Pietro Pomponazzi’s De immortalitate and his clandestine De incantationibus

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 87-115
Author(s):  
Paola Zambelli
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Spontaneous Generation ◽  
Christian Doctrine ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Universe

The importance of Aristotelianism during the Renaissance is one of the points most emphasized in the past twenty years by American historians. In the Faculties of Arts, professors were obliged to illustrate Aristotelian texts and commentaries; but, of course, they did not subscribe to all of the original doctrines of Aristotle: so Van Steenberghen, Kristeller and C. B. Schmitt consider most of them, above all Pietro Pomponazzi (1462-1525), as »eclectics«. Having emerged unscathed from the dispute on his treatise »De immortalitate animae« and on its apologies, Pomponazzi circulated two handwritten treatises which were even more subversive of orthodox beliefs on fate and on the natural causes of prodigies and incantations. From a Stoic point of view and thanks to his readings of Bessarion, Ficino and Giovanni Pico, he analyzed the Neoplatonic theses on chance and determinism, astrology and magic, and the position of man in the universe. His late treatises deal with these questions (free will as attributed to the individual by Christian doctrine and by numerous philosophers, or, instead, the conditioning to which man’s body, or his passions, or — according to a more radical thesis — his entire personality is subjected by the influence of the stars; the great conjunctions of the stars and the cyclical nature of history; the spontaneous generation of man; the capacity of the astrologer and the natural magician to produce incantations and prodigies, etc.).

scholarly journals Dialogue on Alternating Consciousness: From Perception to Infinities and Back to Free Will

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus Janew
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Universe

Can we trace back consciousness, reality, awareness, and free will to a single basic structure without giving up any of them? Can the universe exist in both real and individual ways without being composed of both? This dialogue founds consciousness and freedom of choice on the basis of a new reality concept that also includes the infinite as far as we understand it. Just the simplest distinction contains consciousness. It is not static, but a constant alternation of perspectives. From its entirety and movement, however, there arises a freedom of choice being more than reinterpreted necessity and unpredictability. Although decisions ultimately involve the whole universe, they are free in varying degrees also here and now. The unity and openness of the infinite enables the individual to be creative while this creativity directly and indirectly enters into all other individuals without impeding them. A contrary impression originates only in a narrowed awareness. But even the most conscious and free awareness can neither anticipate all decisions nor extinguish individuality. Their creativity is secured.

Joseph Hall and Neo-Stoicism

PMLA ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1130-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Chew
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Natural Religion ◽  
Ethical Point ◽  
Rule Of Life ◽  
Right Reason ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Thomas Browne ◽  
The Universe

During his own lifetime Bishop Joseph Hall was nicknamed “our spiritual Seneca” by Henry Wotton and later called “our English Seneca” by Thomas Fuller; as a result it has recently become fashionable to associate him with seventeenth-century English Neo-Stoicism. A seventeenth-century Neo-Stoic is of interest presumably because he points in the direction of eighteenth-century Neo-Stoicism, away from a revealed religion toward a natural religion, away from faith toward reason. In a recent article Philip A. Smith calls Hall “the leading Neo-Stoic of the seventeenth century” and says that he enthusiastically preached the “Neo-Stoic brand of theology” to which Sir Thomas Browne objected. This theology maintained that “to follow ‘right reason’ was to follow nature, which was the same thing as following God.” Smith goes on to say that “what most attracted seventeenth-century Christian humanists like Bishop Hall was the fact that Stoicism attempted to frame a theory of the universe and of the individual man which would approximate a rule of life in conformity with an ‘immanent cosmic reason‘”—though in the same paragraph he also mentions the point “that Neo-Stoic divines of the seventeenth century were interested in Stoicism almost exclusively from the ethical point of view.” He cites Lipsius to show how a Christian might reach an approximation between the Stoic Fate and Christian Providence, leaving the reader to assume that Hall might also have made this approximation. He says that “the natural light of reason, as expounded by the Stoic philosophers, became, for seventeenth-century Neo-Stoics, the accepted guide to conduct” and that “religious and moral writers endeavored to trace a relationship between moral and natural law which in effect resulted in the practical code of ethical behavior commonly associated with Neo-Stoicism.”

