scholarly journals Functional capacity of adipose tissue in human obesity and hyperlipidaemia

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Tremolieres ◽  
CL Sautier ◽  
L Carre ◽  
CL Flament ◽  
B Plumas
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Ideal Body Weight ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
A Value ◽  
Obese Subjects

1. Fifteen ‘constitutionally’ obese subjects, eleven hyperlipidaemic subjects of mixed-type and fourteen normal subjects were studied.2. With a reduction in energy intake (range 3.3–4.2 MJ) for 21 d, there was no change in the levels of plasma total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) of obese subjects, but the free fatty acid levels increased. However, in hyperlipidaemic subjects there was a reduction in levels of TC and TG with no increase in levels of free fatty acids.3. There was a significant increase in the serum ketone levels of obese subjects but not in those of hyperlipidaemic subjects. The reduction of the respiratory quotient to a value of 0.7 was more rapid in the obese than in hyperlipidaemic subjects.4. After administration of a fat load (0.5 g/kg gross body-weight) there was no change in plasma TG levels in obese subjects but there was an increase in those of normal subjects.5. After administration of a glucose load (1 g/kg ideal body-weight) there was a significant reduction in plasma TG levels in obese subjects but no change in those of hyperlipidaemic subjects.6. Hyperlipidaemic subjects eating their normal diet were found to have a hydroxybutyrate: acetoacetate ratio three- to fivefold that of obese and normal subjects.7. These results suggest that obese subjects have an increased ability to store fatty acids, to mobilize them quickly and to generate fatty acid metabolites in the form of ketone bodies, while these same metabolic functions are reduced in hyperlipidaemic subjects.

scholarly journals Differential Effects of Fatty Acid Saturation and Chain Length on NASH in Juvenile Iberian Pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 682-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayla Dillard ◽  
Morgan Coffin ◽  
Gabriella Hernandez ◽  
Victoria Smith ◽  
Catherine Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract Objectives Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the major cause of pediatric chronic liver pathology in the United States. The objective of this study was to compare the relative effect of inclusion of isocaloric amounts of saturated medium-chain fatty acids (hydrogenated coconut oil), saturated long-chain fatty acids (lard) and unsaturated long-chain fatty acids (olive oil) on endpoints of NAFLD and insulin resistance. Methods Thirty-eight 15-d-old Iberian pigs were fed 1 of 4 diets containing (g/kg body weight × d) 1) control (CON; n = 8): 0 g fructose, 10.5 g fat, and 187 kcal metabolizable energy (ME), 2) lard (LAR; n = 10): 21.6 g fructose, 17.1 g fat (100% lard) and 299 kcal ME, 3) hydrogenated coconut oil (COCO; n = 10): 21.6 g fructose, 16.9 g fat (42.5% lard and 57.5% coconut oil) and 299 kcal ME, and 4) olive oil (OLV, n = 10): 21.6 g fructose, 17.1 g fat (43.5% lard and 56.5% olive oil) and 299 kcal ME, for 9 consecutive weeks. Body weight was recorded every 3 d. Serum markers of liver injury and dyslipidemia were measured on d 60 at 2 h post feeding, with all other serum measures assessed on d 70. Liver tissue was collected on d 70 for histology, triacylglyceride (TG) quantification, and metabolomics analysis. Results Tissue histology indicated the presence of steatosis in LAR, COCO and OLV compared with CON (P ≤ 0.001), with a further increase in in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in OLV and COCO compared with LAR (P ≤ 0.01). Alanine and aspartate aminotransferases were higher in COCO and OLV (P ≤ 0.01) than CON. All treatment groups had lower liver concentrations of methyl donor's choline and betaine versus CON, while bile acids were differentially changed (P ≤ 0.05). COCO had higher levels of TGs with less carbons (Total carbons < 52) than all other groups (P ≤ 0.05). Several long-chain acylcarnitines involved in fat oxidation were higher in OLV versus all other groups (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions Inclusion of fats enriched in medium-chain saturated and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids in a high-fructose high-fat diet increased liver injury, compared with fats with a long-chain saturated fatty acid profile. Further research is required to investigate the mechanisms causing this difference in physiological response to these dietary fat sources. Funding Sources ARI, AcornSeekers.

