Rapid composting of food waste and yard waste with effective microorganisms (EM)

Abstract Rapid composting is an alternative method to reduce highly generated food waste and yard waste discarded to the landfill. This study aims to determine the effect of effective microorganisms (EM) application on the chemical and physical properties and to determine the performance and factors affecting the rapid composting process. The chemical and physical properties such as pH, temperature, moisture content, carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio and Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) nutrient are examined over rapid composting period in order to assess the performance of compost and effectiveness of EM in enhancing the degradation process of organic waste. There are three compost prepared which are A, B and C that received different ratio of EM which 1 L, 2 L and 3 L respectively. Based on the result obtained from the 54 days of composting conducted, compost A, B and C show no significance differences on parameters tested. The temperature obtained mostly within the range 35-38 °C, pH values are 5-9, moisture content are 20-60 % and for NPK nutrient, Total Nitrogen content are 1.3 % to 1.4 %, Total Phosphorus are within 0.10 ppm to 0.45 ppm and Potassium are within 0.8 ppm to 6.7 ppm.

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Analysis of environmental factors affecting methane production from high-solids organic waste

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1997.0628 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 36 (6-7) ◽

pp. 493-500 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

J. J. Lay ◽

Y. Y. Li ◽

T. Noike ◽

J. Endo ◽

S. Ishimoto

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Methane Production ◽

Organic Waste ◽

High Solids ◽

Methanogenic Activity ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Bacterial System ◽

Sludge Cake ◽

Production Curve ◽

Ph Range

A simple model developed from the Gompertz equation was used to describe the cumulative methane production curve in the batch culture. By using this model, three key parameters, namely methane production rate, potential and lagphase time, in a cumulative methane production curve were exactly estimated based on the experimental data. The results indicate that each gram of dry organic waste of a sludge cake, meat, carrot, rice, potato and cabbage had a methane production potential of 450, 424, 269, 214, 203 and 96 mL, respectively. The methanogenic activity of these digesters decreased with a decrease in the moisture content. The moisture content threshold limit, at which the methanogenic activity dropped to zero, was found to be 56.6% for the sludge cake, but greater than 80% for meat, carrot and cabbage. In the high-solids sludge digestion, the relative methanogenic activity dropped from 100% to 53% when the moisture content decreased from 96% to 90%. The rate of methane production at moisture contents of 90% to 96% functioned in a pH range between 6.6 and 7.8, but optimally at pH 6.8, and the process may fail if the pH was lower than 6.1 or higher than 8.3. On the other hand, the methanogenic activity was dependent on the level of ammonium, NH4+, but not free ammonia, NH3, indicating that the NH4+ was the more significant factor rather than the NH3 in affecting the methanogenic activity of a well-acclimatized bacterial system. In the wide pH range of 6.5 to 8.5, the methanogenic activity decreased with the increase in the NH4+; dropped 10% at the NH4+-N concentration of 1670-3720 mg·L−1, 50% at 4090-5550 mg·L−1 and dropped to zero at 5880-6600 mg·L−1. However, the lagphase time was dependent on the NH3 level, but not on NH4+, and when NH3-N was higher than 500 mg·L−1, a notable shock was observed. This suggests that the NH3 level was the more sensitive factor than the NH4+ level for an unacclimatized bacterial system.

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Studi Komparasi Komposter Berbasis Masyarakat

Jurnal Reka Lingkungan ◽

10.26760/rekalingkungan.v9i1.34-44 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 34-44

Author(s):

NATASYA HASNA ◽

IWAN JUWANA ◽

MOHAMAD SATORI

Keyword(s):

Food Waste ◽

Organic Waste ◽

Yard Waste ◽

Compost Quality ◽

Standard Quality ◽

Waste Bank ◽

Waste Food

AbstrakSampah organik merupakan sampah dominan di Bank sampah Sahdu, maka perlu pengolahan untuk mengurangi timbulan sampah organik di TPA. Penelitian ini membandingkan 3 jenis komposter aerob di Bank sampah Sahdu yaitu bata terawang, drum dan takakura. Jenis sampah yang digunakan adalah sampah organik campuran (sisa makanan dan sampah halaman). Kapasitas komposter bata terawang, drum dan takakura dapat menampung sampah per harinya dari 456, 210 dan 20 sumber. Kinerja komposter bata terawang, drum dan takakura dalam mengolah sampah organik menjadi kompos adalah 53,45%, 48,27% dan 56,01%. Kualitas kompos yang dihasilkan seluruh komposter memenuhi baku mutu, kecuali parameter pH kompos dari hasil komposter drum tidak memenuhi baku mutu. Kata kunci: sampah organik, bank sampah, komposter aerobik.Abstract Organic waste is the most dominant waste produced, thus the reduction of this type of waste will reduce waste entering the landfill. This research aims were to compare the performance of 3 types of aerobic composters in Waste bank Sahdu which are brick overlay, drum and takakura. The wastes used in this research is mixed organic waste (food waste and yard waste). The capacity of brick overlay, drum and takakura are able to treat waste per day from 456, 210 and 20 households respectively. As related to their performance, the bric overlay, drum and takakura are able to treat 53,45%, 48,27% and 56,01% of organic waste into compost, respectively. The compost quality that produced by all composter has met the standard quality, except pH parameters from the composter drum. Keyword: organic waste, waste bank, aerobic composter.