scholarly journals Le conseguenze dei vizi di forma e procedura nei licenziamenti individuali e collettivi = Las consecuencias de los vicios de forma y procedimiento en el despido individual y colectivo = The consequences of the vices of form and procedure in the individual and collective dismissal

2018 ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Marco Mocella
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
European Origin ◽  
The Past ◽  
Written Form ◽  
The Individual

<p>L’autore analizza, in una prospettiva evolutiva, il vincolo di forma nei licenziamenti. Vengono in primo luogo esaminate le conseguenze della mancanza di forma scritta del licenziamento per distinguerla dalla mancata indicazione dei motivi, oggi distinti anche sotto il profilo sanzionatorio come ipotizzato in passato da attenta dottrina. Esaminate quindi le procedure previste per il licenziamento per giustificato motivo oggettivo e giusta causa, l’autore verifica la procedura dei licenziamenti collettivi di matrice europea e le modificazioni introdotte dalle riforme del 2012 e del 2015, evidenziando le problematiche connesse al depotenziamento dei vincoli forma.</p><p>The author analyzes, in an evolutionary perspective, the obligation of the form in dismissals. Firstly, the consequences of the absence of a written form of dismissal are examined to distinguish them from the lack of reasons indication, which are presently distinct from the point of view of sanctions, as it has been hypothesized in the past by careful interpretation. After examining the procedures for dismissals for economic and disciplinary reasons, the author checks the procedure of collective redundancies of European origin, and the changes introduced by the reforms of 2012 and 2015, highlighting the problems related to the weakening of the form.</p><p>El autor analiza, en una perspectiva evolutiva, la restricción de la forma en los despidos. En primer lugar, se examinan las consecuencias de la falta de forma escrita del despido para distinguirlo de la falta de indicación de las razones, que hoy se distinguen por la sanción tal como fue hipotizada en el pasado por la doctrina. Después de examinar los procedimientos para el despido por razones objetivas justificadas y justa causa, el autor verifica el procedimiento de despidos colectivos de la matriz europea y los cambios introducidos por las reformas de 2012 y 2015, destacando los problemas relacionados con el debilitamiento de las limitaciones formales.</p>

scholarly journals EVOLUTIONAL AND CREATION PARADIGMS OF THE ORIGIN OF THE WORLD: HISTORY AND MODERNITY

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
Евгения Викторовна Алёхина
Keyword(s):  
World History ◽  
Dialectical Materialism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mechanistic Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intersection Points ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Origin Of The Universe

В статье рассмотрены возникновение и развитие противоборствующих в философской мысли креационного и эволюционного объяснений происхождения Вселенной, жизни и разума. Обращаясь к анализу двух парадигм, автор показала, что они имеют длительную историю противостояния. В наше время, как и в прошлом, эта проблема сводится к альтернативе - либо эволюция как продукт слепой случайности, либо целенаправленное творчество Высшего Разума. В последнем случае есть два варианта: ортодоксальный и модернистский - «телеологический эволюционизм». Обосновывается, что современная постнеклассическая наука все больше определяется социальными, культурными и мировоззренческими основаниями. Одной из точек пересечения трех уровней научного знания является проблема происхождения мира. Противоположные варианты её решения имеют различное соотношение собственно научного (экспериментального) и мировоззренческого аспектов. Эволюционная гипотеза с позиции диалектического материализма не смогла преодолеть редукционизм и наивный реализм механистического подхода. Наличие в указанных парадигмах аксиологического компонента в той или иной степени утверждает или отрицает смысл жизни и достоинство личности. The article examines the emergence and development of the opposing creation and evolutionary explanations of the origin of the universe, life and mind in philosophical thought. Turning to the analysis of the two paradigms, the author showed that they have a long history of opposition. In our time, as in the past, this problem boils down to an alternative - either evolution as a product of blind chance, or purposeful creativity of the Higher Reason. In the latter case, there are two options: orthodox and modernist - «teleological evolutionism». It is substantiated that modern post-non-classical science is increasingly determined by social, cultural and ideological foundations. One of the intersection points of the three levels of scientific knowledge is the problem of the Origin of the World. Opposite solutions to its solution have a different ratio of the scientific (experimental) and worldview aspects. The evolutionary hypothesis could not overcome the reductionism and naive realism of the mechanistic approach from the standpoint of dialectical materialism. The presence of an axiological component in these paradigms, to one degree or another, affirms or denies the meaning of life and the dignity of the individual.

