Evidentiary Value

2020 ◽  
pp. 124-127
Author(s):  
Mikhail Georgievich Musaelyan
Keyword(s):  
Evidence Base ◽  
Complex Mechanism ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Legal Fact ◽  
Source Of Information

The emergence of derivative evidence is d to the mechanism of reflection of the legal fact used in the proof process and in the elements mediated in rela-tion to it. Complex mechanism reflection of the orig-inal evidence in copies derived from it, raise the question of the need to develop a mechanism for scientific determination of the degree of loss of a copy of its exact evidentiary value. The study of this problem is aimed at achieving maximum objectivity in assessing the derivative evidence, taking into account the errors of its compliance with the origi-nal evidence. The possible loss of the original evi-dentiary value of the estimated legal fact by the de-rivative evidence is usually caused by objective and subjective circumstances, the study and minimiza-tion of which will make the establishment of the circumstances of the case, where derivative evi-dence is used, more objective. The paper presents the author’s proposals for organizing the process of proving in order to preserve the coincidence of the features of the initial and derivative evidence: fixing the process of forming derivative evidence in proce-dural documents; involvement of forensic special-ists in the assessment of the obtained copies of evidence; production of forensic examinations. It is summarized that the introduction of proposals into practice will allow avoiding the loss of the evidence base due to the discrepancy between derived evi-dence and the original source of information.

Imaging Cognition: An Empirical Review of PET Studies with Normal Subjects

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Cabeza ◽  
Lars Nyberg
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Procedural Memory ◽  
Skill Learning ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Selective Perception

We review PET studies of higher-order cognitive processes, including attention (sustained and selective), perception (of objects, faces, and locations), language (word listening, reading, and production), working memory (phonological and visuo-spatial), semantic memory retrieval (intentional and incidental), episodic memory retrieval (verbal and nonverbal), priming, and procedural memory (conditioning and skill learning). For each process, we identify activation patterns including the most consistently involved regions. These regions constitute important components of the network of brain regions that underlie each function.

YouTube for Information on Rheumatoid Arthritis — A Wakeup Call?

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 899-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABHA G. SINGH ◽  
SIDDHARTH SINGH ◽  
PREET PAUL SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
Misleading Information ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Video Sharing ◽  
Global Quality ◽  
Audience Interaction ◽  
Source Of Information

Objective.Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common debilitating autoimmune disease, with unmet need for knowledge among patients and the general population. YouTube is a popular, consumer-generated, video-sharing website, which can be a source of information on RA. We investigated the quality of information on RA on YouTube and analyzed audience interaction.Methods.YouTube was searched using the term “Rheumatoid Arthritis,” for videos uploaded on RA. Two physicians independently classified videos as useful, misleading, or patient views, and rated them on a 5-point global quality scale (GQS; 1 = poor quality, 5 = excellent quality). Useful videos were rated for reliability and content, on a 5-point scale (higher scores represent more reliable and comprehensive videos). Source of videos was also noted. Audience interaction was assessed through video viewership.Results.A total of 102 relevant videos were identified; 54.9% were classified as useful (GQS 2.9 ± 1.0) and 30.4% deemed misleading (GQS 1.3 ± 1.6). Mean reliability and content score of useful videos was 3.2 (± 1.0) and 2.5 (± 1.2), respectively. All videos uploaded by university channels and professional organizations provided useful information but formed only 12.7% of total videos, whereas 73.9% of medical advertisements and videos by for-profit organizations were misleading. There was no difference in the viewership/day (10.0 vs 21.5; p = nonsignificant) of useful and misleading information.Conclusion.YouTube is a source of information on RA, of variable quality, with wide viewership and potential to influence patients’ knowledge and behavior. Physicians and professional organizations should be aware of and embrace this evolving technology to raise awareness about RA, and empower patients to discriminate useful from misleading information.

scholarly journals Xigua Video as a Source of Information on Breast Cancer: Content Analysis

10.2196/19668 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. e19668
Author(s):  
Peng Pan ◽  
Changhua Yu ◽  
Tao Li ◽  
Xilei Zhou ◽  
Tingting Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Misleading Information ◽  
Global Quality ◽  
Information Group ◽  
Source Of Information

