scholarly journals FAT METABOLISM IN NEPHRITIS

1924 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 931-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hiller ◽  
G. C. Linder ◽  
C. Lundsgaard ◽  
D. D. Van Slyke
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Before And After

Determinations of the plasma lipoids and of the respiratory quotient and total metabolism (Tissot method) have been performed with nephritics and normal subjects before and after they ingested fat in the proportion of 1 gm. per kilo body weight. After fat ingestion a greater increase of fatty acids and lecithin was noted in the plasma of nephritics with initially high blood lipoids than in the plasma of normal subjects or of nephritics without constant lipemia. In cholesterol no differences were found. The nephritic patients with constant lipemia were able to burn fat as efficiently as normal individuals. The accumulation of fat in their blood may be due to a disturbance in the mechanism for transferring lipoids from the blood to the tissue depots.

THE EFFECT OF NIACIN ON THE PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE CONTENT OF HUMAN BLOOD CELLS IN ANEMIA

1950 ◽  
Vol 28e (3) ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
M. C. Blanchaer ◽  
D. E. Bergsagel ◽  
Pamela Weiss ◽  
Dorothy E. Jefferson
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Pyridine Nucleotide ◽  
Nucleotide Content ◽  
Human Blood Cells ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Niacin Therapy ◽  
Normal Controls

The pyridine nucleotide content of the blood cells (PN/BG) of four normal individuals and five anemic patients was measured repeatedly before and after supplementing the diet with niacin. Daily doses of 50 mgm. nicotinic acid or nicotinamide failed to affect the values in the normal subjects and two well-nourished anemic patients. The same dose of nicotinic acid rapidly raised the PN/BC of three poorly nourished anemic patients to values approximating those of well-nourished subjects with similar degrees of anemia. The results obtained after saturation with niacin confirmed the previous report that the PN/BC is higher in anemic patients than in normal controls and that a negative correlation exists between the pyridine nucleotide values and the severity of the anemia. In spite of continued niacin therapy, correction of the anemia was accompanied by a gradual decrease in the values until they approached those of the normal subjects. The present findings also confirm the earlier report that changes in the PN/BC are apparently independent of moderate variations in the number of circulating leucocytes and reticulocytes and bear no relationship to the size or hemoglobin content of the red cells. The significance of these findings in relation to human niacin nutrition is discussed.

scholarly journals Functional capacity of adipose tissue in human obesity and hyperlipidaemia

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Tremolieres ◽  
CL Sautier ◽  
L Carre ◽  
CL Flament ◽  
B Plumas
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Ideal Body Weight ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
A Value ◽  
Obese Subjects

1. Fifteen ‘constitutionally’ obese subjects, eleven hyperlipidaemic subjects of mixed-type and fourteen normal subjects were studied.2. With a reduction in energy intake (range 3.3–4.2 MJ) for 21 d, there was no change in the levels of plasma total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) of obese subjects, but the free fatty acid levels increased. However, in hyperlipidaemic subjects there was a reduction in levels of TC and TG with no increase in levels of free fatty acids.3. There was a significant increase in the serum ketone levels of obese subjects but not in those of hyperlipidaemic subjects. The reduction of the respiratory quotient to a value of 0.7 was more rapid in the obese than in hyperlipidaemic subjects.4. After administration of a fat load (0.5 g/kg gross body-weight) there was no change in plasma TG levels in obese subjects but there was an increase in those of normal subjects.5. After administration of a glucose load (1 g/kg ideal body-weight) there was a significant reduction in plasma TG levels in obese subjects but no change in those of hyperlipidaemic subjects.6. Hyperlipidaemic subjects eating their normal diet were found to have a hydroxybutyrate: acetoacetate ratio three- to fivefold that of obese and normal subjects.7. These results suggest that obese subjects have an increased ability to store fatty acids, to mobilize them quickly and to generate fatty acid metabolites in the form of ketone bodies, while these same metabolic functions are reduced in hyperlipidaemic subjects.

Decreased prolactin responsiveness to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone and metoclopramide in hyperthyroidism

1985 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Röjdmark ◽  
Anders Carlsson
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membranes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The One

