ON THE TRAIL OF SHORT u

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Harris
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Comparative Aspect ◽  
Vowel Space ◽  
Central Trajectory ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Lexical Diffusion ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean

This article attempts a detailed reconstruction of recent developments in the history of English short u, the category that in southern English and its descendants shows up as a high vowel in PUT and a lowered vowel in CUT. Combining the comparative method with the interpretation of the historical documentary record, the exercise sets out to answer questions such as the following. At what stage did lowering result in a full-blown split between CUT and PUT? At what point did unrounding set in? Did lowering follow a peripheral or a central trajectory in vowel space? What mechanisms of change were involved — classically regular neogrammarian sound change or irregular lexical diffusion? The comparative aspect of the reconstruction draws heavily on vernacular Englishes which have emerged relatively recently in circumstances of large-scale language contact and shift, particularly those spoken in Ireland, West Africa and the Caribbean. The immediate significance of these varieties is that they emerged during a period when short u was in a state of considerable flux in the metropolitan language. The phonetic realisation and systemic organisation of the PUT and CUT vowels in these varieties offer certain direct insights into the history of short u that are no longer available in other dialects.

Reconstructing the history of languages in northwest New Britain

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-132
Author(s):  
Malcolm D. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Austronesian Languages ◽  
Contact Linguistics ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Britain

William Thurston (1982, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1994) analyzes the history of the languages of the northwest area of New Britain. This history has included much contact among the area’s languages, all of which are Oceanic Austronesian with the exception of the Papuan language Anêm. Thurston, however, took the position that all linguistic speciation is brought about by language contact, especially by language shift. In this paper, the comparative method is applied to Thurston’s (and others’) data to reconstruct a partial history of the languages of the area, exemplifying how the comparative method may be applied in contact situations. Reanalysis of his data shows that a number of his conclusions about the histories of the area’s Austronesian languages are wrong, but validates his claim that language shift is manifested in copied specialist vocabulary, a conclusion that is important for historical contact linguistics, as such cases may provide few or no other clues that shift has occurred.

scholarly journals Running a hospital patient safety campaign: a qualitative study

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Ozieranski ◽  
Victoria Robins ◽  
Joel Minion ◽  
Janet Willars ◽  
John Wright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patient Safety ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Senior Managers ◽  
Frontline Staff ◽  
Content Type ◽  
History Of

Purpose – Research on patient safety campaigns has mostly concentrated on large-scale multi-organisation efforts, yet locally led improvement is increasingly promoted. The purpose of this paper is to characterise the design and implementation of an internal patient safety campaign at a large acute National Health Service hospital trust with a view to understanding how to optimise such campaigns. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted a qualitative study of a campaign that sought to achieve 12 patient safety goals. The authors interviewed 19 managers and 45 frontline staff, supplemented by 56 hours of non-participant observation. Data analysis was based on the constant comparative method. Findings – The campaign was motivated by senior managers’ commitment to patient safety improvement, a series of serious untoward incidents, and a history of campaign-style initiatives at the trust. While the campaign succeeded in generating enthusiasm and focus among managers and some frontline staff, it encountered three challenges. First, though many staff at the sharp end were aware of the campaign, their knowledge, and acceptance of its content, rationale, and relevance for distinct clinical areas were variable. Second, the mechanisms of change, albeit effective in creating focus, may have been too limited. Third, many saw the tempo of the campaign as too rapid. Overall, the campaign enjoyed some success in raising the profile of patient safety. However, its ability to promote change was mixed, and progress was difficult to evidence because of lack of reliable measurement. Originality/value – The study shows that single-organisation campaigns may help in raising the profile of patient safety. The authors offer important lessons for the successful running of such campaigns.

scholarly journals THE MAIN CONCEPTS OF "RUS CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS REVIVAL" OF THE LAST THIRD OF THE SEVENTEENTH – EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY AS A PRECONDITION FOR "THE UNION TRIUMPHALISM" IN THE SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF ANDRZEJ GIL AND IGOR SKOCHILIAS