Growth and carcass characteristics of three lamb genotypes finished on the same level of feeding

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. O. W. McClintont ◽  
A. F. Carson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ash Content

AbstractThis study investigated the efficiency of growth and the carcass characteristics of 24 Greyface (Border Leicester × Scottish Blackface), 24 Texel (12 purebred and 12 Texel × Texel-Greyface) and 24 Rouge (12 purebred and 12 Rouge × Rouge-Greyface) lambs finished on the same level of feeding. The efficiency of live-weight gain (kg/MJ) was higher in Greyface compared with Texel lambs (P< 0·01). The efficiency of empty body-weight gain (kg/MJ) was higher in Greyface (P< 0·01) and Rouge (P< 0·05) compared with Texel lambs. The efficiency of carcass gains (kg/MJ) tended to be higher in Greyface and Rouge compared with Texel lambs (P= 0·07). The efficiency of non-carcass component gains (kg/MJ) was also higher in Greyface compared with Texel lambs (P0·05). Carcass water, protein, lipid and ash gains did not vary significantly between the genotypes, however carcass energy gain tended to be higher in Greyface and Rouge compared with Texel lambs (P= 0·08). The relative proportions of water, protein, lipid and ash in carcass gains did not vary significantly between the genotypes. At the end of the experiment carcass water content was higher in Texel compared with Greyface lambs (P< 0·05) and carcass ash content was lower in Texel compared with Greyface (P< 0·01) and Rouge (P< 0·05) lambs. The concentration of saturated fatty acids was higher in Greyface compared with Rouge lambs (P< 0·001) and higher in Rouge compared with Texel lambs (P< 0·05). Monounsaturated fatty acid concentrations were higher in Rouge compared with Greyface lambs (P< 0·05) and higher in Texel compared with Rouge lambs (P< 0·001). Polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations were higher in Rouge and Texel compared with Greyface lambs (P< 0·01). The ratio of n-6:n-3 fatty acids was lower in Rouge compared with Greyface lambs (P< 0·05).The efficiency of empty body gain was higher in male compared with female lambs (P< 0·05). Carcass water (P< 0·01) and protein (P< 0·05) gains were higher in male lambs. At the end of the experiment male carcasses contained a higher content of water (P< 0·05), protein (P< 0·01) and ash (P= 0·07), and a lower lipid (P< 0·05) and energy (P< 0·001) content. Carcass lipids from male lambs contained a higher concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (P< 0·001) and tended to contain a lower concentration of saturated fatty acids (P = 0·06).

scholarly journals Effect of Dietary Fat Composition and 2’Fucosyllactose on Neonatal Piglet Growth and Organ Lipid Composition

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1038-1038
Author(s):  
Michael Miklus ◽  
Pedro Prieto ◽  
Cynthia Barber ◽  
Robert Rhoads ◽  
Samer El-Kadi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Infant ◽  
Lps Challenge ◽  
Group 3

Abstract Objectives The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of 2’fucosyllactose (2’FL) and fat blends on growth, body composition and fatty acid profile of the liver and brain using the neonatal pig as a model for the human infant. Methods Pigs (3 d old) were randomly assigned to either: 1. control, 2. Palm Olein (PO) fat blend – Low 2'-FL, 3. PO – High 2'-FL, 4. High oleic acid (HO) – Low 2'-FL, 5. HO FB – High 2'-FL, 6. PO FB – GLA, or 7. kept with their sows. Pigs in groups 1 to 6 received 250 ml·kg−1·d−1 of formula in 5 equal meals for 15 d. On day 14 of the study, groups 1–6 received intraperitoneal E. coli LPS challenge at 100 µg·kg−1 weight. Results Body weight was greater for piglets fed by sows than those in the other groups (P &lt; 0.001). In addition, % fat and bone mineral content were higher in the sow-fed group while lean % was less sow-fed piglets (group 7) compared with those in the other groups (P &lt; 0.05). Only longissimus weight expressed as a % of body weight, was greater for group 7 compared with all other groups (P &lt; 0.001). Soleus, semitendinosus, brain, heart and spleen weights as a % of body weight were similar across all groups. However, liver weight as a % of body weight was greater in groups 1–6 (3.7%) compared with group 7 (2.8%; P &lt; 0.001). The proportion of brain 16:1 fatty acid was less (0.83%) for groups 1–6 than for group 7 pigs (1.08%; P &lt; 0.0001). The proportion of 20:3 N6 was greatest (0.66%) for group 3 compared with groups 1 and 4 (0.55%; P &lt; 0.05). In addition, the proportion of 20:5 N3 was greatest (0.12%) for group 3 compared with groups 1 and 7 (0.07%; P &lt; 0.05). The proportion of liver 16:1, 18:0, and 18:1 cis-11 fatty acids were greater for group 7 (2.3, 23, 2.2%) than groups 1–6 (0.2, 20, 1.2%; P &lt; 0.0001). Conversely, the contribution of 14:0, 18:1 cis-9, 18:3 N6 cis-6,9,12, and 22:6 N3 were greater for pigs in groups 1–6 (1.3, 0.6, and 14, 7.8%) compared with those in group 7 (0.5, 8.5, 0.2 and 3.5%; P &lt; 0.0001). Conclusions Our data suggest that feeding 2’fucosyllactose had no effect on the body weight gain and composition in neonatal pigs. Our data also suggest that dietary fatty acids have a greater effect on liver than on brain fatty acid composition. Funding Sources Funding for the work was provided by Perrigo Nutritionals, LLC.

