scholarly journals Safe Distance Mathematical Calculation and Quantitative Analysis on Covid-19 Using Einstein Equation and Gaussian Distribution

2021 ◽  
Vol 2083 (4) ◽  
pp. 042055
Author(s):  
Hanwen Miao
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Einstein Equation ◽  
Gaussian Distribution ◽  
Brownian Movement ◽  
Safe Distance ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Mathematical Calculation ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Abstract Most of the diseases caused by virus mainly spread through droplets in the air. The pathogen bearing droplets go deep into people’s lungs and cause infection. In this paper, we analyze the safe distance, the minimum range to keep droplets containing virus particles from entering lungs, and thereby carrying the virus inside the lung. Einstein equation for diffusivity of a particle and the wide of the Gaussian distribution of the particles in Brownian movement are used in the calculation of the range a virus-containing mucosal vary droplet can reach. Moreover, we used datas recorded in a previous paper named “Visualization of sneeze ejecta: steps of fluid fragmentation leading to respiratory droplets” by B. E. Scharfman et. all to generate our results.

scholarly journals Analysis of rail potential and stray current in MVDC railway electrification system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salman Aatif ◽  
Haitao Hu ◽  
Fezan Rafiq ◽  
Zhengyou He
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Safe Distance ◽  
Stray Current ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Medium Voltage ◽  
Traction Substations ◽  
Train Loading

AbstractIn contrast to the conventional direct current railway electrification system (DC-RES), the medium voltage direct current (MVDC)-RES is considered promising for long-distance high-speed corridors. In the MVDC-RES, traction substations (TSSs) are placed much farther and train loads are much heavier than in the conventional DC-RES. Hence, the MVDC-RES brings a drastic change in catenary voltage, TSS spacing, and train loading, which affects rail potential and stray current. In this connection, this work performs some significant quantitative analysis of rail potential and stray current in the MVDC-RES environment. An MVDC simulation model is proposed and different grounding schemes are analyzed for a single-train and two TSSs scenario as well as for a multi-train multi-TSS scenario. According to the simulation and analysis, the maximum values of rail potential and stray current at MVDC-RES distances and the maximum safe distance between adjacent TSSs are determined.

scholarly journals Triple-target stimuli-responsive anti-COVID-19 face mask with physiological virus-inactivating agents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner E. G. Müller ◽  
Meik Neufurth ◽  
Ingo Lieberwirth ◽  
Rafael Muñoz-Espí ◽  
Shunfeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

The SARS-CoV-2 infection is transmitted by respiratory droplets. We have introduced a new concept of masks, which comprises a threefold mode-of-action: trapping of the virus particles, blocking of the viruses, and finally killing of the viruses.

Based on Rear-End Morphological Analysis of Collision Avoidance Algorithm

2013 ◽  
Vol 321-324 ◽  
pp. 1522-1528
Author(s):  
Bin Sun
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Traffic Accident ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Visual Basic ◽  
Mathematics Model ◽  
Safe Distance ◽  
Visual Basic 6.0 ◽  
Morphological Research ◽  
Minimum Safe Distance

Rear-end collision is one kind of traffic accident with extreme danger. Peoples security and property are serious threatened by this kind of accidents. Based on morphological research of real-world collisions, this paper makes quantitative analysis of minimum safe distance under complex traffic situations. A novel mathematics model and corresponding collision avoidance algorithms are proposed. To verify feasibility of this algorithm, this paper performs accident emulation and data analysis with Visual Basic 6.0. Experimental results show that this approach is capable of reducing occurrence possibility of rear-end collisions.

scholarly journals Is there an airborne component to the transmission of COVID-19? : a quantitative analysis study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive B. Beggs
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Computer Modelling ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Susceptible Individual ◽  
Analysis Study ◽  
Office Space ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

