Anaphora in Basal Reader Selections: How Frequently do They Occur?

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Grade Level ◽  
Expository Text ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Inferential Statistics ◽  
Basal Reader ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Grade Levels ◽  
Total Pool

Basal reader excerpts were examined for the frequency with which various forms of anaphora occur. Two 1,000-word narrative and two 1,000-word expository excerpts were selected from the second-, fourth-, and sixth-grade levels of four popular basal reader series. This resulted in a total pool of 48,000 running words (12,000 for each publisher, 16,000 at each grade level, and 24,000 for each genre). A slightly modified version of the Baumann and Stevenson (1986a) taxonomy of anaphora was used to calculate frequencies per 1,000-word excerpt for various types of noun, verb, and clause substitutes. Inferential statistics indicated that (a) anaphora frequency did not differ as a function of grade level of text, (b) anaphora occurred more frequently in narrative than in expository text, (c) anaphora differed as a function of publisher, and (d) grade level, genre, and publisher did not interact in any way. Descriptive statistics revealed that (a) noun substitutes comprised the majority of all anaphora forms, (b) pronouns constituted the most frequently occurring form of noun substitute, and (c) personal pronouns accounted for the majority of all anaphora. These findings were interpreted in relation to prior descriptive research on anaphora. Implications for research are discussed.

Variability in Age and Experience among Blind Students Using Basal Reading Materials

1980 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 147-150
Author(s):  
Hilda Caton ◽  
Earl Rankin
Keyword(s):  
Grade Level ◽  
Reading Programs ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Basal Reading ◽  
Basal Reader ◽  
Significant Variability ◽  
Grade Levels ◽  
Reading Materials ◽  
Blind Children ◽  
Blind Students

This study was designed to identify various problems encountered by children who read braille and use conventional basal reading programs transcribed into that medium. It was hoped that this information could be used to improve methods of teaching blind children to read and to help design more suitable reading materials for them. The results showed educationally significant variability in chronological age, years in school and grade level for blind children using basal reader materials designed for sighted readers at specific grade levels.

scholarly journals Differences and Similarities in Scientists’ Images Among Popular USA Middle Grades Science Textbooks

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-83
Author(s):  
Rebecca Hite
Keyword(s):  
Grade Level ◽  
Physical Science ◽  
Earth Science ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
White Male ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
School Students ◽  
Science Textbooks ◽  
Grade Levels ◽  
Images Of Scientists

<p style="text-align: justify;">Research on students’ perceptions of scientists is ongoing, starting with early research by Mead and Metraux in the 1950s and continuing in the present. Continued research interest in this area is likely due to scholarship suggesting adolescents’ impressions of scientists are sourced in-part from media, which influence their interests in science and identity in becoming a scientist. A significant source of images, in which adolescents (or middle school students) view science and scientists, is in their science textbooks. A qualitative content analysis explored images of scientists in three of the major U.S.-based middle grade science textbooks published in the new millennium: sixth grade biology, seventh grade earth science, and eighth grade physical science. The Draw A Scientist Test (DAST) Checklist was employed to assess scientists’ images and the stereotypes therein. From nine textbooks, 435 images of scientists were coded and analyzed by publisher and grade level / area by DAST constructs of appearance, location, careers, and scientific activities. Statistical analyses showed significant variances between grade levels and textbook publishers of scientists. Despite scientists portrayed in active endeavors, traditional tropes of the scowling, older, solitary, white male scientist persist. This study offers insight in leveraging improved images of scientists in textbooks.</p>

The Perceived Work Ethic of K-12 Teachers by Grade Level Taught (K-6, 7-9, 10-12)

2013 ◽  
pp. 553-564
Author(s):  
Gregory C. Petty
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Grade Level ◽  
Work Ethic ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Educational Practices ◽  
Seventh Grade ◽  
Professional Educators ◽  
Grade Levels ◽  
Twelfth Grade ◽  
K 12

