scholarly journals Macrofungi diversity in Lawu Mountain Forests and their potential uses as medicinal mushroom for inducing immunity against Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 914 (1) ◽  
pp. 012077
Author(s):  
S Rahayu ◽  
A F F Wardana ◽  
H H Nurjanto ◽  
G Anggara ◽  
N P D Mahayani
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Lentinus Edodes ◽  
Mountain Forests ◽  
Southern Slope ◽  
Medicinal Purpose ◽  
Auricularia Auricula ◽  
Stereum Hirsutum

Abstract Macrofungi is one of bio-medicinal sources containing various bioactive compounds, such as β-glucans, which are scientifically proven as immunity booster against coronavirus, including Covid-19. Lawu Mountain Forest has been reported as one of the macro fungi-rich ecosystems in Java. Due to its unique geography, each side of the mountain has a different climate with the southern slope is typically more suitable for various species of mushroom to grow. The aims of this study were to assess fungal diversity in the southern slope of Lawu Mountain Forest, and to ascertain their potential uses for medicinal purpose, particularly for boosting immunity against Covid-19. Cruise method was used to identify macroscopic fungi collected along the hiking trail of Lawu Mountain Forest at the elevation ranges of 1800- 3100 m asl. Their morphological characteristics, including color, diameter, veil surface, lamella (ring and pore, type of lamella, and volva), stem shape, length and diameter, were observed. The study found 46 species from 15 families of macrofungi. Seven species potentially containing bioactive compounds as immunomodulator for boosting immunity were Auricularia auricula, Cerrena unicolor, Lentinus edodes, Pleuretus ostreatus, Stereum hirsutum, Schizophyllum commune, Trametes versicolor.

scholarly journals IDENTIFIKASI JENIS POHON FAMILI PODOCARPACEAE PADA HUTAN PEGUNUNGAN ATAS DI GUNUNG BAWANG KABUPATEN BENGKAYANG KALIMANTAN BARAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Ronaldo ◽  
Harri Prayogo ◽  
. Muflihati
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Family Tree ◽  
Mountain Forests ◽  
Humid Forest ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
The Family ◽  
High Species Diversity ◽  
Forest Conditions

Mount Bawang is one of the protected forest areas in Bengkayang Regency, West Kalimantan with an altitude reaching 1.471 masl. Mount Bawang belongs to the type of tropical rain forest which is overgrown by various species of plants with high species diversity. The forest in Gunung Bawang has a zone of upper mountain forest vegetation which is a habitat for tree species from the family Podocarpaceae. Podocarpaceae family tree species can grow in humid forest conditions, dominating the upper mountain forests, mountainous scrublands, and some in the swamp and scorch forest. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the morphology of tree species from the Podocarpaceae family on Mount Bawang. The method used in this study is an exploration method that is carried out by exploring the ridge at an altitude of 1.100-1.400 masl, then taking samples of the herbarium. Based on the results of the study found 5 species of trees from the family Podocarpaceae. These species are Dacrydium xanthandrum, Falcatifolium falciforme, Podocarpus borneensis, Podocarpus neriifolius, and Phylocladus hyphophyllus. The morphological characteristics of the Podocarpaceae family are generally needle-leafed, leafy mesophyll, thick, upright stems sometimes bent, and have seed-bearing organs in the form of conifers.Keyword: Bengkayang Regency, Mount Bawang, Podocarpaceae, Upper Mountain Forest.

Studi Taksonomi dan Potensi Beberapa Jamur Liar di Pulau Belitong

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Ivan Permana Putra
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
Ecological Role ◽  
Future Potential

Abstract : Macrofungi or mushroom are cosmopolitan heterotrophic organisms which have a very important ecological role. Information on the presence and description of macrofungi can be used as a reference for conservation steps and future potential utilization. The purpose of this study was to provide  description of macro fungi and their potential utilization at Belitong Island. All macro fungi found were Basidiomycota. The identification results showd there were 11 species of mushrooms, i.e. Chlorophyllum molybdites, Lepiota sp., Marasmius sp., Parasola sp., Phallus indusiatus, Lentinus sp.1, Lentinus sp.2, Microporus sp., Polyporus cf. tricholoma, Russula sp., dan Schizophyllum commune. All mushrooms are decomposer at the study site. Some mushrooms have potential as food, medicine and source of other bioactive compounds. This paper explains how to use macroscopic characters to help the identification of macrofungi.Abstrak : Jamur makro merupakan organisme heterotof kosmopolitan yang memiliki peran ekologis yang sangat penting. Informasi mengenai keberadaan dan deskripsi jamur makro dapat dijadikan acuan untuk langkah konservasi serta pemanfaatan potensinya di masa mendatang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menyediakan deskripsi jamur makro dan potensi pemanfaatannya di Pulau Belitong. Seluruh jamur makro yang ditemukan merupakan Filum Basidiomycota. Hasil identifikasi menunjukan terdapat 11 spesies jamur yaitu Chlorophyllum molybdites, Lepiota sp., Marasmius sp., Parasola sp., Phallus indusiatus, Lentinus sp.1, Lentinus sp.2, Microporus sp., Polyporus cf. tricholoma, Russula sp., dan Schizophyllum commune. Seluruh jamur merupakan dekomposer pada lokasi penelitian. Beberapa jamur berpotensi sebagai bahan pangan, obat, dan sumber senyawa bioaktif lainnya. Pada tulisan ini dijelaskan cara menggunakan karakter makroskopik untuk membantu identifikasi jamur.

