scholarly journals Predicting Learning from Text: A Comparison of Two Procedures

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gene L. Piché ◽  
Wayne H. Slater
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Level ◽  
Recall Protocol ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Learning From Text ◽  
The Mean

Much research focused on learning from text is concerned with the effect of level of information on recall. To determine information levels, hierarchical text analyses are used to parse texts, and a number of these have been shown to correlate with recall. This study compares two such procedures, the Johnson (1970) and Meyer (1975) procedures, to determine their power to predict recall of information from texts. In two experiments, a total of 194 university freshmen read one of two expository passages and wrote a recall protocol. These protocols were then analyzed by independent raters for the presence of information from the passages read. Johnson and Meyer analyses were used to examine recall patterns. The main effect of hierarchical level was significant for both analyses, but the mean percentage of recall increased as a function of hierarchical level as determined by the Johnson analysis and decreased as a function of hierarchical level as determined by the Meyer analysis. Implications derived from the study are discussed.

Discriminable Height Differences of Raised Lines

2020 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-211
Author(s):  
Wataru Toyoda ◽  
Ryo Miyamoto ◽  
Susumu Oouchi ◽  
Takenobu Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Older Persons ◽  
Visual Impairments ◽  
Active Touch ◽  
Psychophysical Experiment ◽  
Paired Stimuli ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Participant Group ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Height Data

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the discriminable height differences of raised lines printed on paper, as assessed by people who are blind, with or without years of tactile experience. Methods: Ten younger and 10 older tactile readers with blindness and with rich tactile experience; and 10 blindfolded, older, sighted participants with little tactile experience discriminated paired raised-line stimuli of different heights using the fingers of their preferred hand by active touch in a psychophysical experiment. Results: There was a significant main effect of the height of the stimulus, F(2, 54) = 56.446, MS = .060, p < .001, [Formula: see text] = .676, [Formula: see text] = .341, and participant group, F(2, 27) = 13.717, MS = .064, p < .001, [Formula: see text] = .504, [Formula: see text] = .357; however, there was no significant main effect of the width of the lines, or any interactions. The younger and older tactile readers had virtually similar thresholds and Weber fractions, and they could discriminate paired stimuli more accurately and efficiently than the older, sighted participants. We provided the discriminable height data of the raised lines based on the mean and 95th percentile values of the Weber fractions. Discussion: The results indicate the importance of tactile experiences for height discrimination in active touch. For older persons with recently developed blindness, raised lines with larger height differences should be used. Information for practitioners: These data will be helpful for developing new braille embossers that can print raised-line graphics for people with visual impairments, with or without years of tactile experience.

scholarly journals The Effect of Flow Mind Map on Writing Accuracy and Learning Motivation at Islamic Higher Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-161
Author(s):  
Sabarun Sabarun ◽  
Aisyah H.S. Muslimah ◽  
Slamet Muhanif ◽  
Tazkiyatunnafs Elhawwa
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Predictor Variable ◽  
Learning Motivation ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Writing Accuracy ◽  
And Control ◽  
Value Of Learning

The investigation attempted to explore the influence of flow mind map on writing accuracy and learning motivation at Islamic Higher Education. There were two variables: flow mind map as a predictor variable; writing accuracy and learning motivation as the outcome variables. The study involved L2 participants at higher education in Kalimantan. The participants was 37 students, consisting of two groups: experiment class and control class. A main effect of one way Anova was used to measure an effect of flow mind map on learners’ writing score and learning motivation. The finding revealed that the value of writing accuracy at F (1,36) = 44.861, SS 3591.045, MS= 3591.045, p= 0.000; and the value of learning motivation at F (1,36) = 40.925, SS 2006.600, MS= 2006.600, p= 0.000. The significance value was below 0.050, meaning there was a statistically difference in the mean of using flow mind map on learners’ writing accuracy and learning motivation. It was recommended that language instructor motivate learners during the learning process. Due to the limited number of sample size, the further investigations with broader scope and larger sample size were needed to validate the research findings.

Normative Rugby Data of the SARTS Tests: Comparison of Elite and School Players

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margie Olds ◽  
Pradnya Gadkari ◽  
Thomas Adams
Keyword(s):  
Normative Data ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Factorial Anova ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rugby Players ◽  
Dominant Side ◽  
Push Up

AbstractThis study aimed to examine the normative data for the SARTS rugby tests in elite and schoolboy rugby players. A second aim was to examine differences between level of sport and position of play in the SARTS rugby tests. Elite (N = 57) and Schoolboy (N = 63) rugby players performed the SARTS tests relevant to rugby players each for 1 min, with 1–2 min rest between each test. A 2×2 factorial ANOVA was used to assess for the main effect of player position and player level of play. Results showed that elite players performed more Ball Abduction External Rotation (BABER) (dominant and non-dominant), Side Hold Rotations (dominant and non-dominant), Ball Taps (dominant and non-dominant), and Overhead Snatch than schoolboy players. Heavier players performed fewer Push-up Claps. Injured rugby players should perform at least the mean value of the repetitions of the SARTS tests before returning to contact training after an injury.