scholarly journals HISTORICAL AND ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS IN RUSSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
T.A. MARTIROSOVA ◽  
◽  
E.D. KONDRASHOVA ◽  
D.V. LOGINOV ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Russian Population ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rhythmic Gymnastics ◽  
Sports Skills ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Aesthetic Characteristics

Statement of the problem. In the legislation of the Russian Federation, physical culture and sport are prescribed as the most important components of the integral development of the individual. Physical culture and sports are represented by a set of achievements in improving health and forming a healthy lifestyle of the Russian population. Despite the fact that rhythmic gymnastics is a relatively young sport, it should be a physical culture and sports practice for the creative development of the values of sports, and actively used for the comprehensive development of the Russian population. Its means and methods should serve to improve the sports skills of Russian gymnasts to represent them on the international stage, self-improvement, improve performance, increase the body’s resistance to adverse environmental influences, reduce the incidence of diseases in order to preserve the country’s gene pool. The purpose of the article is to consider the development of rhythmic gymnastics in Russia from the point of view of a historical and analytical approach; on the basis of the identified gymnastic systems of the late 19th – early 20th centuries, to form criteria for modern rhythmic gymnastics that improve the athletic skills of gymnasts. Methodology (materials and methods). A review of the scientific literature has shown that the study of the development of rhythmic gymnastics based on a historical and analytical approach is an empirical component for identifying and establishing general historical patterns. Historical phenomena are analyzed on the basis of a logical method of study. The principle of concrete historical research involves the study of the meaningful history of the subject under study in specific empirical manifestations. And the abstract-historical principle reveals historical regularity, without referring to the empirical history itself. The abstract-historical principle reconstructs the selected regularity on the basis of theoretical assumptions. The knowledge gained in the course of studying the past indicates the independent value of information. The historical-analytical approach is based on the “principle of historicism”. In a broad sense, this principle means the need to consider the phenomenon under study in its present state from the perspective of the past, determining the continuity between historical forms. Research results. Within the framework of the historical and analytical approach, the main criteria in modern rhythmic gymnastics are formed, which will serve to improve the sports skills of gymnasts. Conclusions. The formed main criteria of modern rhythmic gymnastics, identified on the basis of gymnastic systems of the late 19th – early 20th centuries, included: technical and artistic performance of compositions. The first reflects the technical and aesthetic characteristics of gymnastic elements and combinations, which include technical and aesthetic characteristics-posture, leg inversion, accuracy of movement, lightness, completeness, unity. The second reveals the ability of gymnasts to create an artistic image, convey feelings and mood through expressive gestures and facial expressions, musicality and dance.

scholarly journals Niedom. Przekraczenie idei domu rodzinnego w mieszkaniu migracyjnym

2014 ◽  
pp. 541-665
Author(s):  
Magdalena Łukasiuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
History Teaching ◽  
Memory Space ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Historical Education ◽  
The Individual