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-66
Author(s):  
Svitlana Bila
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Religious Revival ◽  
Church Hierarchy ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
And Control

Summary. The purpose of the article is to analyze the contribution of Andrzej Gil and Ihor Skochylias to the study of the preconditions for the "triumph" of the union confession in the western dioceses of the Kyiv metropolis in the context of development of new concepts and ideas by these scientists. The research methodology is based on the use of historical-comparative method and methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization. The scientific novelty of the article lies in an attempt to study the innovative concepts of modern scholars on the topic of the history of the union church of the late XVII ‒ early XVIII centuries. Conclusions. The significant source material is the authors’ concept that at the turn of the XVII‒XVIII centuries there was a cultural and religious revival and large-scale modernization reforms in the Kyiv metropolis leading to the formation of an innovative religious model "Slavia Unita". The scholars state that the main initiators and promoters of the Reformation innovations were the uniate metropolitans of Kyiv, representatives of the Basilian order and the local church hierarchy. Implementation and control over the innovations were carried out during regular episcopal and archimandrite visits and episcopal courts. Everything was codified at local diocesan councils. According to historians, this religious model contributed to the formation of a clear union identity and a closer union with European religious culture. At the same time, it contributed to the preservation of the important principles of the Kyivan Christian tradition. There are at least two objective conclusions made by the authors. One of them is that a direct result of this model was "the union triumphalism" and the "golden age of union" in the Kyiv metropolis, and the second one is that the political consequence of "Slavia Unita" is unification around the union denomination of the Rus nation. The Union Church in the Kyiv metropolis became the most widespread confession and an effective representative of the interests of the Rus people.

Bequia sweet/ Bequia is sweet: syntactic variation in a lesser-known variety of Caribbean English

English Today ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Meyerhoff
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
South America ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Syntactic Variation ◽  
African Languages ◽  
European Colonization ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean

ABSTRACTAn analysis of dialect variability in the use of BE in the island of Bequia. Bequia (pronounced /bekwei/) is the northernmost of the Grenadine islands in St Vincent and the Grenadines. Like most of the Caribbean, Bequia has a long history of language contact, but most of the evidence for this must be inferred. It appears that the Carib population living on the island before European colonization settled Bequia in successive waves of migration ultimately originating from the coast of South America indeed the name ‘Bequia’ is said to derive from a Carib word becouya, meaning ‘Island of the clouds’, but as yet I have been unable to trace this etymon reliably to a particular Carib language. Based on what we know about St Vincent, and the limited mentions of Bequia in the eighteenth century, we can infer that, at times, there may have been contact between some combination of speakers of a Carib language or languages, French, English, African languages and/or possibly a relatively new creole-like or contact variety of English.

Standard Chinese and the Xining dialect

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Dede
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Qinghai Province ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Local Dialect ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Standard Chinese

Xining, the capital of Qinghai province, is an especially valuable location for observing the spread and influence of Standard Chinese, or Putonghua, for at least two reasons. First, the dialect’s history of contact with non-Sinitic languages, mostly Tibetan and Mongolic languages, created an older linguistic stratum that differs markedly from other Mandarin dialects, indeed with most all Chinese dialects, in clearly identifiable ways, so that comparisons between Standard Chinese and variations within the Xining dialect reflect unambiguous cases of standard cum dialect language contact. Second, the demographic history of the region, including large-scale migrations of Chinese-speaking people from other provinces, created a socio-cultural context in which the promotion of Standard Chinese would likely find fertile ground. This paper will show that the combination of these two factors has created a situation in which the old Xining dialect is rapidly disappearing. In its place is not Standard Chinese, per se, but an interdialect, a compromise variety stripped of the most obvious dialect features but clearly distinct from Standard Chinese. The differences will be shown to exist in the phonology, lexicon and syntax of the dialect and that the more highly educated members of the community are leading the changes toward the New Xining dialect. While Standard Chinese is shown to have been a powerful force in the creation the New Xining dialect, it has not completely replaced the local dialect.