Abstract. To investigate whether prolactin (Prl) responsiveness to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) differs in thyrotoxic and normal individuals, serum Prl was determined before and after iv injection of 200 μg TRH in 10 patients with untreated thyrotoxicosis and also in 9 normal subjects. Both the maximal Prl increment after TRH and the total Prl response, represented by the Prl incremental area, were significantly larger in the normal subjects compared with the thyrotoxic (max Prl increment 56 ± 11 vs 15 ± 3 ng/ml, P< 0.001; Prl incremental area 3071 ± 522 vs 579 ± 171, P <0.001; mean ± sem). The maximal Prl increase after 15 mg oral metoclopramide (MET) was also significantly larger in the normal (125 ± 13 ng/ml) than in the thyrotoxic subjects (60 ± 13 ng/ml, P < 0.01). When 200 μg TRH was injected iv 90 min after oral administration of 15 mg MET, an additional Prl increase was observed in normal individuals (21 ±6 ng/ml, P < 0.01). In thyrotoxic patients, however, iv TRH failed to induce a significant increase in Prl after oral priming with MET (0 ± 3 ng/ml). When 7 thyrotoxic patients, made euthyroid by 125I-treatment, were investigated according to the same protocol as the one mentioned above, they displayed normal Prl responses to iv TRH and to oral MET. Furthermore, they showed a significant Prl response to iv TRH after oral priming with MET (20 ± 8 ng/ml, P < 0.05). These findings imply that pituitary lactotrophs of untreated thyrotoxic patients might have cytoplasmic membranes with decreased permeability to Prl and/or reduced stores of releasable Prl which return to normal after oral 125I-therapy.

THE RESPONSE OF PLASMA SUGAR, FREE FATTY ACIDS, 11-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS AND GROWTH HORMONE TO INSULIN-INDUCED HYPOGLYCAEMIA AND VASOPRESSIN IN PRIMARY MYXOEDEMA

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. P. VINCE ◽  
BARBARA J. BOUCHER ◽  
R. D. COHEN ◽  
JEAN GODFREY
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Pituitary Function ◽  
Hypothalamic Dysfunction ◽  
Lysine Vasopressin ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Plasma Ffa ◽  
Plasma Gh

SUMMARY The plasma sugar, free fatty acids (FFA), 11-hydroxycorticosteroids (11-OHCS) and growth hormone (GH) response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia, have been studied in 19 patients with primary myxoedema and 13 normal subjects. Nine of the myxoedematous patients were restudied after treatment. The plasma 11-OHCS response to lysine vasopressin (LVP) was studied in the myxoedematous subjects and again in eight of them after treatment. In myxoedema the plasma sugar falls to a lesser extent and more slowly in response to insulin than normal and takes longer to recover. The fall in plasma FFA is not different from normal, but recovery of plasma FFA is delayed. The responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia of plasma GH and 11-OHCS may be smaller than normal in myxoedema and tend to improve on treatment. Altered GH and 11-OHCS responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in myxoedema are not necessarily due to pituitary or hypothalamic dysfunction. No difference was found in the response of plasma 11-OHCS to LVP before and after treatment. Pituitary function cannot be fully assessed in the presence of hypothyroidism.

Time dependence of airways and lung parenchymal recoil hysteresis

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 248-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Fairshter ◽  
R. B. Berry ◽  
A. F. Wilson ◽  
J. E. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Specific Conductance ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Elastic Recoil ◽  
Time Constants ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Airway Caliber ◽  
Before And After

Hysteresis of airways and lung parenchymal recoil was examined in normal subjects by measuring specific conductance (sGaw) and lung elastic recoil (Pst,L) before and 5, 10, 15, and 30 s after deep inspiration (DI). Routine lung function tests were normal before and after inhaled metaproterenol. sGaw increased significantly for 10 s after DI. Also, sGaw(DI) was greater than sGaw in 11 of 12, 8 of 12, 7 of 12, and 6 of 12 subjects at 5, 10, 15, and 30 s, respectively, after DI. The response of sGaw to DI and metaproterenol correlated significantly with each other (r = 0.82, P less than 0.001). However, after metaproterenol, sGaw(DI) did not exceed sGaw. Pst,L decreased significantly for 15 s after DI, with the lowest measured Pst,L(DI) values occurring 5 s after DI (P less than 0.01–0.001). Both sGaw(DI) and Pst,L(DI) values returned to base line (preinspiration) in a time-dependent exponential manner, with time constants of 9.2 +/- 4.9 and 11.3 +/- 6.1 s, respectively; these time constants were not significantly different from each other. We conclude that airways hysteresis is the predominant finding in normal subjects (even without prior pharmacological bronchoconstriction) before but not after metaproterenol; Pst,L decreases after DI and, in normal individuals, returns to base line in a time-dependent manner; and the time-dependent behavior of airways and lung parenchymal hysteresis have opposite (and unequal) effects on airway caliber.

scholarly journals Selective cannabinoid-1 receptor blockade benefits fatty acid and triglyceride metabolism significantly in weight-stable nonhuman primates

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (5) ◽  
pp. E624-E634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidya Vaidyanathan ◽  
Raul A. Bastarrachea ◽  
Paul B. Higgins ◽  
V. Saroja Voruganti ◽  
Subhash Kamath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptor ◽  
De Novo ◽  
De Novo Lipogenesis ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Glucose Disposal ◽  
Before And After

