scholarly journals Study on coal to methanol of Arutmin coal

2021 ◽  
Vol 882 (1) ◽  
pp. 012028
Author(s):  
Suganal ◽  
Miftahul Huda ◽  
Muhammad Ade A. Efendi ◽  
Dahlia Diniati ◽  
Datin Fatia Umar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coal Gasification ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Oxygen Production ◽  
Mining Companies ◽  
Investment Cost ◽  
Lower Oxygen ◽  
Product Technology

Abstract The Indonesian government has encouraged coal mining companies to expand into coal downstream industries. In response to this policy, PT. Arutmin Indonesia has conducted a pre-feasibility study on the construction of a coal-to-methanol plant. The plant was located in the Pulau Laut Utara Coal Terminal (NPLCT). The plant is designed to produce 3.0 million tons of methanol/year. The raw material is supplied from the Sarongga coal mine, about 5 km away from NPLCT. The coal-to-methanol process was simulated using ChemCad to solve chemical and energy problems. Based on heat & material balance simulation results, the plant requires coal of 6.0 million tons/year as a raw material. Air Product technology was chosen for coal gasification and Davy Technology for methanol synthesis. Air product gasifier requires lower oxygen to produce syngas than other technologies, thereby reducing oxygen production costs. The plant needs an investment cost of USD 3.0 billion. With the assumption of a methanol price of 311 USD/ton and 20 years of tax holiday incentives, the financial analysis results show that the construction of coal-to-methanol plant is financially feasible with an NPV value of 289.7 million USD and an IRR of 13.35%.

Graubündens Wald im Fokus | Focus on the Grisons forest

2009 ◽  
Vol 160 (7) ◽  
pp. 195-200
Author(s):  
Reto Hefti
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Intensive Use ◽  
Form Part ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
The Government

In the mountainous canton Grisons, much visited by tourists, the forest has always had an important role to play. New challenges are now presenting themselves. The article goes more closely into two themes on the Grisons forestry agenda dominating in the next few years: the increased use of timber and climate change. With the increased demand for logs and the new sawmill in Domat/Ems new opportunities are offered to the canton for more intensive use of the raw material, wood. This depends on a reduction in production costs and a positive attitude of the population towards the greater use of wood. A series of measures from the Grisons Forestry Department should be of help here. The risk of damage to infrastructure is particularly high in a mountainous canton. The cantonal government of the Grisons has commissioned the Forestry Department to define the situation concerning the possible consequences of global warming on natural hazards and to propose measures which may be taken. The setting up of extensive measurement and information systems, the elaboration of intervention maps, the estimation of the danger potential in exposed areas outside the building zone and the maintenance of existing protective constructions through the creation of a protective constructions register, all form part of the government programme for 2009 to 2012. In the Grisons, forest owners and visitors will have to become accustomed to the fact that their forests must again produce more wood and that, on account of global warming, protective forests will become even more important than they already are today.

SELISIH BIAYA PRODUKSI SEBAGAI ALAT PENGENDALIAN MANAJEMEN PT INDO PUSAKA BERAU

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 397
Author(s):  
SAFITRI NURHIDAYATI ◽  
RIZKI AMELYA SYAM
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Material Costs ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

This study aims to analyze whether the difference that occurs in the cost of raw materials, direct labor, and factory overhead costs between the standard costs and the actual costs in PLTU LATI is a difference that is favorable or unfavorable. Data collection techniques with field research and library research. The analytical tool used is the analysis of the difference in raw material costs, the difference in direct labor costs and the difference in factory overhead costs. The hypothesis in this study is that the difference allegedly occurs in the cost of raw materials, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs at PT Indo Pusaka Berau Tanjung Redeb is a favorable difference. The results showed that the difference in the cost of producing MWh electricity at PT Indo Pusaka Berau Tanjung Redeb in 2018, namely the difference in the price of raw material costs Rp. 548,029.80, - is favorable, the difference in quantity of raw materials is Rp. 957,216,602, - is (favorable) , the difference in direct labor costs Rp 2,602,642,084, - is (unfavorable), and the difference in factory overhead costs Rp 8,807,051,422, - is (favorable) This shows that the difference in the overall production cost budget is favorable or profitable. This beneficial difference shows that the company is really able to reduce production costs optimally in 2018.  

