Abstract. Ground-based microwave radiometers (MWR) offer a new capability to provide continuous observations of the atmospheric thermodynamic state in the planetary boundary layer. Thus, they are potential candidates to supplement radiosonde network and satellite data to improve numerical weather prediction (NWP) models through a variational assimilation of their data. However in order to assimilate MWR observations a fast radiative transfer model is required and such a model is not currently available. This is necessary for going from the model state vector space to the observation space at every observation point. The fast radiative transfer model RTTOV is well accepted in the NWP community, though it was developed to simulate satellite observations only. In this work, the RTTOV code has been modified to allow for simulations of ground-based upward looking microwave sensors. In addition, the Tangent Linear, Adjoint, and K-modules of RTTOV have been adapted to provide Jacobians (i.e. the sensitivity of observations to the atmospheric thermodynamical state) for ground-based geometry. These modules are necessary for the fast minimization of the cost function in a variational assimilation scheme. The proposed ground-based version of RTTOV, called RTTOV-gb, has been validated against accurate and less time-efficient line-by-line radiative transfer models. In the frequency range commonly used for temperature and humidity profiling (22–60 GHz), root-mean-square brightness temperature differences are smaller than typical MWR uncertainties (~ 0.5 K) at all channels used in this analysis. Brightness temperatures (TB) computed with RTTOV-gb from radiosonde profiles have been compared with nearly simultaneous and colocated ground-based MWR observations. Differences between simulated and measured TB are below 0.5 K for all channels except for the water vapor band, where most of the uncertainty comes from instrumental errors. The Jacobians calculated with the K-module of RTTOV-gb have been compared with those calculated with the brute force technique and those from the line-by-line model ARTS. Jacobians are found to be almost identical, except for liquid water content Jacobians for which a 10 % difference between ARTS and RTTOV-gb at transparent channels around 450 hPa is attributed to differences in liquid water absorption models. Finally, RTTOV-gb has been applied as the forward model operator within a 1-Dimensional Variational (1D-Var) software tool in an Observing-System Simulation Experiment (OSSE). For both temperature and humidity profiles, the 1D-Var with RTTOV-gb improves the retrievals with respect to NWP model in the first few kilometers from the ground.
Basic simulation studies on 60 GHz wireless technology employing QAM modulation