scholarly journals Huftiere und Verjüngung im Gebirgswald: eine Geschichte mit vielen Variablen und noch mehr Interaktionen | Ungulates and Tree Regeneration in Mountain Forests: an Issue with many Variables and even more Interactions

2000 ◽  
Vol 151 (4) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Senn
Keyword(s):  
Tree Regeneration ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Mountain Forests ◽  
Wild Ungulates ◽  
Site Factors ◽  
The Past

After excessive cutting in Swiss mountain forests and extirpation of most of the wildlife during the past centuries, efficient forestry and hunting laws allowed a wide regeneration of the forests and a rapid increase of ungulate populations in the present century. As a consequence, the impacts of ungulates on the vegetation became obvious. Regeneration of forest trees, however, is influenced not only by ungulates, but by a number of physical site factors and biotic impacts. As these impacts and their interactions vary extensively, regeneration is neither spatially nor temporally constant. Most of the presently used tree-regeneration methods, however, assume constant conditions, which renders a proper evaluation of tree regeneration in mountain forests and the role of ungulates impossible. Furthermore, the effect of this variation on forest development and forest functions is unknown with regard to the long term. While society requires a multipurpose mountain forest, structured at a small scale, wild ungulates use their habitat at a larger scale. This often leads to conflicts. Consequently,solutions including different scales are necessary. A lack of knowledge will, therefore, have to be met by research making data available to the practice as well as through coordinated investigations and experiments.

scholarly journals Discrimination of Myrtle Ecotypes from Different Geographic Areas According to Their Morphological Characteristics and Anthocyanins Composition

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana V. González-de-Peredo ◽  
Mercedes Vázquez-Espinosa ◽  
Estrella Espada-Bellido ◽  
Marta Ferreiro-González ◽  
Antonio Amores-Arrocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds ◽  
Chemical Traits ◽  
Positive Effect

Myrtus communis L. is an evergreen shrub that produces berries with a high content in antioxidant compounds. Since these compounds have demonstrated a positive effect on human health, the interest on berries and their usages has increased. However, environmental conditions may affect the productivity of these species and consequently the quality of wild myrtle. Ecotypes from diverse geographical origins may result in significant variations in terms of bioactive compounds content as well as in chemical traits. For this reason, in this work ecotypes from two different localizations have been studied to determine if their differences in morphological and anthocyanins traits can be attributed to their origin and the environmental characteristics of these locations. For this, chemometric analyses such as Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis, were employed. The results showed differences between the ecotypes depending on their location. In particular, myrtle berries from maritime zones present greater fruit size and amount of bioactive compounds, which means an improvement in the quality of the final product based on this raw material. It can be concluded that both morphological and anthocyanins traits are related to the location of the ecotype and allow selecting the best ecotype for the required applications.

scholarly journals Long-Term Temporal Changes of Precipitation Quality in Slovak Mountain Forests

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2920
Author(s):  
Jozef Minďaš ◽  
Miriam Hanzelová ◽  
Jana Škvareninová ◽  
Jaroslav Škvarenina ◽  
Ján Ďurský ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Base Cations ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Mountain Forests ◽  
Precipitation Regime ◽  
Pollution Effects ◽  
Icp Forests

The paper is focused on the evaluation of long-term changes in the chemical composition of precipitation in the mountain forests of Slovakia. Two stations with long-term measurements of precipitation quality were selected, namely the station of the EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) network Chopok (2008 m a.s.l.) and the station of the ICP Forests (International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests) network Poľana-Hukavský grúň (850 m a.s.l.). All basic chemical components were analyzed, namely sulfur (S-SO4), nitrogen (N-NH4, N-NO3), and base cations (Ca, Mg, and K) contained in precipitation. The time changes of the individual components were statistically evaluated by the Mann–Kendall test and Kruskal–Wallis test. The results showed significant declining trends for almost all components, which can significantly affect element cycles in mountain forest ecosystems. The evaluated forty one-year period (1987 to 2018) is characterized by significant changes in the precipitation regime in Slovakia and the obtained results indicate possible directions in which the quantity and quality of precipitation in the mountainous areas of Slovakia will develop with ongoing climate change.