Effect of adrenaline infusion on fatty acid and glucose turnover in lean and obese human subjects in the post-absorptive and fed states

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 635-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan A. Connacher ◽  
William M. Bennet ◽  
Roland T. Jung ◽  
Dennis M. Bier ◽  
Christopher C. T. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Ideal Body Weight ◽  
Glycerol Release ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Adrenaline Infusion ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Ideal Body ◽  
Obese Human

1. Energy expenditure, plasma glucose and palmitate kinetics and leg glycerol release were determined simultaneously both before and during adrenaline infusion in lean and obese human subjects. Seven lean subjects (mean 96.5% of ideal body weight) were studied in the post-absorptive state and also during mixed nutrient liquid feeding, eight obese subjects (mean 165% of ideal body weight) were studied in the post-absorptive state and six obese subjects (mean 174% of ideal body weight) were studied during feeding. 2. Resting energy expenditure was higher in the obese subjects, but the thermic response to adrenaline, both in absolute and percentage terms, was similar in lean and obese subjects. Plasma adrenaline concentrations attained (3 nmol/l) were comparable in all groups and the infusion had no differential effects on the plasma insulin concentration. Before adrenaline infusion the plasma glucose flux was higher in the obese than in the lean subjects in the fed state only (45.8 ± 3.8 versus 36.6 ± 1.0 mmol/h, P <0.05); it increased to the same extent in both groups with the adrenaline infusion. 3. Before the adrenaline infusion plasma palmitate flux was higher in the obese than in the lean subjects (by 51%, P <0.01, in the post-absorptive state and by 78%, P <0.05, in the fed state). However, there was no significant change during adrenaline infusion in the obese subjects (from 13.5 ± 1.00 to 15.0 ± 1.84 mmol/h, not significant, in the post-absorptive state and from 14.4 ± 2.13 to 15.7 ± 1.74 mmol/h, not significant, in the fed state), whereas there were increases in the lean subjects (from 8.93 ± 1.10 to 11.2 ± 1.19 mmol/h, P <0.05, in the post-absorptive state, and from 8.06 ± 1.19 to 9.86 ± 0.93 mmol/h, P <0.05, in the fed state). 4. Before adrenaline infusion the palmitate oxidation rate was also higher in the obese than in the lean subjects (1.86 ± 0.14 versus 1.22 ± .09 mmol/h, P <0.01, in the post-absorptive state and 1,73 ± 0.25 versus 1.12 ± 0.12 mmol/h, P <0.05, in the fed state). However, in response to adrenaline the fractional oxidation rate (% of flux) increased less in the obese than in the lean subjects, especially in the post-absorptive state (from 13.8 ± 1.02 to 14.9 ± 1.39%, not significant, versus from 13.7 ± 0.98 to 19.3 ± 1.92%, P <0.05). These effects were independent of feeding. Leg glycerol release increased more in the lean subjects with adrenaline infusion, although increases in the plasma glycerol concentration did not differ between the groups. 5. These results suggest that in obese subjects plasma inter-organ transport of fatty acids and the subsequent fractional oxidation responses favour storage of triacylglycerol. These factors may be important determinants for the development and maintenance of the obese state.