A Portrait of Pacing Profile of Cross-Country Skiers in the Vasaloppet 2004–2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 875-880
Author(s):  
Pantelis Nikolaidis ◽  
Elias Villiger ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Race Time ◽  
Performance Group ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Performance

AbstractThe aim of the study was to examine the effect of performance group by race time (10 groups;<3 h, 3–4 h, and so on up to>12 h) on pacing in women (n=19,465) and men (n=164,454) finishers in the ‘Vasaloppet’ cross-country (XC) skiing race from 2004 to 2017. The speed in the fastest and slowest split was analysed as a percentage of the mean race speed and pacing was defined as the difference (%) between the fastest and slowest split. Women had a larger pace range than men (44.0±10.6% versus 41.1±12.5%, respectively, p<0.001, d=0.25). An almost perfect relationship between performance group and pacing was observed in women (r=0.900, p<0.001) and men (r=0.908, p<0.001). A large main effect of performance on pacing was observed in women (p<0.001, η2=0.292), where the smaller range was in the<4 h group (22.8±3.3%) and the largest in the 10–11 h group (49.2±9.9%). In men, the corresponding values were 21.6±2.2% (<3 h group) and 51.6±11.2% (10–11 h group; p<0.001, η2=0.474). Based on these findings, it was concluded that fast XC skiers had relatively the most even pacing and pacing became less even with decreasing performance. This information is of practical value for coaches working with XC skiers to develop optimal sex- and performance-tailored pacing strategies.

Nonlinear internal gravity waves in a rotating fluid

1975 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Grimshaw
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Waves ◽  
Wave Structure ◽  
Internal Gravity Waves ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Local Wave ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Waves ◽  
Circulation Theorem

The interaction between internal gravity waves in a rotating frame and the mean flow is discussed for the case when the properties of the mean flow vary slowly on a scale determined by the local wave structure. The principle of conservation of wave action is established. It is shown that the main effect of the waves on the Lagrangian mean velocity is due to an appropriate ‘radiation stress’ tensor. A circulation theorem and a potential-vorticity equation are derived for the mean velocity.

Learning Effects of Knowledge of Results upon Time Estimation

1985 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 871-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Montare
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Learning Effects ◽  
Major Conclusion ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Independent Measure ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Method Of Production

College students of both sexes served as their own controls to test three hypotheses in each of two separate experiments designed to assess the learning effects of knowledge of results upon time estimation. The results indicated that (1) knowledge of results in the form of feedback to the nearest hundredth of a second significantly increased the mean accuracy of time estimations obtained by the method of production, (2) that knowledge of results significantly decreased the variance of the time estimations, and (3) that sex difference as a main effect was not significant in either experiment. A major conclusion of the present study was that variance represents an authentic and independent measure of learning.

Macrophage-mediated neuroprotection and neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Borders ◽  
M. A. Hersh ◽  
M. L. Getchell ◽  
N. van Rooijen ◽  
D. A. Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Alternatively Activated Macrophages ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Progenitor Cell Proliferation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Microarray Expression ◽  
Alternatively Activated

Resident and recruited olfactory epithelial macrophages participate in the regulation of the survival, degeneration, and replacement of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). We have reported that liposome-encapsulated clodronate (Lip-C) induced selective and statistically significant depletion of macrophages in the OE of sham and 48 h OBX mice (38 and 35%, respectively) that resulted in increased OSN apoptosis and decreased numbers of mature OSNs and proliferating basal cells compared to controls (Lip-O). The aim of this study was to identify molecular mechanisms by which the selective depletion of macrophages in the OE resulted in these cellular changes by using a microarray expression pattern analysis. A 2×2 ANOVA identified 4,085 overall significantly ( P < 0.01) regulated genes in the OE of Lip-O and Lip-C sham and 48 h OBX mice, and further statistical analysis using pairwise comparisons identified 4,024 genes that had either a significant ( P < 0.01) treatment main effect ( n = 2,680), group main effect ( n = 778), or interaction effect ( n = 980). The mean hybridization signals of immune response genes, e.g., Cxcr4, and genes encoding growth factors and neurogenesis regulators, e.g., Hdgf and Neurod1, respectively, were primarily lower in Lip-C mice compared with Lip-O mice. Apoptosis genes, e.g., Bak1, were also differentially regulated in Lip-C and/or OBX mice. Expression patterns of selected genes were validated with real-time RT-PCR; immunohistochemistry was used to localize selected gene products. These results identified the differential regulation of several novel genes through which alternatively activated macrophages regulate OSN progenitor cell proliferation, differentiation, and maturation, and the survival of OSNs.