scholarly journals Contribution of regeneration on dead wood to the spontaneous regeneration of a mountain forest

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 405-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ježek
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Mountain Forests ◽  
Managed Forest ◽  
Vegetation Zone ◽  
Spontaneous Regeneration

In the Moravian-Silesian Beskids in the beech/spruce forest vegetation zone, the amount of dead wood was determined (pieces of wood and stumps) in five sample plots in a managed forest and in three plots in the National Nature Reserve (NNR) Kněhyně-Čertův Ml&yacute;n. In plots situated in the managed forest, 22 to 50 m<sup>3</sup>/haof lying wood was found. In the reserve, the volume of fallen wood ranged from 29 to 144 m<sup>3</sup>/ha. The number of stumps in sample plots in the managed forest ranged from 530 to 980 per ha. In the reserve, the number of new stumps did not increase any more and only stumps from the period before the NNR declaration occurred. On the dead wood, spruce is regenerated nearly exclusively. In the managed forest and in the NNR, the number of regenerated spruce plants ranged from 5,000 to 16,000 and from 600 to 4,500 per ha, respectively. In plots where the sufficient amount of dead lying wood and stumps occurred, the proportion of spruce plants regenerated on the substrates amounted to even 75%. Other species (beech and silver fir) regenerated only on the soil surface. A sufficient amount of dead wood for the germination of seedlings can significantly ensure the natural regeneration of spruce in mountain forests.

Challenges and opportunities of quantifying local CO2 advection at a mountain forest in the Alps

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Galvagno ◽  
Georg Wohlfahrt ◽  
Peng Zhao ◽  
Edoardo Cremonese ◽  
Gianluca Filippa
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Control Volume ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Mountain Forests ◽  
Flux System ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Net Uptake ◽  
Advective Flows

&lt;p&gt;Mountain forests, which play an important role in the mitigation of anthropogenic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions are supposed to be heavily affected by climatic changes and extremes. Efforts towards the understanding of the physiological processes regulating mountain forest carbon and water fluxes are crucial to correctly manage and protect these key ecosystems. However, among the challenges in micrometeorological flux measurements in complex terrain, the unaccounted presence of advective CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes has the potential to bias the daily and longer-term CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; exchange estimates towards unrealistic net uptake, a bias that urgently needs to be accounted for in order to reduce uncertainties related to role of mountain forests in the global carbon cycle. On the other hand, given the typical local bi-directional wind system in mountains, information on advective flows at these sites could be easier to detect compared to other terrains. We present the results of a CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; advection experiment conducted at a European larch site in Northern Italy (2100 m asl). The setup consisted of: the main eddy covariance flux tower (20 m), a sub-canopy eddy covariance flux system (2 m), a home-assembled system for measuring CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations at three heights on the four sides of a 40 x 40 m control volume, composed by a solenoid valve system, multiple sampling inlets and a gas analyzer, and three automatic chambers measuring bare soil respiration (two chambers) and the net ecosystem CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; exchange from the vegetated forest floor (one chamber). Results show that: i) advection is a not-negligible fraction of the total net ecosystem CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; exchange of this forest, ii) coupling measurements of above and below canopy eddy covariance in mountain forest sites could emerge essential for detecting/estimating the unaccounted CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; flux&lt;/p&gt;

Global analysis of mountain forest distribution and change during 2000 to 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyue He ◽  
Dominick Spracklen ◽  
Joseph Holden ◽  
Zhenzhong Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Forest Cover ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Mountain Forests ◽  
Forest Change ◽  
Elevation Data ◽  
Forest Distribution ◽  
Hydrological Cycles

&lt;p&gt;Mountain forests cover a small fraction of the Earth&amp;#8217;s surface, but may exert important influence on the hydrological cycles of river basins (e.g., evapotranspiration, river flow). Many montane ecosystems are currently experiencing forest loss or gain, due to direct land-use change and due to changes in climate. Previous studies revealed most deforestation and afforestation occur in the lowlands, while how forest cover changes at different altitudes in the mountains has not been fully understood. Here we present a study that aims to better understand the distribution of mountain forest change. We use a high-resolution global map of forest change during 2000-2018 combined with elevation data to complete a global analysis of the relationship of elevation with tree cover and tree cover loss and gain. We also assess which climate variables (temperature, rainfall, wind speed) might explain observed variations in tree cover. Our analysis provides new information on how and why mountain forests are changing.&lt;/p&gt;

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