scholarly journals Milk production, mortality, and economic parameters in the context of heat-stressed dairy cattle.

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (062) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael Vriezen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Research Gaps ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Economic Parameters ◽  
The Impact

Abstract As climate change progresses, higher temperatures and longer periods of extreme weather are likely to increasingly impact the production and health of dairy cattle, in turn affecting farm-level profits and economic decision-making. This review identifies and summarizes the currently available research on the effect of climate-related heat stress or heat stress mitigation measures on milk yield, mortality, and economic parameters on dairy farms. A scoping review approach was adopted to map the volume, range, and characteristics of the existing body of evidence and to identify research gaps. Through a comprehensive search, 286 studies published between 2010 and 2020 were identified and underwent data extraction and analysis. These studies were conducted in 46 countries, and encompassed both research and non-research herds as well as simulation models. The Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) was the most common indicator of heat stress, although a range of atmospheric, physiological, and descriptive indicators were used. Three-quarters of these studies examined at least one heat stress mitigation strategy, such as genetic manipulations, mechanical interventions, and diet manipulation. Approximately 97% of studies evaluated the impact of heat stress on milk yield, and 10% of studies examined at least one economic parameter. Research gaps exist in the analysis of economic parameters related to heat stress in dairy cattle. Given the urgent and increasing nature of climate challenges, additional economic analyses of the effects of heat stress in dairy cattle are needed to inform production and animal health decisions in a rapidly changing environment.

Instant Insights: Heat stress in dairy cattle

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Smallholder Dairy ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Economic Constraints ◽  
The Impact

This specially curated collection features four reviews of current and key research on heat stress in dairy cattle. The first chapter outlines technologies to breed for more heat tolerant dairy cattle, exploiting either between or within breed genetic variation in the trait. It discusses future perspectives on the use of different tools to achieve accelerated improvements of this important trait. The second chapter discusses breeding goals and multi-trait selection to balance production and non-production traits. It considers newer breeding objectives such as ensuring that cattle can adapt to a changing climate, including breeding for heat tolerance. The third chapter reviews challenges facing smallholder dairy farmers in Asia. These include the impact of high temperatures and humidity on milk yield, reproductive efficiency and animal health. The chapter places these challenges in the context of the broader economic constraints faced by smallholders and how they can be overcome. The final chapter highlights constraints in improving smallholder dairy production in Sub-Saharan Africa. Issues include developing breeds balancing yield with resilience to local climatic conditions. The chapter reviews ways of Improving breeding and productivity, as well as broader organisational support.

The impact of extreme climatic events on pasture-based dairy systems: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chang-Fung-Martel ◽  
M. T. Harrison ◽  
R. Rawnsley ◽  
A. P. Smith ◽  
H. Meinke
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Potential Productivity ◽  
Extreme Climatic Events ◽  
Dairy Systems ◽  
The Impact

Extreme climatic events such as heat waves, extreme rainfall and prolonged dry periods are a significant challenge to the productivity and profitability of dairy systems. Despite projections of more frequent extreme events, increasing temperatures and reduced precipitation, studies on the impact of these extreme climatic events on pasture-based dairy systems remain uncommon. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has estimated Australia to be one of the most negatively impacted regions with additional studies estimating Australian production losses of around 16% in the agricultural sector and 9–19% between the present and 2050 in the south-eastern dairy regions of Australia due to climate change. Here we review the literature on the impact of climate change on pasture-based dairy systems with particular focus on extreme climatic events. We provide an insight into current methods for assessing and quantifying heat stress highlighting the impacts on pastures and animals including the associated potential productivity losses and conclude by outlining potential adaptation strategies for improving the resilience of the whole-farm systems to climate change. Adapting milking routines, calving systems and the introduction of heat stress tolerant dairy cow breeds are some proposed strategies. Changes in pasture production would also include alternative pasture species better adapted to climate extremes such as heat waves and prolonged periods of water deficit. In order to develop effective adaptation strategies we also need to focus on issues such as water availability, animal health and associated energy costs.