Technical accounting: sugar extraction and losses

2020 ◽  
pp. 712-721
Author(s):  
Jan Maarten de Bruijn de Bruijn
Keyword(s):  
Process Improvement ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
Cost Leadership ◽  
Sugar Extraction ◽  
White Sugar

The bought sugar in the processed raw material (either beet or cane) comprises a high financial value and may contribute to somewhere around 50% of the white sugar production costs. It is therefore of the utmost importance to minimize sugar losses along the process and produce as much white sugar as possible from the raw material. This paper explains the principle of technical accounting as tool to control sugar extraction and losses in beet sugar manufacture. The sugar mass balance used to calculate the overall sugar extraction yield, as well as several simple calculations proposed for estimating the different sugar losses (like e.g. extraction (diffusion) losses, infection losses, sugar losses in molasses, etc.) in the subsequent process steps will be explained in detail. Proper technical accounting is considered indispensable for continuous process control and process improvement in pursuit of best-practice operation and cost-leadership.

Integrating PET/CT unit into the NHS of a small sized EU state: A financial cost efficiency study

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Giannakou ◽  
D Kefallonitou ◽  
I Polycarpou ◽  
K Souliotis
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Alternative Possibilities ◽  
Financial Cost ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
Investment Cost ◽  
Two Alternatives

Abstract Background According to the Ministry of Health in Cyprus, since 2009, every year more than 3.000 new incidents with neoplasm are diagnosed. The National Health System (NHS) of Cyprus aims to offer adequate health services, comparing them with European Union standards. However, it is lacking a Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET/CT) unit. The present study aims to examine whether an investment by the Cyprus NHS of a PET/CT unit can be financially sustainable. Methods A financial analysis of the operating revenues and expenses of a departmental PET/CT with F18-FDG was performed taking into consideration all related parameters. A detailed estimation of the unit's operation expenses (PET/CT unit supply, overheads, salaries, etc.) and incomes was produced for a 15-year period. This initial scenario was not financially viable and therefore two alternatives are also examined. Results After performing a detailed analysis and projection for the evaluation of the feasibility study in the initial scenario, the overall outcome is estimated negative deriving to a €2,2 million losses in the cumulative results by 2035. The second scenario concluded that the required number of incidents to reach a neutral cash flow after a 15-year period should increase from 8.971 to 23.430. The third scenario reached the conclusion that a parallel investment to the purchase of the PET/CT unit by installing a cyclotron unit in the Cypriot NHS provides cumulative results positive of €1,7 million for the PET/CT, in the same period, that can finance the largest part of the €2,5 million required for the installation of the cyclotron unit. Conclusions Our findings show that an investment of a sole PET/CT unit is not a financially viable. Alternative possibilities such as usage of a PET/CT operated by the private sector or supporting patients to travel to another country are within the economic terms recommended. Key messages From a financial viewpoint, the scenario of investing in a PET/CT unit by the Cyprus NHS is not viable. Examining alternative options for patients in need of a PET/CT unit, where the initial investment cost for the state is not financially viable.

scholarly journals Rheological behavior of high consistency enzymatically fibrillated cellulose suspensions

Cellulose ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aayush Kumar Jaiswal ◽  
Vinay Kumar ◽  
Alexey Khakalo ◽  
Panu Lahtinen ◽  
Katariina Solin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Law ◽  
Shear Viscosity ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Direct Function ◽  
Typical Application ◽  
Enzyme Dosage ◽  
High Consistency