ACETATE METABOLISM IN EXPERIMENTAL KETOSIS OF GUINEA PIGS

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Sauer
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Sterol Synthesis ◽  
Acetate Metabolism ◽  
Diabetic Ketosis ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Experimental Findings

Non-diabetic ketosis was produced experimentally in fasted pregnant guinea pigs. Total CO2output of ketotic animals was less than that of appropriate controls but there was no impairment in the conversion of acetate-1-C14to C14O2. Sterol synthesis increased in ketotic animals while fatty acid synthesis, particularly in carcass, showed the expected decrease. Ketosis was accompanied by an increase in plasma total fatty acids and in the fatty acid concentration of liver. The experimental findings support the hypothesis that ketosis is a manifestation of increased ketogenesis rather than impaired utilization of ketone bodies.

scholarly journals Lipid composition of the brains of she-goat and castrated goat consumed in Ekiti State, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
EI Adeyeye ◽  
AJ Adesina
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
The Other ◽  
A Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Value Range ◽  
Goat Brain

The levels of fatty acids, phospholipids and sterols were determined in the brains of she-goat and castrated goat found in Ekiti State, Nigeria by gas chromatography. Results showed that the crude fat levels were 9.98 and 10.2 % in the brains of she-goat and castrated goat respectively. The fatty acid composition of she-goat and castrated goat brain shows that the SFA was 40.6 and 42.7 %, MUFA was 37.1 and 38.7 % and PUFA was 20.9 and 22.3% respectively. The other parameters of she-goat and castrated goat brain were found: PUFA/SFA, 0.490 and 0.548; MUFA/SFA, 0.869 and 0.953; n-6/n-3, 0.775 and 11.7; LA/ALA, 0.876 and 28.0; AA/DGLA, 6.05 and 17.4; EPA/DHA, 1.00 and 5.89 and EPSI (PUFA/MUFA), 0.564 and 0.575 respectively. Phospholipids were present in she-goat and castrated goat with a value range of 2365 and 3047 mg/100g respectively. Among the sterols, only cholesterol was of any significant level with values of 1353 mg/100g (she-goat brain) and 1355 mg/100g (castrated goat brain). Linear correlation at ? = 0.05, df: n-1 showed that no significant difference exists between the crude fats, phospholipids and sterols except in the fatty acids parameters.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 50(2), 153-162, 2015

Carbamazepine Phakmacokinetics in Obese and Lean Subjects

1995 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 843-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoseph Caraco ◽  
Ester Zylber-Katz ◽  
Elliot M Berry ◽  
Micha Levy
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Ideal Body Weight ◽  
Obese Group ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Group A ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Group B ◽  
Lean Group

Objective: To compare carbamazepine pharmacokinetic parameters between obese and lean subjects following the administration of a single 200-mg tablet. Design: Single-dose intervention, open study. Setting: Teaching university hospital. Subjects: Eighteen obese (group A) otherwise healthy subjects, referred to the metabolic outpatient clinic, and 13 healthy lean (group B) volunteers. Inclusion criterion for the obese subjects was a body mass index (BMI = weight/height2) of more than 30 kg/m2. In the obese group, mean ± SD total body weight (TBW), BMI, and percent of ideal body weight (IBW) were 111.4 ± 19.9 kg, 38.8 ± 6.0 kg/m2, and 182.7% ± 30.7%, respectively. These values were significantly greater than the respective values of 63.2 ± 8.3 kg, 22.4 ± 1.6 kg/m2, and 105.8% ± 5.8% obtained in the lean group (p < 0.001). Intervention: Single-dose oral administration of carbamazepine 200-mg tablet (Teril, Taro, Israel). Outcomes: Carbamazepine elimination half-life (t1/2), apparent volume of distribution (Varea/F), and its oral clearance (Clpo/F) were derived from the drug concentration-time curves. Results: Carbamazepine Varea/F and t1/2 were significantly greater in group A than in group B (98.4 ± 26.9 vs. 60.7 ± 8.5 L, respectively, p < 0.001; and 59.4 ± 14.7 vs. 31.0 ± 5.0 h, respectively, p < 0.001), but its Clpo/F was reduced only slightly in obese as compared with lean subjects (19.8 ± 5.2 vs. 23.0 ± 4.6 mL/min, respectively, p = 0.07). Correction for IBW yielded similar results for Varea/F and t1/2, but Clpo/F per kg of IBW was significantly smaller in the obese than in the lean subjects (0.32 ± 0.07 vs. 0.39 ± 0.06 mL/min/kg of IBW, respectively, p < 0.02). Linear correlations were observed between Varea/F and TBW for both group A (r = 0.92, p < 0.001) and group B (r = 0.77, p < 0.002). Conclusions: In comparison with lean subjects, carbamazepine Varea/F is significantly greater in obese subjects and its t1/2 is markedly prolonged. The minor nonsignificant effect of obesity on carbamazepine Clpo/F suggests that in obese subjects the carbamazepine daily dose should be based on IBW, not on TBW.

