An Analysis of Unit Costs in Selected Condom Social Marketing Programs, 1990–1996

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 8-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Stallworthy ◽  
Dominique Meekers
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Social Marketing ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Aids Prevention ◽  
Unit Costs ◽  
Rational Allocation ◽  
Marketing Costs ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Condom Social Marketing

Condom social marketing has become central to Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) prevention programs around the world. Excluding the large family planning-oriented social marketing programs of Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India (which accounted for over 500 million condoms in 1996), sales of socially marketed condoms increased more than sixfold from 49 million condoms (in 30 countries) in 1991 to 312 million condoms (in 54 countries) by 1996 (Gardner, Blackburn, & Upadhyay, 1999). This study aims to fill the gap in information about condom social marketing costs. In the field of family planning, considerable effort has been put into analyzing costs per couple-year of protection (CYP) for social marketing and other service delivery approaches (Barberis & Harvey, 1997; Stover & Wagman, 1992). The cost of condom social marketing has yet to be analyzed independently of the cost per CYP of contraceptive social marketing. The cost per condom sold in condom social marketing programs should be analyzed independently for two reasons. First, CYP is a measure designed to aggregate multiple contraceptive methods and therefore is not appropriate for programs that only market condoms. Second, a thorough understanding of the unit costs in condom social marketing is an essential prerequisite to attempting to base AIDS prevention strategies on a rational allocation of resources (World Bank, 1997). The purpose of this study is to contribute toward an increased understanding of condom social marketing costs. Ultimately, this improved understanding may facilitate a more rational allocation of AIDS resources.

Potentials for demographic dividend and rapid economic growth in Mali: What policy scenario would yield the greatest dividend?

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
Clifford O. Odimegwu ◽  
Emmanuel O. Olamijuwon
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Demographic Dividend ◽  
Policy Scenario ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost

Abstract The demographic changes occurring in Mali, evident in high fertility but declining mortality rates have raised optimism about the prospects of reaping demographic dividend. However, it remains unclear how soon and what policy scenario would yield the largest demographic dividend in the country. We used a demographic-economic model “DemDiv” to assess the prospects of reaping a demographic dividend in Mali by 2050. We illuminate this further by examining the cost and implications of different combination of education, family planning and economic policies. The results show that by increasing access to education, family planning services coupled with strong economic reforms, Mali’s GDP per capita will be $27,044 by 2050. This high per capita GDP is almost thrice the benefit of prioritising only economic reforms. Mali would also have a GDP of $977 billion. These findings highlight the need for sound demographic and market-oriented economic policies for Mali to reap a large demographic dividend by 2050.

Characteristics and attitudes of family planners in Khartoum, Sudan

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Khalifa
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Age Group ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Almost All

SummaryIn a survey of 1475 urban Moslem wives in the age group 15–49 living in the capital city of the Sudan, knowledge of birth control was reported by almost all respondents while a significant proportion had used contraception at least once. The mean age of the users was 32·8 years, their duration of marriage was 15·1 years and their mean number of surviving children was 4·6. Those who had never used contraception had a higher mean age, a longer duration of marriage and more surviving children. Most of the users had an urban residential background and belonged to the high socioeconomic class. They held favourable attitudes to family planning. Although they thought that having a large family (more than five children) was not desirable, their mean preferred family size was no different from that of the never users.The results indicate that contraception is used for the purpose of spacing births rather than limiting their ultimate number. At this early stage of contraceptive adoption in Sudan, the characteristics of the pioneer acceptors are similar to those observed in other African countries.

Contraceptive social marketing in Nepal: consumer and retailer knowledge, needs and experience

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashoke Shrestha ◽  
Thomas T. Kane ◽  
Hem Hamal
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
Social Marketing ◽  
Communication Education ◽  
Retail Sales ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Sales Company ◽  
Stratified Sample ◽  
Effective Use

SummaryIn 1986, a survey was conducted to assess knowledge, health concerns and experience with marketing (retailers) and use (consumers) of Gulaf and Nilocon pills and Kamal vaginal tablets distributed by the Nepal Contraceptive Retail Sales Company (CRS). A sample of 763 consumers of Gulaf, Nilocon and Indian pills and Kamal vaginal tablets, and 361 retailers from a stratified sample of urban medical shops were interviewed. The CRS marketing programme is reaching people who have previously never used family planning; most of the users were practising contraception to limit, not space, births; a high proportion of pill users over 35 smoked; only about a third of CRS pill users had prescriptions or consulted a physician prior to use; CRS training of retailers was found to have increased their knowledge. Recommendations are made for improving communication, education and marketing of CRS contraceptives to ensure their safe and effective use and increase the acceptability of this mode of service delivery.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN SISTEM JOB ORDER COSTING DALAM PENENTUAN HARGA JUAL PRODUK PADA CV. SATU SATU MEDIA UTAMA

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anggelika S. Nangin ◽  
Grace B. Nangoi ◽  
Victorina Z. Tirayoh
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Digital Printing ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Printing Industry ◽  
Overhead Cost ◽  
Costing System ◽  
Marketing Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
A Company

CV. Satu Satu Media Utama in calculating the cost of the product, has not calculated carefully, causing problems for the company that are unknown in detail and impact the selling price of the company's products. CV. Satu Satu Media Utama is a company engaged in Digital Printing Industry. This study aims to determine the role of Job Order Costing in determining the selling price of the product, using the method of calculating Full Costing and Variable Costing. Method of data analysis used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The results of research for the implementation of Job Order Costing system, the company has applied in the collection of product cost, but in the calculation of the cost of the company's products does not include marketing costs and depreciation costs of the machine into the calculation of overhead costs, and the company has not entered the price card of the order as the auxiliary card in the determination product selling price.Keywords: Job order costing, factory overhead cost, selling price

scholarly journals Contraceptive prevalence rate in women of reproductive age in a semi urban community of Islamabad

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Umme Kulsoom Khattak ◽  
Saima Perwaiz Iqbal ◽  
Ahmed Abdullah ◽  
Ayesha Chowhan
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Urban Community ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Planning Methods ◽  
Family Planning Methods

Objective: To determine the prevalence of utilization of family planning methods among married women of reproductive age in a semi urban community of Islamabad. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was done using two stage sampling, including cluster and consecutive sampling techniques. A proportionate sample from each mohallas of Nurpur Shahan was taken to achieve our sample size. All married women of the reproductive age group (15-45 years) living with their husbands, not diagnosed as a case of infertility and permanent residents of Nurpur Shahan were included. Results: Total of 550 women were included in the study with mean age of 31.64 years. Majority of women 497 (94.7%) were currently married while 322 (59.9 %) were literate. Of all the women, 72 (13.2%) women were currently pregnant and only 62 (11.3%) had a planned pregnancy. Induced abortion was practiced once by 9 (1.8%) women and 21 (4.1%) had done it twice. 394 (72.8%) had knowledge of family planning methods and only 102 (19.5%) women were using family Planning methods currently. Conclusion: Miscellaneous challenges are involved to increase involvement of the women and their families in the use of family planning services. Health education campaigns at community level to increase awareness regarding different family planning methods are highly needed. Government needs to improve the LHWs services to increase the use of family planning methods and combat induced abortions as a method of contraception. Controlling population through sterilization after attaining a large family size should not be the preferred method of family Planning.

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