Background Seeking health information on the internet is a popular trend. Xigua Video, a short video platform in China, ranks among the most accessed websites in the country and hosts an increasing number of videos with medical information. However, the nature of these videos is frequently unscientific, misleading, or even harmful. Objective Little is known about Xigua Video as a source of information on breast cancer. Thus, the study aimed to investigate the contents, quality, and reliability of breast cancer–related content on Xigua Video. Methods On February 4, 2020, a Xigua Video search was performed using the keyword “breast cancer.” Videos were categorized by 2 doctors based on whether the video content provided useful or misleading information. Furthermore, the reliability and quality of the videos were assessed using the 5-point DISCERN tool and 5-point global quality score criteria. Results Out of the 170 videos selected for the study, 64 (37.6%) were classified as useful, whereas 106 (62.4%) provided misleading information. A total of 41.8% videos (71/170) were generated by individuals compared to 19.4% videos (33/170) contributed by health care professionals. The topics mainly covered etiology, anatomy, symptoms, preventions, treatments, and prognosis. The top topic was “treatments” (119/170, 70%). The reliability scores and global quality scores of the videos in the useful information group were high (P<.001). No differences were observed between the 2 groups in terms of video length, duration in months, and comments. The number of total views was higher for the misleading information group (819,478.5 vs 647,940) but did not reach a level of statistical significance (P=.112). The uploading sources of the videos were mainly health care professionals, health information websites, medical advertisements, and individuals. Statistical differences were found between the uploading source groups in terms of reliability scores and global quality scores (P<.001). In terms of total views, video length, duration, and comments, no statistical differences were indicated among the said groups. However, a statistical difference was noted between the useful and misleading information video groups with respect to the uploading sources (P<.001). Conclusions A large number of Xigua videos pertaining to breast cancer contain misleading information. There is a need for accurate health information to be provided on Xigua Video and other social media; health care professionals should address this challenge.

scholarly journals Capturing Initial Understanding and Impressions of Surgical Therapy for Parkinson's Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somnath Das ◽  
Caio M. Matias ◽  
Sunidhi Ramesh ◽  
Lohit Velagapudi ◽  
Julie P. Barbera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Surgical Therapy ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Surgical Evaluation ◽  
Negative Perceptions ◽  
Initial Source ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Source Of Information

Background: Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is an underutilized surgical therapy for Parkinson's Disease (PD). Both physician and patient hesitancies have been described as potential barriers to DBS, but the specifics of patient perceptions of DBS have not been well-characterized in the general PD population.Objective: To characterize the understanding and impressions of surgical therapy in PD patients prior to formal surgical evaluation.Methods: A 30-question survey assessing impressions of surgical therapy for PD and understanding of DBS for PD was administered to PD patients seen at an urban movement disorders clinic.Results: One hundred and two patients completed the survey. When asked if they would undergo a hypothetical risk-free, curative brain surgery for PD, 98 patients responded “yes.” Patients were more agreeable to “reversible,” “minimally-invasive,” and “incisionless” surgery. 51.2% thought DBS is an “effective” treatment for PD, 76.6% thought it was “invasive,” and 18.3% thought it was “reversible.” 45.2% reported fear of being awake during DBS surgery. Regarding costs, 52.4% were concerned that DBS was “very expensive” or “not covered by insurance.” Initial source of information and perceived treatment effectiveness were not associated with concerns about DBS effectiveness or threats to normality. Negative perceptions of past surgery were associated with concerns about DBS altering mood and personality.Conclusion: Overall, patients expressed concerns regarding procedural efficacy, invasiveness, cost, and irreversibility—independent of the original source of information. Future studies are required to allow us to better understand the impact of these initial findings on DBS hesitancy and underutilization.

scholarly journals Disparate substrates for head gaze following and face perception in the monkey superior temporal sulcus

eLife ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Marciniak ◽  
Artin Atabaki ◽  
Peter W Dicke ◽  
Peter Thier
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Gaze Following ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Distinct Region ◽  
Interacting Agents ◽  
Passive Viewing ◽  
The Face ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Source Of Information

Primates use gaze cues to follow peer gaze to an object of joint attention. Gaze following of monkeys is largely determined by head or face orientation. We used fMRI in rhesus monkeys to identify brain regions underlying head gaze following and to assess their relationship to the ‘face patch’ system, the latter being the likely source of information on face orientation. We trained monkeys to locate targets by either following head gaze or using a learned association of face identity with the same targets. Head gaze following activated a distinct region in the posterior STS, close to-albeit not overlapping with-the medial face patch delineated by passive viewing of faces. This ‘gaze following patch’ may be the substrate of the geometrical calculations needed to translate information on head orientation from the face patches into precise shifts of attention, taking the spatial relationship of the two interacting agents into account.

scholarly journals Imaging recent to very remote object-in-place memories in the medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Atucha ◽  
Celia Fuerst ◽  
Magdalena Sauvage
Keyword(s):  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Remote Memory ◽  
General Mechanism ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical ◽  
Place Task ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Over Time

Studies on patient H.M inspired many experiments on the role of the hippocampus and the neocortex in retrieving recent and remote memories. Cortical regions become increasingly engaged for memory retrieval over time, while conflicting results emerge regarding the engagement of the hippocampus, suggested to be ongoing by some or restricted to the retrieval of recent memories by others. In the study of Lux et al, 2016 we tested that this discrepancy might stem from failing to dissociate CA1 from CA3s contribution to memory retrieval over time as CA3 is known to support computations more sensitive to time than CA1. We also reported that parahippocampal cortical areas with tied anatomical connections with the hippocampus were increasingly engaged over time (Lux et al., elife , 2016). This study used a fear conditioning paradigm as emotionally arousing experiences are better remembered than memories devoid of fear content. Here we address whether the differential contribution of brain regions is a general mechanism also subserving memory retrieval devoid of fear content. We succeeded in developing an object-in-place task to investigate remote memory retrieval up to 6 months and the contribution of CA1, CA3, parahippocampal and prefrontal cortical areas to the retrieval of recent versus very remote memories using a high resolution molecular imaging technique based on the detection of the IEG RNA Arc. Preliminary results show that the disengagement of CA3 and persistent engagement of CA1 seem to be a general mechanism in supporting retrieval of remote memory for events.

scholarly journals Role of biochemical factors in the pathogenesis of keratoconus.