AbstractHigh-consistency processing of fibrillated cellulose materials is attractive for commercial applications due to potential for lowered production costs, energy savings and easier logistics. The current work investigated structure–property relationships of fibrillated cellulose suspensions produced at 20% consistency using VTT HefCel (High-consistency enzymatic fibrillation of cellulose) technology. Morphological examination of the fibrillated materials revealed that enzymatic action on the cellulose substrates was not a direct function of enzyme dosage but rather was dependent on the raw material composition. Furthermore, shear viscosity of the HefCel suspensions was found to decrease with increasing enzyme dosage while the water retention increased. The shear viscosity followed power law relationship with the power law index varying in the range 0.11–0.73. The shear-thinning behavior decreased with increasing consistency. Moreover, suspension viscosity ($$\upmu$$ μ ) was found to be highly dependent on the consistency ($$\mathrm{c})$$ c ) as $$\upmu \sim {\mathrm{c}}^{\mathrm{m}}$$ μ ∼ c m , with $$\mathrm{m}$$ m ranging from 2.75 to 4.31 for different samples. Yield stress (τy) of the HefCel suspensions was measured at 7 and 10% consistencies. The performance of the fibrillated cellulose grades in a typical application was demonstrated by casting films, which were characterized for their mechanical properties. Graphic abstract

scholarly journals Economic and Sustainability of Biodiesel Production—A Systematic Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-36
Author(s):  
Tamás Mizik ◽  
Gábor Gyarmati
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Important Research Topic ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Production

As Earth’s fossil energy resources are limited, there is a growing need for renewable resources such as biodiesel. That is the reason why the social, economic and environmental impacts of biofuels became an important research topic in the last decade. Depleted stocks of crude oil and the significant level of environmental pollution encourage researchers and professionals to seek and find solutions. The study aims to analyze the economic and sustainability issues of biodiesel production by a systematic literature review. During this process, 53 relevant studies were analyzed out of 13,069 identified articles. Every study agrees that there are several concerns about the first-generation technology; however, further generations cannot be price-competitive at this moment due to the immature technology and high production costs. However, there are promising alternatives, such as wastewater-based microalgae with up to 70% oil content, fat, oils and grease (FOG), when production cost is below 799 USD/gallon, and municipal solid waste-volatile fatty acids technology, where the raw material is free. Proper management of the co-products (mainly glycerol) is essential, especially at the currently low petroleum prices (0.29 USD/L), which can only be handled by the biorefineries. Sustainability is sometimes translated as cost efficiency, but the complex interpretation is becoming more common. Common elements of sustainability are environmental and social, as well as economic, issues.

scholarly journals Sustainability of Extraction of Raw Material by a Combination of Mobile and Stationary Mining Machines and Optimization of Machine Life Cycle

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10454
Author(s):  
Katarína Teplická ◽  
Martin Straka
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Optimal Distribution ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Scientific Discussion ◽  
Mining Companies ◽  
Conveyor Belts ◽  
The Impact

This article summarizes the arguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of using mining machines and their life cycle. The main goal of the article is to investigate the impact of a combination of mobile and stationary mining machines and their optimal distribution in the mining process to increase the efficiency of mining and processing of raw materials. The following methods of research were focused on the use of technical indicators for the valuation efficiency of the mining process: a simulation method was used for the distribution of mining machines, comparison analysis was used for the real and past state of mining machines, and a decision tree was used as managerial instrument for optimal alternatives of mining machines. The research empirically confirms and theoretically proves that optimal distribution of mining machines and machine parks is very important for mining companies. The benefit of this research for the mining company was the new location of the machines and the combination of stationary production lines and mobile equipment. The optimal layout of the machines reduced the number of conveyor belts and improved the transfer of limestone processing to mobile devices, saving time, which was reflected in transport costs. The results can be useful for other mining companies seeking to create an optimal machine park.

