Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii (clover proliferation phytoplasma).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhao ◽  
Wei Wei
Keyword(s):  
Causative Agent ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Aetiological Agent ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Type Virus ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Phytoplasma Strain ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Significant Yield

Abstract The reference strain of 'Ca. Phytoplasma trifolii' is the causative agent of clover proliferation (CP) disease of alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum). The CP disease was first reported in Canada in the early 1960s when the aetiological agent was mistakenly presumed to be a yellows-type virus (Chiykowski, 1965). Subsequent investigations revealed that the disease was associated with infection by a mycoplasma-like organism (Chen and Hiruki, 1975; Hiruki and Chen, 1984), now termed phytoplasma, strain CPR (Hiruki and Wang, 2004). Later, phytoplasmas of the same lineage (subgroup 16SrVI-A) were found in the USA, Mexico, and many countries in Europe and Asia, causing diseases in diverse leguminous and vegetable crops, responsible for significant yield losses and quality reductions. Phytoplasmas of the same lineage also caused disease in elm trees in the USA. Phytoplasmas of closely-related lineages (various subgroups of group 16SrVI) also have wide distributions around the world.

scholarly journals Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii (clover proliferation phytoplasma).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhao ◽  
Wei Wei
Keyword(s):  
Causative Agent ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Aetiological Agent ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Type Virus ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Phytoplasma Strain ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Significant Yield

Abstract The reference strain of 'Ca. Phytoplasma trifolii' is the causative agent of clover proliferation (CP) disease of alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum). The CP disease was first reported in Canada in the early 1960s when the aetiological agent was mistakenly presumed to be a yellows-type virus (Chiykowski, 1965). Subsequent investigations revealed that the disease was associated with infection by a mycoplasma-like organism (Chen and Hiruki, 1975>; Hiruki and Chen, 1984), now termed phytoplasma, strain CPR (Hiruki and Wang, 2004). Later, phytoplasmas of the same lineage (subgroup 16SrVI-A) were found in the USA, Mexico, and many countries in Europe and Asia, causing diseases in diverse leguminous and vegetable crops, responsible for significant yield losses and quality reductions. Phytoplasmas of the same lineage also caused disease in elm trees in the USA. Phytoplasmas of closely-related lineages (various subgroups of group 16SrVI) also have wide distributions around the world.

scholarly journals Alternations in Biochemical Components in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) Plants Infected with Chilli Leaf Curl Viral Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 146-152
Author(s):  
A. N. Chaubey ◽  
R. S. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Healthy Plant ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Capsicum Annuum L ◽  
The World ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Leaf Curl

Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important spice crop grown all over the world. Chilli leaf curl, a viral disease outbreak in almost every chilli grown area causing significant yield losses. An experiment was conducted to analyze the biochemical changes in infected and healthy plant of chilli. The chlorophyll a, b and total were highest in healthy leaves then infected leaves. Moreover, severely infected leaves have lower amounts of chlorophyll contents. Out of nine cultivars total phenol and tannin contents were found maximum in Gucchedar, POL-75 and Byddagi Kaddi in comparison to highly susceptible cultivars Musa Badi, Phuley Joyti and NPKT-2.

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. medicaginis (Fusarium wilt of alfalfa).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah A. Samac
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
The World ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
The Usa

Abstract Fusarium oxysporum is a common soil inhabitant around the world. It is regarded as a species complex that includes non-pathogenic, plant pathogenic, and human pathogenic strains. The plant pathogens cause wilt diseases on most crop plants. F. oxysporum f.sp. medicaginis causes a fatal wilt disease on Medicago sativa, M. truncatula, and Vicia sativa. It is found throughout the USA and in Alberta, Canada. The limited reports of Fusarium wilt of alfalfa outside of these areas suggests that the pathogen is native to North America. The pathogen is potentially invasive through movement of infested soil; it is not seedborne. Infected alfalfa plants usually die several months after infection and can lead to significant stand and yield losses. Nearly all modern commercial cultivars are highly resistant or resistant to Fusarium wilt. F. oxysporum f.sp. medicaginis is not on an alert list nor is it a regulated pathogen.

scholarly journals Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. medicaginis (Fusarium wilt of alfalfa).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah A. Samac
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
The World ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
The Usa

Abstract Fusarium oxysporum is a common soil inhabitant around the world. It is regarded as a species complex that includes non-pathogenic, plant pathogenic, and human pathogenic strains. The plant pathogens cause wilt diseases on most crop plants. F. oxysporum f.sp. medicaginis causes a fatal wilt disease on Medicago sativa, M. truncatula, and Vicia sativa. It is found throughout the USA and in Alberta, Canada. The limited reports of Fusarium wilt of alfalfa outside of these areas suggests that the pathogen is native to North America. The pathogen is potentially invasive through movement of infested soil; it is not seedborne. Infected alfalfa plants usually die several months after infection and can lead to significant stand and yield losses. Nearly all modern commercial cultivars are highly resistant or resistant to Fusarium wilt. F. oxysporum f.sp. medicaginis is not on an alert list nor is it a regulated pathogen.

scholarly journals Trends in the Production, Consumption, Import of Vegetables and Potatoes in the Russian Federation

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 6073-6078 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The World ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Coarse Fibers

