scholarly journals The utility of animal models of human energy homeostasis

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (S1) ◽  
pp. S41-S45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Thibault ◽  
Stephen C. Woods ◽  
Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Sedentary Lifestyle ◽  
Human Energy ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Environmental Causes

The prevalence of obesity among adults and children has increased steadily over the last few years worldwide, reaching epidemic proportions. Particularly alarming is the link between obesity and the development of chronic disorders such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and some cancers (Bjorntorp, 1997). Environmental causes of obesity are thought to include a sedentary lifestyle and an abundance of highly palatable energy-dense foods (Hill et al. 2003). Genetic factors also contribute to susceptibility to obesity, although the genetic basis of most human obesities is thought to be polygenic (Comuzzie & Allison, 1998; Barsh et al. 2000). The present paper considers some of the animal models used to infer aspects of human obesity, with an emphasis upon their usefulness.

scholarly journals Number of cases of type 1 and 2 diabetes diagnosed in Amapá between 2007 and 2012

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
Kauê de Melo Souza ◽  
Lucas Facco ◽  
Amanda Alves Fecury ◽  
Maria Helena Mendonça de Araújo ◽  
Euzébio de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Sedentary Lifestyle ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Main Risk Factor ◽  
Food Education ◽  
Different Types

Diabetes mellitus is a succession of different types of disorders in metabolism that are characterized by causing a high rate of blood sugar. Because it is a disease with genetic factors type 1 diabetes has as main risk factor heredity, while type 2 diabetes besides these factors, includes obesity, high blood pressure, poor food education and advancing age. This study aims to show the number of cases of type 1 and 2 diabetes diagnosed in Amapá with the variables gender, age group, sedentary lifestyle, overweight, smoking, between 2007 and 2012. The data for the research were taken from the computer department of SUS, DATASUS (http://datasus.saude.gov.br). Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus (DM1 and DM2) are diseases that are tied to disturbances in production or in the efficient use of insulin. Smoking, as well as sedentary lifestyle and overweight are important risk factors for the development of DM2. Type 2 diabetes mellitus provides the development of various organic nerve lesions. In addition, DM2, through its chronicity, enables the development of retinopathies, nephropathies and other conditions negative to the individual’s health.

Genetic basis of hyperuricaemia and gout

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Dalbeth
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Gouty Arthritis ◽  
Serum Urate ◽  
Acute Gouty Arthritis ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Metabolic Conditions ◽  
Country Specific

Owing to the different means of ascertaining prevalence between studies, it is difficult to compare prevalence across countries. Country-specific studies that collect data with the same methodology show that the prevalence of gout is increasing. Factors that influence the prevalence of gout are inherited genetic factors and environmental exposures. Some foods that increase serum urate levels and trigger acute gouty arthritis are risk factors—red meat and beer are the best established, but seafood and sugar-sweetened beverages also increase serum urate levels and are strong anecdotal triggers of flares. Diuretics associate with increased serum urate and the risk of gout. Hyperuricaemia and gout are co-morbid with other metabolic conditions, the most prominent being heart disease, renal disease, and type 2 diabetes. Collectively the evidence does not suggest that increased serum urate levels are clinically detrimental, except in gout, nephrolithiasis, and perhaps progression of heart and kidney disease.

Genetics of type 2 diabetes mellitus

2011 ◽  
pp. 1734-1740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Grarup ◽  
Torben Hansen ◽  
Oluf Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Molecular Pathogenesis ◽  
Molecular Genetic Basis

For years, it has been well known that genetic factors are crucially important for the development of type 2 diabetes. Despite major efforts in seeking to understand the molecular genetic basis, until a few years ago, only a handful of genes responsible for relatively rare monogenic and syndromic subsets of diabetes were detected, and progress in finding genetic predispositions to common type 2 diabetes was lacking. Even though the unravelling of the molecular pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes is still in its infancy, the last few years have, nevertheless, brought some interesting developments. Box 13.3.1.1 provides a glossary of terms used currently in genetics.

scholarly journals Revealing obesity through diet-gene interactions

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-161
Author(s):  
Chenxuan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Gene Interactions ◽  
Obesity Risk ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

The increasing prevalence of obesity is becoming a global health concern due to its association with chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular diseases. Obesity occurs when energy intake outweighs energy expenditure, leading to a conventional intervention strategy being “eat less and move more.” However, this strategy does not consider the influence of genetic factors and their interactions with environmental factors (diets and physical activity), making obesity prevention and management inefficient. To better understand obesity, research in nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics seek to explore the influence of genetic variations on dietary responses, and how dietary components alter gene expression in obese individuals. Current evidence suggests that variations in genes involved in lipid regulation, carbohydrate metabolism, and energy homeostasis are strongly associated with the risk of obesity and its related metabolic syndromes. In addition, diet-gene interactions influence intervention effectiveness for obesity management. By examining obesity-related metabolic pathways, we can reveal the functional basis of diet-gene interactions in relation to obesity risk. Although limitations exist within the current literature, emerging evidence indicates that obesity risk and intervention can be affected by diet-gene interactions, and continued research is needed for further exploration.

scholarly journals EJE PRIZE 2012: Obesity: from genes to behaviour

2014 ◽  
Vol 171 (5) ◽  
pp. R191-R195 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Sadaf Farooqi
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Severe Obesity ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Voluntary Exercise ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Severely Obese ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity

An increase in the consumption of highly palatable foods coupled with a reduction in the amount of voluntary exercise undertaken has contributed to the rising prevalence of obesity. However, despite the obvious environmental influences, there is considerable evidence to support a genetic component to weight gain. In some people, particularly those who are severely obese, genetic factors play a major role in the development of their obesity and associated complications. Studies into the genetic basis of obesity have yielded insights into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of weight. We now understand that weight is regulated by neural mechanisms that regulate appetite and energy expenditure and that disruption of these pathways can result in severe obesity in some patients. These studies provide a starting point for investigating patients with severe obesity and may ultimately guide the development of more rational targeted therapies.