scholarly journals Intercessory Rote Prayer, Life Longevity and the Mortality of Roman Catholic Bishops: An Exploratory Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Banasik-Jemielniak ◽  
Dariusz Jemielniak ◽  
Wojciech Pędzich
Keyword(s):  
Extended Period ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Length Of Life ◽  
Catholic Bishops

AbstractBased on a computational analysis of a large dataset, this study explores if there is a significant longevity effect of intercessory prayer for a named individual’s well-being, if he receives a very high number of prayers per annum for an extended period. We relied on an observational cohort study, based on data from 1988 to 2018, including 857 Roman Catholic bishops, 500 Catholic priests, and 3038 male academics from six countries. We measured the covariance of the mean length of life, controlled for nationality. It was found that there is a main effect for occupation F(2, 4391) = 4.07, p = 0.017, ηp2 = 0.002, with pairwise comparisons indicating significant differences between the mean life duration of bishops (M = 30,489) and of priests (M = 29,894), but none between the academic teachers (M = 30,147) and either of the other groups. A comparison analysis between bishops from the largest and the smallest dioceses showed no significant difference t(67.31) = 1.61, p = 0.11. The first analysis proved that bishops live longer than priests, but due to a marginal effect size this result should be treated with caution. No difference was found between the mean length of life of bishops from the largest and the smallest dioceses.

scholarly journals The effects of aflatoxin B1 and silymarin-containing milk thistle seeds on ileal morphology and digestibility in broiler chickens

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Ahmad Hasheminejad ◽  
Omid Fani Makki ◽  
Hossein Ansari Nik ◽  
Ahmad Ebrahimzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Milk Thistle ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Crypt Depth ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Mean

This study investigated the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and milk thistle seed (MTS) on some apparent ileal morphology and digestibility variables in the small intestines of broilers. A total of 216 Ross 308 male broiler chickens were allocated in a 3x3 factorial arrangement of the treatments with three concentration of AFB1 (0, 250, and 500 ppb) and three levels of MTS (0, 5, and 10 g kg-1). On day 35, the birds that received diets with 500 ppb of AFB1 alone (main effect) showed significant decrease in apparent ileal digestibility [dry matter (DM; 72.46±0.27), calcium (Ca; 40.81±1.11), crude protein (CP; 29.42±1.89), apparent digestible energy (2653±58.82)], ileal morphology [villus length (VL; 822.5±7.47), villus width (VW; 90.16±2.17) and ratio of VL to crypt depth (VL/CD; 4.74±0.07)] in their ileum segments (P&lt;0.01). However, the mean nitrogen (N; 61.39±0.48) and crypt depth (CD; 173.5±9.87), in the ileum were significantly greater for the birds that were fed with 500 ppb AFB1 alone in their diets when compared with the control (P&lt;0.01). Also, thistle seeds can ameliorate the toxic effects of AFB1 on some ileal digestibility factors, that is, DM, N, Ca, and CP, in broiler chicks. Nevertheless, ileum morphology of VW and goblet cell numbers were not affected negatively by the AFB1 plus MTS in diets. The results of this study indicated that the use of MTS independently reduced the toxic effects of AFB1, facilitated the absorption of nutrients, and reduced the metabolic demands of the intestinal tract in broiler chickens.

Interactive Whiteboards and Student Achievement

2010 ◽  
pp. 131-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Swan ◽  
Annette Kratcoski ◽  
Jason Schenker ◽  
Mark van‘t Hooft
Keyword(s):  
Mathematics Achievement ◽  
Language Arts ◽  
Standardized Tests ◽  
Interactive Whiteboards ◽  
The Third ◽  
Grade Levels ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Enhance Student Learning

This study explored the effects of teachers’ use of interactive whiteboards on students’ reading/language arts and mathematics performance. Reading/language arts and mathematics achievement test scores of all students in the third through eighth grades in a small urban school district in northern Ohio, United States, were compared between students whose teachers used interactive whiteboards for instruction and those whose teachers did not. A statistically significant but not meaningful positive main effect of whiteboard use on mathematics achievement was found. A statistically significant main effect on reading achievement was not found, although the reading/language arts scores of students whose teachers used whiteboards were slightly higher than those of students whose teachers did not use them. In addition, statistically significant and meaningful interactions between whiteboard use and grade levels were found, leading to a more careful look at differences in the ways teachers employed whiteboards in their instruction. A within-group comparison of such usage between teachers whose students scored above the mean on standardized tests and those whose students scored at or below the mean revealed that teachers of high-scoring students used interactive whiteboards more frequently and in more creative and constructivist ways than did teachers whose students performed at or below the mean. The results suggest that the use of interactive whiteboards can enhance student learning of mathematics and reading/language arts when teachers use them in a manner that takes advantage of their unique capabilities.

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