Most professional educators agree that K – 20 educators have difficult jobs. However, there has been little research conducted on whether the work ethic of teachers of the different grade levels is common to all levels of teachers. Knowledge of any differences could affect training strategies and educational practices. The science of pedagogy implies that all teaching structures and curriculum are the same for teaching children. However, this chapter shows that there are significant differences between teachers of kindergarten through sixth grade from their counterparts teaching seventh grade through twelfth grade. Specific components that are the result of a factor analysis reveal definitive work ethic constructs that differ between levels of teachers. This information could be used to develop more appropriate curriculum for teachers at all levels of teaching.

scholarly journals Cigarette smoking and school culture: An analysis of smoking at a high school according to different variables

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 01006
Author(s):  
Cem Gercek
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
School Culture ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Grade Levels ◽  
Chi Square Test

This research aims to analyse the smoking status of students and teachers at a high school and their mental images in relation to cigarette smoking according to different variables. In this way, it will be possible to be informed of school culture formed about smoking. This is a descriptive research using the survey model. The research group was composed of 537 students attending a high school and 41 teachers. The research data were collected with a form. Data collected were analysed by means of descriptive statistics and Chi-square test. The findings obtained demonstrated that smoking had increased according to grade levels. Accordingly, boys smoked more than girls. 27% of the teachers were smokers. It was found that teachers as well as students had positive metaphors about smoking. Based on these conclusions, it may be stated that smoking has become a school culture in that school.

scholarly journals Readability of Patient Education Materials From High-Impact Medical Journals: A 20-Year Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 237437352199884
Author(s):  
Michael K Rooney ◽  
Gaia Santiago ◽  
Subha Perni ◽  
David P Horowitz ◽  
Anne R McCall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patient Education ◽  
Grade Level ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Reading Level ◽  
Eighth Grade ◽  
Medical Journals ◽  
Grade Levels ◽  
Grade Reading Level

Comprehensive patient education is necessary for shared decision-making. While patient–provider conversations primarily drive patient education, patients also use published materials to enhance their understanding. In this investigation, we evaluated the readability of 2585 patient education materials published in high-impact medical journals from 1998 to 2018 and compared our findings to readability recommendations from national groups. For all materials, mean readability grade levels ranged from 11.2 to 13.8 by various metrics. Fifty-four (2.1%) materials met the American Medical Association recommendation of sixth grade reading level, and 215 (8.2%) met the National Institutes of Health recommendation of eighth grade level. When stratified by journal and material type, general medical education materials from Annals of Internal Medicine were the most readable ( P < .001), with 79.8% meeting the eighth grade level. Readability did not differ significantly over time. Efforts to standardize publication practice with the incorporation of readability evaluation during the review process may improve patients’ understanding of their disease processes and treatment options.

scholarly journals Quantitative Research on Gifted Students’ Scientific Epistemological Beliefs

2021 ◽  
pp. 252-268
Author(s):  
Ilker Ugulu
Keyword(s):  
Grade Level ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Epistemological Beliefs ◽  
Gifted Students ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Grade Levels ◽  
Sixth Grade Students ◽  
The Difference

This study explores the scientific epistemological beliefs of gifted students. It attempts to investigate gender, age and grade level-based differences in scientific epistemological beliefs. The study group comprised 120 gifted students (67 girls, 53 boys). To determine the scientific epistemological beliefs of these students, the Scientific Epistemological Beliefs Survey was employed. The results reveal that while the average scores of fifth and sixth-grade students were close to each other, the highest mean epistemological beliefs score was at the seventh and eighth-grade levels. Thus, there is a positive change in the scientific epistemological beliefs of gifted students who receive more science education. Statistically, the results showed that the difference between the epistemological beliefs scores of the female and male students was not statistically significant.

scholarly journals Cheating on exams: Investigating Reasons, Attitudes, and the Role of Demographic Variables

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 215824402110041
Author(s):  
Mohammad Salehi ◽  
Samaneh Gholampour
Keyword(s):  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Achievement Scores ◽  
Inferential Statistics ◽  
Cheating Behavior ◽  
Iranian Students ◽  
Iranian Context ◽  
Relationship Of