Impact assessment of TANUVAS – mineral mixture on the productive performance of dairy cattle

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Senthilkumar ◽  
S. Prathaban ◽  
V. Thanaseelaan ◽  
C. Manivannan
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Sample ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Mineral Mixture ◽  
The Impact

Ten villages of Tirunelveli district were selected purposively for the study wherein NABARD Farmers culb functioning successfully. From each village 50 NABARD Farmers club members were selected by simple random sampling techniques. Thirty percent of the respondents were involved among 500 beneficiaris of the project to study the impact of TANUVAS - mineral mixture on the productive performance. Accordingly, 15 respondents from each village were included for this study and constituted a sample size of 150. Milk sample were collected before supplementation of TANUVAS - mineral mixture and after two weeks period of supplementation of TANUVAS - mineral mixture in dairy cattle. Fat and SNF percentage of samples were analysed in the laboratory and milk yield also estimated. The study concluded that, supplementation with TANUVAS - mineral mixture increased milk yield by one litre, fat percentage increased by 1.77 per cent and SNF increased by 0.77 per cent.

scholarly journals Inclusion of bioclimatic variables in genetic evaluations of dairy cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Negri ◽  
Ignacio Aguilar ◽  
Giovani Luis Feltes ◽  
Juliana Dementshuk Machado ◽  
José Braccini Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Random Regression ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Bioclimatic Variables ◽  
Genetic Evaluations

Objective: Considering the importance of dairy farming and the negative effects of heat stress, more tolerant genotypes need to be identified. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of heat stress via temperature-humidity index (THI) and diurnal temperature variation (DTV) in the genetic evaluations for daily milk yield of Holstein dairy cattle, using random regression models.Methods: The data comprised 94,549 test-day records of 11,294 first parity Holstein cows from Brazil, collected from 1997 to 2013, and bioclimatic data (THI and DTV) from 18 weather stations. Least square linear regression models were used to determine the THI and DTV thresholds for milk yield losses caused by heat stress. In addition to the standard model (SM, without bioclimatic variables), THI and DTV were combined in various ways and tested for different days, totaling 41 models.Results: The THI and DTV thresholds for milk yield losses was THI = 74 (–0.106 kg/d/THI) and DTV = 13 (–0.045 kg/d/DTV). The model that included THI and DTV as fixed effects, considering the two-day average, presented better fit (–2logL, Akaike information criterion, and Bayesian information criterion). The estimated breeding values (EBVs) and the reliabilities of the EBVs improved when using this model.Conclusion: Sires are re-ranking when heat stress indicators are included in the model. Genetic evaluation using the mean of two days of THI and DTV as fixed effect, improved EBVs and EBVs reliability.

scholarly journals Heat stress risk in European dairy cattle husbandry under different climate change scenarios – uncertainties and potential impacts

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Hempel ◽  
Christoph Menz ◽  
Severino Pinto ◽  
Elena Galán ◽  
David Janke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Gas Concentration ◽  
Cattle Husbandry

Abstract. In the last decades, an exceptional global warming trend was observed. Along with the temperature increase, modifications in the humidity and wind regime amplify the regional and local impacts on livestock husbandry. Direct impacts include the occurrence of climatic stress conditions. In Europe, cows are economically highly relevant and are mainly kept in naturally ventilated buildings that are most susceptible to climate change. The high-yielding cows are particularly vulnerable to heat stress. Modifications in housing management are the main measures taken to improve the ability of livestock to cope with these conditions. Measures are, however, typically taken in direct reaction to uncomfortable conditions instead of in anticipation of a long term risk for climatic stress. Moreover, measures that balance welfare, environmental and economic issues are barely investigated in the context of climate change and are thus almost not available for commercial farms. Quantitative analysis of the climate change impacts on the animal welfare and linked economic and environmental factors are rare. Therefore, we used a numerical modeling approach to estimate the future heat stress risk in such dairy cattle husbandry systems. The indoor climate was monitored inside three reference barns in Central Europe and in the Mediterranean region. An artificial neuronal network (ANN) was trained to relate the outdoor weather conditions provided by official meteorological weather stations to the measured indoor microclimate. Subsequently, this ANN model was driven by an ensemble of regional climate model projections with three different greenhouse gas concentration scenarios. For the evaluation of the heat stress risk, we considered the amount and duration of heat stress events. Based on the changes of the heat stress events various economic and environmental impacts were estimated. We found that the impacts of the projected increase of heat stress risk vary dependent on the region respectively the barn, the climate model and the assumed greenhouse gas concentration. There was an overall increasing trend in number and duration of heat stress events. At the end of the century, the number of annual stress events can be expected to increase by up to 2000 hours while the average duration of the events increases by up to 22 h compared to the end of the last century. This implies strong impacts on economics, environment and animal welfare and an urgent need for mid-term adaptation strategies. We anticipated that up to one tenth of all hours of a year respectively one third of all days will be classified as critical heat stress conditions. Due to heat stress, milk yield may decrease by about 3.5 % relative to the present European milk yield and farmers may expect financial losses in the summer season of about 6.6 % of their monthly income. In addition, an increasing demand for emission reduction measures must be expected, as an emission increase of about 16 Gg ammonia and 0.1 Gg methane per year can be expected under the anticipated heat stress conditions. The cattle respiration rate increases by up to 60 % and the standing time may be prolonged by 1 h. This promotes health issues and increases the probability of medical treatments. The various impacts imply feedback loops in the climate system which are presently underexplored. Hence, future in-depth studies on the different impacts and adaptation options at different stress levels are highly recommended.