How is the memory of the Holocaust and Auschwitz seen today among young Poles and Germans, is it different from that of the past? What are the differences in the memory space and education about the Holocaust between the two countries, and what do they have in common? The article is based on three pillars, and what served as foundations for them was a survey conducted with Polish and German youth in late April and May 2013, immediately after their visit to the Auschwitz-Birkenau. The first part concerns the individual and family memory of young people from Poland and Germany, who came to the Memorial and Museum of Auschwitz-Birkenau (MMA-B); there are also issues related to the intergenerational transmission of war fate of the relatives. The second pillar takes on teaching about the Holocaust at school and the evaluation of historical education from the student’s point of view. There are presented the opinions of many historians, teachers and educators struggling with the effects of the reform of history teaching. The third and most extensive part of the article presents the issues related to historical education in the memorial site and young people confronting their past experience, knowledge, notions with the authenticity of MMA-B. Fundamental questions has been raised about the sense of maintaining authenticity of the memorial site and the reason that makes the memory of the Holocaust such an important task for future generations.

scholarly journals KONSEPSI TENTANG TUHAN DALAM TEKS AKSARA SWARA

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hesti Mulyani
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Symbol System ◽  
Script Language ◽  
Existence Of God ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
The Universe

Aksara swara termasuk di dalam klasifikasi bunyi bahasa, yakni bunyi vokal. Aksara swara adalah suatu sistem lambang grafis atau lambang bunyi (aksara) yang digunakan untuk menuliskan bahasa Jawa. Jumlah aksara Jawa ada 6, yaitu a – i – u – e [e, æ] – o – e [ǝ]. Penulisan dengan Aksara swara telah berhasil mendokumentasikan dan mengabadikan ajaran konsepsi tentang Tuhan bernuansa rasa kejawen melalui naskah Serat Kridhasastra karya Mas Ngabei Mangunwijaya yang berisi salah satunya adalah teks Aksara Swara.Tulisan ini berusaha menyajikan suatu gagasan yang berhubungan dengan ajaran konsepsi tentang Tuhan. Gagasan mengangkat kembali ajaran konsepsi tentang Tuhan itu disajikan melalui kajian deskriptif terhadap teks berjudul Aksara Swara.Pengkajian teks berjudul Aksara Swara karya Mas Ngabei Mangunwijaya diharapkan dapat memahami makna teks bagi masyarakat pada zamannya, yakni pada masa lampau sebagai sejarah, dan pada masa kini sebagai pemertahanan eksistensi ajaran atau piwulang, dalam hal ini konsepsi tentang Tuhan serta pada masa yang akan datang sebagai dokumentasi dan pelestarian mengenai ajaran konsepsi tentang Tuhan terdiri atas (1) Tuhan sebagai  Af’al atau Pencipta alam semesta, (2) Keberadaan Tuhan, (3) Tuhan sebagai Sumber Kehidupan makhluk, (4) Kekuasaan Tuhan, dan (5) Sirrullah yang tersimpan dalam teks tersebut. Selanjutnya, pada masa kini dan masa nanti makna teks tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan untuk mengungkap dan melestarikan nilai-nilai budaya Jawa sebagai pembentukan akhlak dan kepribadian manusia secara religius.Kata kunci: konsepsi tentang Tuhan, Aksara Swara AbstractAksara Swara included in the classification of the sounds of language, which sounds vokal. Vowel script is a graphic emblem or symbol system sound (characters) used to write Java script language. There are 6 vowel script, namely a - i - u - e [e, æ ] - o - e [ǝ] . The process of writting of vowel script successfully documented and perpetuate the theory construct about God in Javanese point of view through manuscript Serat Kridhasastra by Mas Ngabei Mangunwijaya containing one of which is a text Aksara Swara.This paper tries to present an idea that relates with the theory construct about God. The idea reappoint the theory construct about God was presented through a descriptive study of the text entitled Aksara Swara.Assessment of the text titled Aksara Swara by Mas Ngabei Mangunwijaya expected to understand the meaning of the text for the people of his time, which in the past as history, and today as the retention of the existence of the doctrine or piwulang, in this case the conception of Tuhan and in the future as the documentation and preservation of the theory construct about God of the above (1) God as the creator of the universe Af'al or, (2) existence of God, (3) God as being the source of life, (4) Power of God, and (5) Sirrullah stored in the text. Furthermore, in the present and future meaning of the text later can be used to uncover and preserve the cultural values of Java as the formation of human character and personality religiously.Keywords: the theory construct about God, Aksara Swara