Numerical Simulation of Filling and Solidification in Sand Casting by Procast

2013 ◽  
Vol 791-793 ◽  
pp. 550-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Dong Han ◽  
Cheng Jun Wang ◽  
Juan Chang ◽  
Lei Chen ◽  
Huai Bei Xie
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Solidification Process ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Sand Casting ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Casting Defects ◽  
Three Dimension ◽  
Filling And Solidification

At present, pulley produced in China has been able to meet the demand of domestic and international markets. But there are many problem of the pulley industry in our country, such as too many production enterprises and the low level of export products. And as components of drive system are light weight and raw material price of pulley casting are rising, manufacturing requirements of the pulley are also more and more high. Aiming at the casting defects of pulley that enterprise current product, pulley casting blank model of common material HT250 be made by three-dimension software, numerical simulation of filling and solidification process for pulley sand casting by the casting simulation software Procast, the size and location of the various casting defects were forecasted and analyzed, reflecting the pulley filling and solidification process of the actual situation, due to the thicker pulley rim and less heat dissipation, position of shrinkage is close to the middle of rim [, a method of eliminating defects is proposed to realize sequential solidification, and thus to minimize porosity shrinkage and improve casting performance and reduce casting time and reduce production costs.

Effect Of Equivalent Ratio (ER) On the Flow and Combustion Characteristics in A Typical Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) Cavity

2021 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
Arup Kumar Biswas ◽  
Wasu Suksuwan ◽  
Khamphe Phoungthong ◽  
Makatar Wae-hayee
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Coal Gasification ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Underground Coal Gasification ◽  
Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Rubble Pile

Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) is thought to be the most favourable clean coal technology option from geological-engineering-environmental viewpoint (less polluting and high efficiency) for extracting energy from coal without digging it out or burning it on the surface. UCG process requires only injecting oxidizing agent (O2 or air with steam) as raw material, into the buried coal seam, at an effective ratio which regulates the performance of gasification. This study aims to evaluate the influence of equivalent ratio (ER) on the flow and combustion characteristics in a typical half tear-drop shape of UCG cavity which is generally formed during the UCG process. A flow modeling software, Ansys FLUENT is used to construct a 3-D model and to solve problems in the cavity. The boundary conditions are- (i) a mass-flow-inlet passing oxidizer (in this case, air) into the cavity, (ii) a fuel-inlet where the coal volatiles are originated and (iii) a pressure-outlet for flowing the product Syngas out of the cavity. A steady-state simulation has been run using k-? turbulence model. The mass flow rate of air varied according to an equivalent ratio (ER) of 0.16, 0.33, 0.49 and 0.82, while the fuel flow rate was fixed. The optimal condition of ER has been identified through observing flow and combustion characteristics, which looked apparently stable at ER 0.33. In general, the flow circulation mainly takes place around the ash-rubble pile. A high temperature zone is found at the air-releasing point of the injection pipe into the ash-rubble pile. This study could practically be useful to identify one of the vital controlling factors of gasification performance (i.e., ER impact on product gas flow characteristics) which might become a cost-effective solution in advance of commencement of any physical operation.

A GCC Power Plant With Methanol Storage for Intermediate-Load Duty

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Paffenbarger
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Coal Gasification ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Electrical Demand ◽  
Integrated Facility ◽  
Plant Configuration

This paper describes the design and performance of a coal gasification combined-cycle power plant with an integrated facility for producing and storing methanol (GCC/methanol power plant). The methanol is produced at a steady rate and is burned in the combined cycle to generate additional power during periods of peak electrical demand. The GCC/methanol plant provides electricity generation and energy storage in one coal-based facility. It is of potential interest to electric utilities seeking to meet intermediate-load electrical demand on their systems. The plant configuration is determined by means of an innovative economic screening methodology considering capital and fuel costs over a range of cycling duties (capacity factors). Estimated levelized electricity production costs indicate that a GCC/methanol plant could be of economic interest as premium fuel prices increase relative to coal. The plant could potentially be of interest for meeting daily peak demands for periods of eight hours or less. The conceptual plant configuration employs a Texaco gasifier and a Lurgi methanol synthesis plant. Plant performance is estimated at peak and baseload output levels. No unusual design or operational problems were identified.

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