Clustering of metabolic comorbidity in schizophrenia: a genetic contribution?

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. L. Gough ◽  
Michael C. O’Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Susceptibility Loci ◽  
Environmental Determinants ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Develop Type ◽  
Shared Genetic

People with schizophrenia are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than the general population. Although an increased risk of diabetes has been attributed to environmental determinants such as diet, lifestyle and antipsychotic drugs, the association between these two disorders was noticed well before the advent of current lifestyles and pharmacological interventions, raising the possibility of a shared genetic basis. Schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes are common diseases with a complex mode of inheritance which includes both genetic factors and environmental determinants. As susceptibility genes for both type 2 diabetes and schizophrenia are beginning to be identified there is increasing interest in the possibility of shared susceptibility loci between the two conditions. This article reviews the genetic basis to schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes and discusses the potential for shared loci between both conditions.

scholarly journals Percutaneous Transcatheter Metabolic Interventions: The Next Frontier?

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-17
Author(s):  
Nicholas Kipshidze ◽  
Nodar Kipshidze
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Disease Type ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Invasive Intervention ◽  
Viable Treatment

Obesity is a pandemic. The prevalence of obesity (BMI >30) and morbid obesity (BMI >40) among American adults is approximately 30% and 5%, respectively.1 The condition is strongly associated with medical comorbidities (e.g., heart disease, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, stroke, obstructive sleep apnoea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis) and mortality, and has begun to overtake infectious diseases as the most significant contributor to illness worldwide. Furthermore, it is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing prevalence in adults and children, and considered one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century.2 Currently, there are three clinically viable treatment options for obesity: surgery, pharmacologic intervention, and intragastric balloon administration. However, these methods have varying success rates and are not free of complications. There remains a critical need for a minimally invasive intervention that can target this growing population.

Sarcopenia is associated with type 2 diabetes and sedentary lifestyle in patients with chronic hepatitis B

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. S590-S591
Author(s):  
Cecy Maria de Lima Santos ◽  
Aline Marcos Pires ◽  
Nataly Lopes Viana ◽  
Emile Amador Sigales ◽  
Adriana Maria Kakehasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis B ◽  
Sedentary Lifestyle

scholarly journals Diabetes and Thrombosis: A Central Role for Vascular Oxidative Stress

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 706
Author(s):  
Aishwarya R. Vaidya ◽  
Nina Wolska ◽  
Dina Vara ◽  
Reiner K. Mailer ◽  
Katrin Schröder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Vascular Damage ◽  
Circulating Cells ◽  
Environmental Causes ◽  
Vascular Oxidative Stress

Diabetes mellitus is the fifth most common cause of death worldwide. Due to its chronic nature, diabetes is a debilitating disease for the patient and a relevant cost for the national health system. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common form of diabetes mellitus (90% of cases) and is characteristically multifactorial, with both genetic and environmental causes. Diabetes patients display a significant increase in the risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared to the rest of the population. This is associated with increased blood clotting, which results in circulatory complications and vascular damage. Platelets are circulating cells within the vascular system that contribute to hemostasis. Their increased tendency to activate and form thrombi has been observed in diabetes mellitus patients (i.e., platelet hyperactivity). The oxidative damage of platelets and the function of pro-oxidant enzymes such as the NADPH oxidases appear central to diabetes-dependent platelet hyperactivity. In addition to platelet hyperactivity, endothelial cell damage and alterations of the coagulation response also participate in the vascular damage associated with diabetes. Here, we present an updated interpretation of the molecular mechanisms underlying vascular damage in diabetes, including current therapeutic options for its control.

scholarly journals Spontaneous Type 2 Diabetic Rodent Models

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang-wei Wang ◽  
Guang-dong Sun ◽  
Jing Sun ◽  
Shu-jun Liu ◽  
Ji Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

Diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 diabetes (T2DM), is one of the most common chronic diseases and continues to increase in numbers with large proportion of health care budget being used. Many animal models have been established in order to investigate the mechanisms and pathophysiologic progress of T2DM and find effective treatments for its complications. On the basis of their strains, features, advantages, and disadvantages, various types of animal models of T2DM can be divided into spontaneously diabetic models, artificially induced diabetic models, and transgenic/knockout diabetic models. Among these models, the spontaneous rodent models are used more frequently because many of them can closely describe the characteristic features of T2DM, especially obesity and insulin resistance. In this paper, we aim to investigate the current available spontaneous rodent models for T2DM with regard to their characteristic features, advantages, and disadvantages, and especially to describe appropriate selection and usefulness of different spontaneous rodent models in testing of various new antidiabetic drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

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