scholarly journals “Life as Suffering”: the Motive of Revenge in the Novel by E. T. A. Hoffmann “The Marquis de la Pivardière” and the Novel by J. Janin “The Dead Donkey and the Guillotined Woman”

2021 ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
N. M. Ilchenko ◽  
Yu. A. Marinina
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Novel ◽  
National Image ◽  
Crime And Punishment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Universe

The motive of revenge is analyzed on the basis of the French topos, considered as a space of crime and punishment. It is noted that the novel by E. T. A. Hoffmann and the novel by J. Janin are united by attention to fate as a catastrophic concept inscribed in the picture of life in France. The relevance of the study is associated with the problems of the formation of national identity, national image by romantics of Germany and France. It is shown that the German romantic, who relied on fantasy as a means of understanding and cognizing life, became a model for J. Janin in the perception of “observed material”. Special attention is paid to the artistic embodiment of life as an “ugly abyss” in which the heroines of E. T. A. Hoffmann and J. Janin find themselves. The results of a comparative analysis of the novel, the action of which belongs to the second half of the 17th century are presented in the article. But the writer discusses the morals of the heroes from the point of view of the romantic canon, and the novel, the action of which is attributed to the end of the 20s of the 19th century. The novelty of the research is connected with the fact that the drama of human existence (female) is viewed as a result of the fragility of earthly existence, the loss of faith in the rationality of the universe. This approach made it possible to analyze the national forms of romanticism, the individual approach of Hoffmann and Janin to understanding the moral and the sinful.

scholarly journals Hyper-Past Evils: A Reply to Bogdan V. Faul

Open Theology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 374-377
Author(s):  
Tyron Goldschmidt ◽  
Samuel Lebens
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Past

AbstractA reply to Bogdan V. Faul’s “Can God Promise Us a New Past? A Response to Lebens and Goldschmidt.” In this reply we clarify why it is that we regard a scene-changing theory of time to be an improvement over presentism from a theological point of view. We present two benefits: a scene changing theory allows God (1) to improve the past and it allows him (2) to give free will to human beings whilst ensuring that they hyper-will never have misused it. More generally, the scene-changing theory when compared to presentism has the more compelling account of the badness of past evils.

Experimental Psychology and Abnormal Behaviour

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-30
Author(s):  
Stephen Morley
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Experimental Techniques ◽  
Concerted Effort ◽  
Abnormal Behaviour ◽  
Token Economies ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Short Time

What is behavioural psychotherapy? In the following note I do not intend to give a comprehensive answer to this question but rather to put forward a point of view and to illustrate it using one particular example. It appears that the term ‘behavioural psychotherapy’ has acquired a rather restricted meaning in the relatively short time it has been around. In many senses the term Behavioural has become synonymous with scientific i.e. the sort of knowledge gained by the application of experimental techniques to a problem. This I believe is all well and good. The restrictive aspect comes when we consider what sort of problems have been tackled in the ‘behavioural way’. On the whole it seems that we have concentrated on treatment aspects of psychotherapy and appear to have made substantial inroads into problems of therapy. We have now available a plethora of techniques e.g. systematic desensitisation, flooding, modeling, token economies, which had been demon-stated to be efficient in the past. In addition to this there has been a concerted effort to develop a method which enables a degree of experimental rigour to be introduced into the treatment of the individual case (see Mathews, 1975; Leitenberg, 1973).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document