Cheating is an academically dishonest behavior about which there has been a thrust of research. However, it has not been extensively researched in an Iranian context. Therefore, the current study was conducted with 310 Iranian students. A cheating questionnaire was devised and administered to the participants. Certain demographic variables were investigated. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyze the obtained data. The results of the descriptive statistics revealed that cheating was common among participants, and most students did not harbor any negative attitude toward cheating or at least were neutral about it. The most common method of cheating was “letting others look at their papers while taking exams.” The most common reason for cheating was “not being ready for the exam.” As for inferential statistics, one-way analysis of variance, an independent t-test, and correlational analyses were used to test the effect and relationship of demographic variables on and between the cheating behaviors of the participants. It was found that none of the two demographic variables of gender and year level had any effect on students’ cheating behaviors. Furthermore, achievement scores and age were not significantly correlated with cheating behavior scores.

scholarly journals The Function of Metaphor in Children's Recall of Expository Passages

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. David Pearson ◽  
Taffy E. Raphael ◽  
Norma Tepaske ◽  
Charles Hyser
Keyword(s):  
Grade Level ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Third Grade ◽  
Target Structure ◽  
Better Than

In a series of three studies, the facultative effect of metaphors on children's recall of expository passages was evaluated. In Experiment 1, with sixth grade subjects and an unfamiliar passage, metaphor target structures were recalled better than their literal paraphrases. In Experiment II, using third grade subjects and a more familiar passage, there were no differences between metaphor and literal versions of passage in terms of the recall of target structures. In Experiment III, which was designed to eliminate the passage familiarity × grade level × experiment confounding, there was a significant passage familiarity by version (metaphor or literal) interaction. Metaphors facilitated target structure recall only for unfamiliar passages. These data were interpreted as supporting the view that metaphors can serve the function of bridging new and old information in unfamiliar textual settings.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Compensation Strategy on Organizational Loyalty "An Empirical Study of Jordanian Duty Free Shops": أثر استراتيجية التعويضات على الولاء التنظيمي: دراسة تطبيقية لدى الأسواق الحرة الأردنية

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghaith Bassam Mohammad AL-Qaralleh
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Random Sample ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Inferential Statistics ◽  
Compensation Strategy ◽  
Free Markets ◽  
Organizational Loyalty ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact

The main objective of this study is to identify the impact of the compensation strategy on the organizational loyalty of Jordanian free markets. In order to achieve the objective of the study, a questionnaire was developed and distributed to (70) individuals, and (60) individuals’ questionnaires with the percentage of (85.4%) were studied. They were selected in a stratified random sample using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics for analyzing the study data. The study found many significant results and the most important one was that there is a significant impact of the compensation strategy on the organizational loyalty of the Jordanian trade organizations, especially, Jordanian free markets. The study recommended conducting further research on the subject of the study as it was found that there is a lack of such research in this field.

scholarly journals Incidencia de factores personales y contextuales sobre el uso de los recursos tecnológicos por el alumnado en América Latina

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Cebrián-Cifuentes ◽  
Gonzalo Almerich ◽  
Jesús Suárez-Rodríguez ◽  
Francesc Pedró
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components Analysis ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Ict Use ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Categorical Principal Components Analysis ◽  
America Latina

The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) by students reflects the appropriateness of the ICT integration process. However, the typology of ICT use by students has not been established empirically based on their use at home and at the school. Thus, the purpose of the article is to determine the structure of ICT use by students, together with the influence of personal and contextual factors. A correlational design has been used, with the sample being the sixth-grade students in Latin America who answered the questionnaire on ICT use in the Third Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study (TERCE). The data analysis performed is descriptive statistics, Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and Categorical Principal Components analysis (CATPCA). The results obtained through the descriptive statistics show how the students make a greater use of technological resources in the area of free time than in the academic area. It has been found, by means of a categorical principal components analysis (CATPCA), that student use is structured in three planes: personal, non-school academic and school academic. In addition, the results obtained from the MANOVA indicate that the personal and contextual factors influence the use of ICT, essentially the availability of technological devices and the Internet connection. In the light of the results, it is recommended to implement programs that favour non-school academic use of ICT by students.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document