The goal of this study was to determine whether administration of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist rimonabant would alter fatty acid flux in nonhuman primates. Five adult baboons ( Papio Sp) aged 12.1 ± 4.7 yr (body weight: 31.9 ± 2.1 kg) underwent repeated metabolic tests to determine fatty acid and TG flux before and after 7 wk of treatment with rimonabant (15 mg/day). Animals were fed ad libitum diets, and stable isotopes were administered via diet (d31-tripalmitin) and intravenously (13C4-palmitate, 13C1-acetate). Plasma was collected in the fed and fasted states, and blood lipids were analyzed by GC-MS. DEXA was used to assess body composition and a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp used to assess insulin-mediated glucose disposal. During the study, no changes were observed in food intake, body weight, plasma, and tissue endocannabinoid concentrations or the quantity of liver-TG fatty acids originating from de novo lipogenesis (19 ± 6 vs. 16 ± 5%, for pre- and posttreatment, respectively, P = 0.39). However, waist circumference was significantly reduced 4% in the treated animals ( P < 0.04), glucose disposal increased 30% ( P = 0.03), and FFA turnover increased 37% ( P = 0.02). The faster FFA flux was consistent with a 43% reduction in these fatty acids used for TRL-TG synthesis (40 ± 3 vs. 23 ± 4%, P = 0.02) and a twofold increase in TRL-TG turnover (1.5 ± 0.9 vs. 3.1 ± 1.4 μmol·kg−1·h−1, P = 0.03). These data support the potential for a strong effect of CB1 receptor antagonism at the level of adipose tissue, resulting in improvements in fasting turnover of fatty acids at the whole body level, central adipose storage, and significant improvements in glucose homeostasis.

Esophageal temperature during exercise in asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 484-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Deal ◽  
E. R. McFadden ◽  
R. H. Ingram ◽  
J. J. Jaeger
Keyword(s):  
Airway Obstruction ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Core Values ◽  
Pulmonary Mechanics ◽  
Esophageal Temperature ◽  
Cold Air ◽  
Mechanical Responses ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Before And After

We measured the temperature in the rectum and two esophageal sites (retrocardiac and retrotracheal) during exercise in eight asthmatic and six normal subjects while they breathed air at subfreezing, ambient, and body conditions. Various aspects of pulmonary mechanics were recorded before and after exercise. The asthmatic subjects developed the greatest airway obstruction following exercise with cold air and no response at body conditions. There were no changes in pulmonary mechanics in the postexercise period in the normal individuals with any of the inspired air conditions. Despite these divergent mechanical responses retrotracheal temperatures fell by the same magnitude below core values in both groups of subjects, indicating that identical degrees of airway cooling occurred. We conclude that rather than having a defect in the ability to condition inspired air, asthmatic subjects are more responsive to the effects of incompletely conditioned air.

Auditory Selective Attention in Cerebral-Palsied Individuals

1985 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Ann Laraway
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
White Noise ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Auditory Selective Attention ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Significant Difference

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the auditory selective attention abilities of normal and cerebral-palsied individuals. Twenty-three cerebral-palsied and 23 normal subjects between the ages of 5 and 21 were asked to repeat a series of 30 items consisting of from 2 to 4 digits in the presence of intermittent white noise. Results of the study indicate that cerebral-palsied individuals perform significantly poorer than normal individuals when the stimulus is accompanied by noise. Noise was not a significant factor in the performance of the normal subjects regardless of age.

The Effect of Stapedectomy on the Loudness of One’s Own Voice

1965 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Melnick
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ear ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Sound Energy ◽  
Loudness Function ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Increased Sensitivity

Five subjects with normal middle ear mechanisms, and otosclerotic patients, before and after stapedectomy, matched the loudness of their voices to the loudness of a 125-cps-sawtooth noise. The results showed loudness matching functions with gradual slopes, less than 1.00, for the normal subjects and the patients prior to stapedectomy. Post-surgically, the loudness function for the patients increased in steepness to considerably more than 1.00. These results are explained, most logically, in terms of increased sensitivity of the altered middle ear to sound energy generated by the listener’s own voice.

The Effect of n-3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and Haemostasis in Patients with Type lla and Type IV Hyperlipidaemia

1989 ◽  
Vol 62 (02) ◽  
pp. 797-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Berg Schmidt ◽  
E Ernst ◽  
K Varming ◽  
J O Pedersen ◽  
J Dyerberg
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Apolipoprotein A1 ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Von Willebrand ◽  
Willebrand Factor ◽  
Factor Antigen

SummaryPlasma lipids and haemostasis were investigated in 17 patients with hyperlipidaemia before and after 6 weeks supplementation with 6 g n-3 fatty acids. Nine of the patients had type IIa and 8 had type IV hyperlipidaemia. No effect on plasma cholesterol, LDL- or HDL-cholesterol were seen, but plasma triglycerides decreased after n-3 supplementation. Apolipoprotein B increased and apolipoprotein A1 decreased after the oil supplement. The bleeding time was prolonged, but platelet aggregation was unaltered by n-3 fatty acids. Protein C activity increased in type II a and decreased in type IV after the supplement. Fibrinolysis was markedly depressed while von Willebrand factor antigen was reduced after intake of n-3 fatty acids.

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