AbstractObjectivesWhile COVID-19 is known to be spread by respiratory droplets (which travel <2m horizontally), much less is known about its transmission via aerosols, which can become airborne and widely distributed throughout room spaces. In order to quantify the risk posed by COVID-19 infectors exhaling respiratory aerosols in enclosed spaces, we undertook a computer modelling study to simulate transmission in an office building.MethodsRespiratory droplet data from four published datasets were analysed to quantify the number and volume of droplets <100μm diameter produced by a typical cough and speaking event (i.e. counting from 1 to 100). This was used in a stochastic model to simulate (10000 simulations) the number of respiratory particles, originating from a COVID-19 infector, that would be inhaled in one hour by a susceptible individual practicing socially distancing in a 4 × 4 × 2.5m office space. Several scenarios were simulated that mimicked the presence of both symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 infectors.ResultsOn average, each cough and speaking event produced similar numbers of droplets <100μm diameter (median range = 971.9 – 1013.4). Computer simulations (ventilation rate=2AC/h) revealed that sharing the office space with a symptomatic COVID-19 infector (4 coughs and 10 speaking events per hour) for one hour resulted in the inhalation of 16.9 (25-75th range = 8.1-33.9) aerosolised respiratory droplets, equating to about 280-1190 particles inhaled over a 35-hour working week. Sharing with an asymptomatic infector (10 speaking events per hour) resulted in the about 196–875 particles inhaled over 35 hours.ConclusionsGiven that live SARS-CoV-2 virions are known to be shed in high concentrations from the nasal cavity of both symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 patients, the results suggest that those sharing enclosed spaces with infectors for long periods may be at risk of contracting COVID-19 by the aerosol route, even when practicing social distancing.

Recent Applications of High Resolution Electron Microscopy to Crystalline Arrays of Virus Particles

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 470-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W. Horne
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Image Processing ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Optical Diffraction ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Wide Range

The technique of surrounding virus particles with a neutralised electron dense stain was described at the Fourth International Congress on Electron Microscopy, Berlin 1958 (see Home & Brenner, 1960, p. 625). For many years the negative staining technique in one form or another, has been applied to a wide range of biological materials. However, the full potential of the method has only recently been explored following the development and applications of optical diffraction and computer image analytical techniques to electron micrographs (cf. De Hosier & Klug, 1968; Markham 1968; Crowther et al., 1970; Home & Markham, 1973; Klug & Berger, 1974; Crowther & Klug, 1975). These image processing procedures have allowed a more precise and quantitative approach to be made concerning the interpretation, measurement and reconstruction of repeating features in certain biological systems.

Biological and Surface Properties of C-Type Virus Particles Produced by Novikoff Ascites Hepatoma Cells

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 388-389
Author(s):  
D.C. Hixson ◽  
J.C. Chan ◽  
J.M. Bowen ◽  
E.F. Walborg
Keyword(s):  
Surface Properties ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Leukemia Virus ◽  
Viral Envelope ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Sarcoma Virus ◽  
Hepatocarcinoma Cells ◽  
Type C

Several years ago Karasaki (1) reported the production of type C virus particles by Novikoff ascites hepatocarcinoma cells. More recently, Weinstein (2) has reported the presence of type C virus particles in cell cultures derived from transplantable and primary hepatocellular carcinomas. To date, the biological function of these virus and their significance in chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis are unknown. The present studies were initiated to determine a possible role for type C virus particles in chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis. This communication describes results of studies on the biological and surface properties of type C virus associated with Novikoff hepatocarcinoma cells.Ecotropic and xenotropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV) activity in ascitic fluid of Novikoff tumor-bearing rats was assayed in murine sarcoma virus transformed S+L- mouse cells and S+L- mink cells, respectively. The presence of sarcoma virus activity was assayed in non-virus-producing normal rat kidney (NRK) cells. Ferritin conjugates of concanavalin A (Fer-Con wheat germ agglutinin (Fer-WGA), and Ricinus communis agglutinins I and II (Fer-RCAI and Fer-RCAII) were used to probe the structure and topography of saccharide determinants present on the viral envelope.

An Improved Quantitative Image Analyser

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 226-227
Author(s):  
J.P. Fallon ◽  
P.J. Gregory ◽  
C.J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Frequency Content ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Quantitative Image ◽  
Image Analyser ◽  
Automatic Methods ◽  
Quantitative Results

Quantitative image analysis systems have been used for several years in research and quality control applications in various fields including metallurgy and medicine. The technique has been applied as an extension of subjective microscopy to problems requiring quantitative results and which are amenable to automatic methods of interpretation.Feature extraction. In the most general sense, a feature can be defined as a portion of the image which differs in some consistent way from the background. A feature may be characterized by the density difference between itself and the background, by an edge gradient, or by the spatial frequency content (texture) within its boundaries. The task of feature extraction includes recognition of features and encoding of the associated information for quantitative analysis.Quantitative Analysis. Quantitative analysis is the determination of one or more physical measurements of each feature. These measurements may be straightforward ones such as area, length, or perimeter, or more complex stereological measurements such as convex perimeter or Feret's diameter.

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