scholarly journals Heat stress risk in European dairy cattle husbandry under different climate change scenarios – uncertainties and potential impacts

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 859-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Hempel ◽  
Christoph Menz ◽  
Severino Pinto ◽  
Elena Galán ◽  
David Janke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Climatic Stress ◽  
Cattle Husbandry

Abstract. In the last decades, a global warming trend was observed. Along with the temperature increase, modifications in the humidity and wind regime amplify the regional and local impacts on livestock husbandry. Direct impacts include the occurrence of climatic stress conditions. In Europe, cows are economically highly relevant and are mainly kept in naturally ventilated buildings that are most susceptible to climate change. The high-yielding cows are particularly vulnerable to heat stress. Modifications in housing management are the main measures taken to improve the ability of livestock to cope with these conditions. Measures are typically taken in direct reaction to uncomfortable conditions instead of in anticipation of a long-term risk for climatic stress. Measures that balance welfare, environmental and economic issues are barely investigated in the context of climate change and are thus almost not available for commercial farms. Quantitative analysis of the climate change impacts on animal welfare and linked economic and environmental factors is rare. Therefore, we used a numerical modeling approach to estimate the future heat stress risk in such dairy cattle husbandry systems. The indoor climate was monitored inside three reference barns in central Europe and the Mediterranean regions. An artificial neuronal network (ANN) was trained to relate the outdoor weather conditions provided by official meteorological weather stations to the measured indoor microclimate. Subsequently, this ANN model was driven by an ensemble of regional climate model projections with three different greenhouse gas concentration scenarios. For the evaluation of the heat stress risk, we considered the number and duration of heat stress events. Based on the changes in the heat stress events, various economic and environmental impacts were estimated. The impacts of the projected increase in heat stress risk varied among the barns due to different locations and designs as well as the anticipated climate change (considering different climate models and future greenhouse gas concentrations). There was an overall increasing trend in number and duration of heat stress events. At the end of the century, the number of annual stress events can be expected to increase by up to 2000, while the average duration of the events increases by up to 22 h compared to the end of the last century. This implies strong impacts on economics, environment and animal welfare and an urgent need for mid-term adaptation strategies. We anticipated that up to one-tenth of all hours of a year, correspondingly one-third of all days, will be classified as critical heat stress conditions. Due to heat stress, milk yield may decrease by about 2.8 % relative to the present European milk yield, and farmers may expect financial losses in the summer season of about 5.4 % of their monthly income. In addition, an increasing demand for emission reduction measures must be expected, as an emission increase of about 16 Gg of ammonia and 0.1 Gg of methane per year can be expected under the anticipated heat stress conditions. The cattle respiration rate increases by up to 60 %, and the standing time may be prolonged by 1 h. This causes health issues and increases the probability of medical treatments. The various impacts imply feedback loops in the climate system which are presently underexplored. Hence, future in-depth studies on the different impacts and adaptation options at different stress levels are highly recommended.