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna A Wojcik ◽  
Janusz Blasiak ◽  
Jerzy Szaflik ◽  
Jacek P Szaflik
Keyword(s):  
Lysyl Oxidase ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Nitrative Stress ◽  
Structural Abnormalities ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Keratoconus (KC) is a corneal disease associated with structural abnormalities in the corneal epithelium, Bowman's layer and stroma and altered concentration of tear components. KC corneas show a different pattern of collagen lamellae than their normal counterparts. Also, a reduction of several collagen types in KC epithelium and stroma was observed. Altered expression and/or activity of lysyl oxidase, a critical enzyme of the biogenesis of connective tissue detected in KC corneas, may weaken covalent bonds between collagen and elastin fibrils, what may lead to biomechanical deterioration of the cornea. Increased activity of matrix metalloproteinases observed in KC may induce the degradation of the extracellular matrix causing damage to the cornea. Oxidative and nitrative stress play an important role in KC pathogenesis and KC corneas are characterized by the disturbed lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide pathways. Malfunctioning of these pathways may lead to accumulation of their toxic by-products inducing several detrimental effects, along with apoptosis of the corneal cells, which may result from the loss of β-actin or increased levels of cytokines, including interleukin-1 and -6. Change in the expression of genes associated with wound healing, including the nerve growth factor and the visual system homeobox 1, may contribute to increased susceptibility of KC corneas to injury. Consequently, biochemical changes may play an important role in KC pathophysiology and, therefore, can be considered in prevention, diagnosis, prognosis and in the therapy of this disease as well.

scholarly journals B-37 Examining Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms: A SPECT Exploratory Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 983-983
Author(s):  
K Horne ◽  
M Gilmore ◽  
A Datoc ◽  
B Trinidad ◽  
C Golden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Depressed Group ◽  
Depressive Symptom Severity ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Neurological Differences ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Increased Activity

Abstract Objective To examine regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) differences between those with self-reported high and low levels of depressive symptoms. Method Participants were selected from a de-identified archival SPECT database. Depressive symptoms were determined by self-reported factors related to depression which included eight questions rated on a six point Likert scale. Groups were separated into highest and lowest 20% of ratings on this scale. Low reported depressive symptoms group (n = 2453,Mage = 42.85,SD = 18.35,male = 64%,Caucasian = 67%); high reported depressive symptoms group consisted (n = 2673,Mage = 38.52,SD = 13.44,male = 58%,Caucasian = 70%). Differences between groups were assessed across 17 brain regions at baseline. Results One-way ANCOVAs were conducted (p < .001) controlling for age and gender across 17 brain regions. Significant differences were found between groups in the left cerebellum (F[1,5122] = 19.396,p < .001),left frontal(F[1,5122] = 17.870,p < .001),right frontal (F[1,5122] = 22.175,p < .001),left motor sensory(F[1,5122] = 28.974,p < .001),and right motor sensory(F[1,5122] = 31.534,p < .001),such that the low depressive symptoms group exhibited higher rCBF in the left and right frontal and left and right motor sensory,whereas, the high depressive symptoms group exhibited higher rCBF in the left cerebellum. Conclusion Results indicate increased self-reported depressive symptomatology may be associated with decreased frontal lobe. The motor sensory region can result in deficits involving encoding or motor output showing slower motor/sensory processing in those with increased self-reported depressive symptoms. Research has shown increased activity in the cerebellum during sadness which may explain the higher rCBF in the depressed group. These findings demonstrate that neurological differences exist between varying degrees of self-reported depressive symptom severity. As a result, SPECT may be a useful objective measure to monitor and assess self-reported depressive severity throughout the course of treatment.

scholarly journals Simulating a Computational Biological Model, Rather Than Reading, Elicits Changes in Brain Activity during Biological Reasoning

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. ar45
Author(s):  
Caron A. C. Clark ◽  
Tomáš Helikar ◽  
Joseph Dauer
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Biological Model ◽  
Reading Accuracy ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Biological Reasoning

Undergraduates who computationally simulated a biological model showed increased activity in occipital and parietal brain regions when later reasoning about that model relative to students who learned through reading. Accuracy in model-based reasoning correlated with prefrontal brain activity.

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