Historical Linguistics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane H. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Linguistic History ◽  
Dating Methods ◽  
History Of ◽  
Linguistic Methods

The Comparative Method in historical linguistics distinguishes resemblances among languages due to vertical transmission from those due to horizontal transmission, and from resemblances due to non-historical factors like chance. Alternative phylogenetic methods that seek long-range connections among languages have not been shown to consistently detect this distinction. Derived from the Comparative Method are the study of language contact and areal connections, lexicostatistical dating methods and linguistic-paleontological methods for reconstructing cultural knowledge. Methodological debates in historical linguistics, and application of these methods to cases in the linguistic history of the Southwest, are reviewed, suggesting that, in spite of the paucity of available data for many languages, historical linguistic methods have an important role to play in developing hypotheses about Southwestern prehistory.

Curating Sociology

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 40-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirmal Puwar ◽  
Sanjay Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Sociological Imagination ◽  
History Of Sociology ◽  
Public Event ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Selection Of

Building on the range of methods available to the roaming sociological imagination, curating sociology is concerned with instituting ‘live’ public encounters. Contending that there are practices in the history of sociology that can be considered instances of curating sociology, this article makes a case for harnessing these to inventive research processes today. The discussion in this article draws attention to recent developments in curating before excavating a selection of practices within sociology upon which we can reflexively build live methods with consideration to creative collaborations, publicness and exhibiting as research. Each of these involves a degree of mutation within the craft of sociology. By way of illustration, the final section of the article explores an in-depth case study of curating sociology for the Noise of the Past project, which involved us, as sociologists, collaborating with creative practitioners and ‘curating’ a large-scale public event.

scholarly journals “NEW KHARKIV” AND “GREAT ZAPORIZHZHIA” PROJECTS AS REPRESENTATION OF THE URBAN PLANNING SEARCHES DURING THE PERIOD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-81
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Rybachok
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Real Essence

In 1929 there was launched an all-Union public campaign to discuss the prospects for the development of Soviet urban planning, known as the Socialist Settlement Discussion, in the USSR. Its main participants were not only the leading architects and urban planners of the time, but also the highest party and state figures. Under the influence of the urban development ideas arose during the discussion on the problems of socialist displacement, Ukrainian constructive architects have developed master plans for the reconstruction and expansion of residential infrastructure of two industrial centers – Kharkiv and Zaporizhzhia. However, the construction projects of “Great Zaporizhzhia” and “New Kharkiv” by I. Malozemov, P. Khaustov and P. Aloshyn were not fully realised as their planning decisions undercut the basic provisions of the existing urban planning policy of the Stalinist leadership. There appeared the idea that the plans of “New Kharkiv” and “Great Zaporizhzhia” by Ukrainian architects were the implementation of author’s view of the ideal model of a socialist town.  Based on the leading ideas of the Soviet avant-garde, the project authors proposed an original architectural and planning concept of development that had nothing to do with the urban planning experience of previous times. However, these architectural proposals were irrelevant in the USSR in the late 1920’s. In the context of Stalin's industrialization, the party apparatus attached secondary importance to housing. As a result, large-scale projects of "New Kharkiv" and "Great Zaporizhzhia" were declared "false". Methodology. In the article we have used the historical and genetic method to determine the genesis of the concept of linear development, to find out the origin of the idea of a housing estate and to reveal the circumstances of the idea of unification of urban infrastructure, embodied by Ukrainian avant-gardists in architectural and planning decisions of “New Kharkiv” and “Great Zaporizhzhia” projects. The comparative method made it possible to determine the inconsistency of the content of the idealistic views of the Soviet constructors with the real essence of Stalin's urban policy. Thanks to the historical and systematic method, we have understood that the objects of urban infrastructure planned in the “New Kharkiv” and “Great Zaporizhzhia” projects had to enter into functional interaction, forming a single urban mechanism. Summary. The beginning of the 20s of the XX century was marked by the emergence of interesting scientific, artistic, architectural projects both in the history of Ukraine and in the history of the whole Soviet Union.  The euphoria of belief in creating a “new” world, building a “just” society for the representatives of all social strata characterized the general sentiment and inspired intellectuals and artists to seek creative work. However, the period of “flirting” of Soviet authorities with the elites was short. Its authoritarian nature, with its actualization to the militarization of the country, left no room for creative initiative and development of individuality. At the beginning of the first five-year schedule, the government decided to abandon the massive construction of comfortable housing for workers. All resources were planned to focus on the construction of heavy industry facilities. Therefore, futuristic projects of “New Kharkiv” and “Great Zaporizhzhia” were rejected because of their inconsistency with the true state urbanistic doctrine of the industrialization period.