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN SUHU LINGKUNGAN DAN PRODUKTIVITAS TERNAK SAPI PERAH MELALUI PENDEKATAAN STOCHASTIC FRONTIER (Study Kasus di Peternakan Rakyat KUTT Suka Makmur)

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
Dela Harini ◽  
Bagus Priyo Purwanto ◽  
Suryahadi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Stochastic Frontier ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Environment Temperature ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Small Holder

This study observed environmental temperature and rearing management of dairy cattlein KUTT Suka Makmur. This research was aimed to evaluate comparison of environment temperature, productivity, and the technic inefficiency dairy cattle in lowland and highland. Datacollected from 40 respondents in lowland and 40 respondents in highland regions. Data analyzed using descriptive statistics and stochastic frontier production. The results showed that temperatures in the lolands were higher than that of highland, at the range of 24-27 oC, socattle experiencing heat stress, the impact was cattle consumedless feed. In contrast, the highlands temperature relatively low, at range of22-24 oC and produce more milk than that of lowland. The significant variabel of stochastic frontier was herd size about -0.2655 (p<0.10) and -0.2180 (p<0.02) in lowland and highland respectively. Increasing the number of cattle in small holder farms was not efficiencs, due to the increasing in a number of forages and consentrat for the cattle.

Effect of a Yeast Based Feed Additive (ADDONTM - Rumen Support) to Counteract Heat Stress Related Productivity Loss in Dairy Cattle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Valli ◽  
P. Anuradha
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cattle ◽  
In Vitro Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Peak Summer

Background: Feed additives are being used to counteract production losses in lactating cattle arising due to heat stress. In this context a study was conducted to study the impact of supplementing ADDONTM - Rumen support on in vitro rumen fermentation, production and health of lactating cattle during summer. Methods: To a total mixed ration (TMR), ADDONTM Rumen support was supplemented at three levels viz., No ADDONTM -RS, ADDONTM -RS at 0.07g/100g TMR and ADDONTM -RS at 0.15 g/100g TMR and subjected to in vitro rumen fermentation studies using the Rumen Simulation Technique. Eighteen lactating dairy cattle at early lactation, were randomly divided into three treatment groups: T1 - No ADDONTM -RS, T2 - ADDONTM -RS at 7 g/animal/day and T3 - ADDONTM -RS at 15 g/animal/day and their body condition score, body weight, milk yield, fat and SNF content were studied during peak summer. Conclusion: Supplementation of ADDONTM -RS @ 0.15g/100g of TMR helped in regulating in vitro ruminal pH, significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced total gas and carbon dioxide production at 12 hours of incubation and methane production at 12 and 36 hours of incubation. ADDONTM -RS supplementation at both levels (0.07g/100g TMR and 0.15g/100g TMR) resulted in significant (p less than 0.05) increase in in vitro microbial biomass production at 12 hours of incubation. In spite of peak summer, ADDONTM -RS supplementation in lactating dairy cattle prevented changes in body condition score, weight loss and resulted in significantly (p less than 0.05) higher milk yield without compromising on milk fat and SNF content and decreased somatic cell count in milk and improved manure quality. 

scholarly journals Cellular and Molecular Adaptation of Bovine Granulosa Cells and Oocytes under Heat Stress

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnan Khan ◽  
Muhammad Zahoor Khan ◽  
Saqib Umer ◽  
Ibrar Muhammad Khan ◽  
Huitao Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Stressed Animal ◽  
Regulate Body Temperature ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Heat stress has long been recognized as a challenging issue that severely influences the reproductive functions of dairy cattle, disrupting oocyte development during fetal growth. These detrimental effects of heat stress are the result of either the hyperthermia associated with heat stress or the physiological adjustments made by the heat-stressed animal to regulate body temperature. In addition, elevated temperatures have been implicated in increasing the production of reactive oxygen species. Thus, understanding the impact of heat stress on reproductive functions, from a cellular to molecular level, might help in selecting heat-resilient dairy cattle and developing heat stress mitigation strategies. In the present paper, we have attempted to describe the changes in the reproductive system and function of dairy cattle in response to heat stress by reviewing the latest literature in this area. The review provides useful knowledge on the cellular and genetic basis of oocyte and granulosa cells in heat-stressed dairy cattle, which could be helpful for future research in this area.

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