Vegetables and potatoes are the most valuable food and sources of vitamins, coarse fibers, biologically active substances and amino acids for a human being. The consumption of vegetables has a beneficial effect on the human health. The growing population in the world causes the increase in the production of vegetable crops and potatoes. Over the recent decade the world production of vegetables and potatoes has been constantly increasing. The production grows mainly due to the leading countries: China, India, the USA, and Turkey. The Russian Federation is the eighth in the world by the production, and is one of the main importers of these products in the world. In the present article, the production and consumption of potatoes and vegetables in the Russian Federation have been ana-lyzed. The statistical data on federal districts have been analyzed for the following indicators: volumes of production and consumption, and import by federal districts. Besides, the cultivated areas, the yield and production by categories of farms of the Russian Federation have been considered. The factors that have impact on the development of the vege-tables and potatoes production have been determined. The areas for solving the problems associated with the market of vegetables and potatoes in the regions have been suggested. The indicators of vegetables and potatoes production and consumption (for food purposes) in the Russian Federation have been calculated.

scholarly journals Plausible Transition of Covid-19 from Pandemic to an Endemic State: Impact of Variant UK Strain, b 7.1.1, on the Spread of Covid-19 in the Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Original Form ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Disease Spreading ◽  
Endemic State

Covid-19 is a contagious disease spreading without showing any signs of abatement across the world. Presently, sars-cov-2, the causative agent of covid-19, is giving a fresh threatening signs to renew its devastation as several new mutated strains have been detected in United Kingdom, south africa, brazil & the usa; the first variant being detected in the united kingdom (b 7.1.1). Here we have shown that there was a gradual waning of active cases of covid-19 (strain originated in wuhan, china) across the nation after implementation of complete lockdown; this demonstrated that covid-19 had lost its sheen and the covid-19 pandemic was nearing an end. However, the recent emergence of the mutated forms of sars-cov-2 in different countries including India, appears to be more contagious and virulent than the original form. This property of the variant strain could affect the ongoing pandemic. The implication of all the data obtained from the old and the new UK variant, b7.1.1, in context of pandemic has been discussed in this article.

Optimum Structure of the Banking Market: How Many Banks Are Necessary for Russia?

2006 ◽  
pp. 75-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Moiseev
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Optimum Structure ◽  
Population Number ◽  
The Third ◽  
Banking Market ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Equilibrium Number

The number of classical banks in the world has reduced. In the majority of countries the number of banks does not exceed 200. The uniqueness of the Russian banking sector is that in this respect it takes the third place in the world after the USA and Germany. The paper reviews the conclusions of the economic theory about the optimum structure of the banking market. The empirical analysis shows that the number of banks in a country is influenced by the size of its territory, population number and GDP per capita. Our econometric estimate is that the equilibrium number of banks in Russia should be in a range of 180-220 units.

Russian Banking Sector under World Financial Market Uncertainty: Problems and Prospects

2008 ◽  
pp. 4-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ulyukaev ◽  
E. Danilova
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Financial Market ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Market Uncertainty ◽  
Balanced Growth ◽  
Banking Sector Development ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa

The authors point out that the local market crisis - on the USA substandard loan market - has led to the uncertainty of the world financial market. It has caused the growing demand for liquidity in the framework of the world financial system. The Russian banking sector seems to be more stable under negative changes than banking systems of other emerging markets. At the same time one can assume that the crisis will become the factor of qualitative shift in the character of the Russian banking sector development - the shift from impetuous to more balanced growth.

9/11 and Armageddon: the Christian Right and George W. Bush

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-50
Author(s):  
Göran Gunner
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Christian Right ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Religious Leader ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Mega Church ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Jerry Falwell ◽  
High Degree

Authors from the Christian Right in the USA situate the September 11 attack on New York and Washington within God's intentions to bring America into the divine schedule for the end of the world. This is true of Pat Robertson and Jerry Falwell, and other leading figures in the ‘Christian Coalition’. This article analyses how Christian fundamentalists assess the roles of the USA, the State of Israel, Islam, Iraq, the European Union and Russia within what they perceive to be the divine plan for the future of the world, especially against the background of ‘9/11’. It argues that the ideas of the Christian Right and of President George W. Bush coalesce to a high degree. Whereas before 9/11 many American mega-church preachers had aspirations to direct political life, after the events of that day the President assumes some of the roles of a mega-religious leader.

Sandra Ramos Revisited

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 32-54
Author(s):  
Silvia Spitta
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Graphic Arts ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Political Choices ◽  
The Rich

Sandra Ramos (b. 1969) is one of the few artists to reflect critically on both sides of the Cuban di-lemma, fully embodying the etymological origins of the word in ancient Greek: di-, meaning twice, and lemma, denoting a form of argument involving a choice between equally unfavorable alternatives. Throughout her works she shines a light on the dilemmas faced by Cubans whether in Cuba or the United States, underlining the bad personal and political choices people face in both countries. During the hard 1990s, while still in Havana, the artist focused on the traumatic one-way journey into exile by thousands, as well as the experience of profound abandonment experienced by those who were left behind on the island. Today she lives in Miami and operates a studio there as well as one in Havana. Her initial disorientation in the USA has morphed into an acerbic representation and critique of the current administration and a deep concern with the environmental collapse we face. A buffoonlike Trumpito has joined el Bobo de Abela and Liborio in her gallery of comic characters derived from the rich Cuban graphic arts tradition where she was formed. While Cuba is now represented as a rotten cake with menacing flies hovering over it ready to pounce, a bombastic Trumpito marches across the world stage, trampling everything underfoot, a dollar sign for a face.

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