scholarly journals Levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lymphocytes of rats fed on diets varying in polyunsaturated fatty acid content

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Tsagn ◽  
J. Belin ◽  
A. D. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Weanling Rats ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

1. When weanling rats were fed on a diet containing 0.1 g/kg of the diet as polyunsaturated fatty acid, it was found that after 2 weeks the level of linoleate in the lymphocyte total lipids was 56 mg/ g total fatty acids, as compared with a level of 138 mg/ g in rats on a normal diet (P < 0.005). Similar levels were obtained from rats which had been fed for up to 16 weeks on the deficient diet, but in a group killed after 28 weeks on the diet the level was found to be only 20 mg/ g total fatty acids. The arachidonate level was found to be approximately 220 mg/ g total fatty acids, regardless of whether the rats were fed on a diet deficient in linoleate for up to 16 weeks or on a normal diet. In the group of rats killed after 28 weeks on the linoleate deficient diet, however, the arachidonate level was only 60 mg/ g total fatty acids.2. Percentage values for total fatty acids are given for plasma, adipose tissue, and lymphocytes for rats on normal and experimental diets.3. Scatter diagrams of the levels of linoleate v. arachidonate in the lymphocyte total fatty acids showed no correlation between the levels of the two acids (r 0.05), but similar plots of linoleate and oleate levels showed an inverse correlation (r – 0.68).

scholarly journals FAT METABOLISM IN NEPHRITIS

1924 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 931-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hiller ◽  
G. C. Linder ◽  
C. Lundsgaard ◽  
D. D. Van Slyke
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Before And After

Determinations of the plasma lipoids and of the respiratory quotient and total metabolism (Tissot method) have been performed with nephritics and normal subjects before and after they ingested fat in the proportion of 1 gm. per kilo body weight. After fat ingestion a greater increase of fatty acids and lecithin was noted in the plasma of nephritics with initially high blood lipoids than in the plasma of normal subjects or of nephritics without constant lipemia. In cholesterol no differences were found. The nephritic patients with constant lipemia were able to burn fat as efficiently as normal individuals. The accumulation of fat in their blood may be due to a disturbance in the mechanism for transferring lipoids from the blood to the tissue depots.

scholarly journals Development of fatty acid oxidation in neonatal guinea-pig liver

1982 ◽  
Vol 208 (3) ◽  
pp. 723-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
D A Shipp ◽  
M Parameswaran ◽  
I J Arinze
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Beta Oxidation ◽  
Pig Liver ◽  
Guinea Pig Liver

The capacity of foetal and neonatal liver to oxidize short-, medium- and long-chain fatty acids was studied in the guinea pig. Liver mitochondria from foetal and newborn animals were unable to synthesize ketone bodies from octanoate, but octanoylcarnitine and palmitoylcarnitine were readily ketogenic. The ketogenic capacity at 24 h after birth was as high as in adult animals. Hepatocytes isolated from term animals were unable to oxidize fatty acids, but at 6 h after birth production of 14CO2, acid-soluble products and acetoacetate from 1-14C-labelled fatty acids was 40-50% of the rates at 24 h. At 12 h of age these rates had already reached the 24 h values and did not change during suckling in the first week of life. The activities of hepatic fatty acyl-CoA synthetases, which were minimal in the foetus or at term, increased to maximal values in 12-24 h. The data show that the capacity for beta-oxidation and ketogenesis develops maximally in this species during the first 6-12 h after birth, and appears to be partly dependent on the development of fatty acid-activating enzyme.

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