scholarly journals “Dead End of Oral History” and Writing of “The History of Cities and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR” (On the Example of Dnipropetrovsk Region)

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Recording Equipment ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Dead End ◽  
History Of ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
The Dead

The aim of the research is to determine the place of the “dead end of oral history” in the writing of “The History of Cities and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR” The methodological foundations of the research are the principles of historicism and objectivity in combination with historical-comparative method and microhistorical approach. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the formulation of the problem and in definition of such a specific phenomenon in the development of oral history as its “dead end”. The research shows that the “dead end” appeared with the advent of sound recording technique. The “dead end” branch developed especially actively in those countries where recording equipment was not available to the researcher. When the large-scale historical project “The History of Cities and Villages of the USSR” was implemented in the USSR, the authors of historical essays were tasked to collect memories of local residents and to use this material to cover the historical gaps, created by the lack of documentary sources. As a result, during the preparation of essays on the history of small settlements, the memories of local residents were actively recorded. Conclusions. As a result of the research, it was found that “the dead end of oral history” existed in parallel with the “progressive branch” and was actively used by the researchers for (re)construction of the past. One of the largest historical projects, where this “dead end” was used, was the writing of “The History of Cities and Villages of the USSR” On the example of the Dnipropetrovsk region it was possible to determine that the authors of the historical essays turned to oral history only in cases when there was a lack of documentary sources. In order to make the handwritten memories “legal”, they were certified by the seals of the village councils. A key disadvantage of the “dead end” was the deformation of memories, which they went through when recording by ear. The deformation occurred both in thematic-semantic and presentational spheres. Thematic and semantic deformations were manifested in selective coverage of only certain topics: “revolutions of 1905-1907”, “armed struggle for Soviet power” etc. The presentation deformation can be seen in the adaptation of texts to the Soviet historical narrative

scholarly journals “There should be a single law to define what a city is”: a review of the monograph by A. V. Belova "Reform of the City of Catherine II (based on materials from the provinces of Central Russia). M.-SPb .: Center for Humanitarian Initiatives, 2019, 613 p.

2019 ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
Andrei Andreevich Boltaevskii
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Central Russia ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The City

The subject of this article is a monographic research of the Senior Scientific Associate of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences A. V. Belova, which is focused on the large-scale transformations that took place in urban life of the Russian Empire during the reign of Catherine II. The author of the monograph seeks to characterize the reforms based on the example of four provinces of Central Russia: Moscow, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, and Kaluga. This work vastly uses published and unpublished sources, as well as a significant array of research literature. The peer-reviewed work leans on the principles of historicism, reliability, objectivity; methodological framework includes systematic approach and comparative method. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the author attempts to give comprehensive characteristics to preparation, implementation and consequences of the city reform carried out by the Empress Catherine, attracting the materials from four Russian “indigenous” provinces. The author believes that despite certain doubts of both, contemporaries and future historians, especially of the liberal school, namely the reforms of Catherine the Great laid the foundations for the fundamentally new type of a city that met the requirements of the time.

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