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Green Biological Transformation of Food and Yard Waste

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v73.3550 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mohammed F.M. Abushammala ◽

Noor Ezlin Ahmad Basri ◽

Shahrom Md Zain ◽

Nur Fatin Mat Saad ◽

Nurul Afida Zainudin

Keyword(s):

Food Waste ◽

Organic Waste ◽

Economic Value ◽

Management Technique ◽

Waste Generation ◽

High Quality ◽

Yard Waste ◽

Composting Process ◽

Fruit Waste ◽

Biological Transformation

The composting of organic waste is an alternative waste management technique that can be used to control the increase in waste generation. The objective of this study was to identify a type of effective microbes (EMs) that accelerate the composting process. The study also determined the suitability of using a KompostKu rotary composter along with additional materials such as coconut husks and Takakura EMs for composting food waste from the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), and determines the economic value of the compost. In order to select the most efficient EMs, Takakura and fruit waste EMs were prepared and used during the composting of both food and yard waste using a composter barrel. Four important parameters were examined to ensure the effectiveness of the process, including temperature, moisture content, potential of hydrogen (pH), and carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio. The experimental results revealed that Takakura EMs were superior to the fruit waste EMs in accelerating the composting process. The use of coconut husks as an absorbing agent with Takakura EMs also accelerated the composting process, requiring approximately four weeks to fully decompose the food waste. It was estimated that the composting of food and landscape waste at the UKM could annually generate compost products worth over 30,660 Malaysian Ringgit (MYR). The use of Takakura EMs enhanced and accelerated the composting process and provided high-quality compost

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The Effect of Moisture Content on the Loess Physical Properties

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.81 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1065-1069 ◽

pp. 81-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lin Ma

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Water Content ◽

Confining Pressure ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Intrinsic Mechanism ◽

Pressure Failure ◽

Intact Soil ◽

Intact Loess

Water is one of the most important factors affecting the mechanical properties of soil.Research on the intrinsic mechanism of soil by water effect is significant. In this paper, the mechanical properties of loess in Shanxi under different water content is studied from the experimental angle. The result shows that the stress of intact loess increases with the water content decreasing. Pressure failure stress increases with water content decreasing under the same confining, and amplitude reduction increases.Keywords: moisture content; physical properties; intact soil; confining pressure

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Pengaruh Penambahan Serpihan Kayu terhadap Kualitas Kompos Sampah Organik Sejenis dalam Komposter Rumah Tangga

Jurnal Dampak ◽

10.25077/dampak.14.1.13-22.2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 13

Author(s):

Yenni Ruslinda ◽

Rizki Aziz ◽

Lutfina Lutfina

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Organic Waste ◽

Aerobic Condition ◽

Wood Chips ◽

Raw Material ◽

Product Analysis ◽

Yard Waste ◽

Compost Quality ◽

The Impact

One way to improve compost quality of typical organic waste is by addition of additive such as wood chips. This study aims to analyze the impact of the wood chips addition (ratio 1:10) on compost quality of typical organic waste (fruits, vegetables, yard waste, and food waste) in home composter, and to compare the compost quality with the standard of domestic compost according SNI 19-7030-2004. Analysis was conducted on composts raw material, compost maturity process in every 5 days measurement, and on compost product. Analysis of compost product of typical organic waste with addition of wood chips showed that parameters of temperature, moisture content, and pH of vegetables and yard waste has complied the standard whilst parameter of C/N ratio has not complied. The addition of wood chips caused the drop of compost temperature and moisture content, resulted in the decomposition process located in aerobic condition, resulted in production of compost in form of humus in greater volume. The addition of wood chips also caused the compost pH and C/N ratio increased.Keywords: compost quality, home composter, typical organic waste, wood chipsAbstrakSalah satu upaya untuk memperbaiki kualitas kompos sampah organik adalah dengan penambahan bahan aditif, seperti serpihan kayu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh penambahan serpihan kayu (perbandingan 1:10) terhadap kualitas kompos sampah organik sejenis (buahan, sayuran, halaman dan sisa makanan) dalam komposter rumah tangga dan membandingkan kualitas akhir kompos ini dengan kualitas kompos sampah domestik menurut SNI 19-7030-2004. Analisis dilakukan terhadap bahan dasar kompos, proses kematangan dengan pengukuran setiap lima hari sekali, dan kualitas akhir kompos. Dari analisis akhir kualitas kompos sampah organik sejenis dengan penambahan serpihan kayu, parameter yang telah memenuhi standar adalah temperatur, kelembapan, pH untuk sampah sayuran dan sampah halaman, sedangkan untuk parameter rasio C/N belum memenuhi standar. Penambahan serpihan kayu menyebabkan temperatur dan kelembaban kompos menurun, sehingga proses dekomposisi berada pada suasana aerobik, yang menghasilkan kompos dalam bentuk humus dengan volume yang lebih banyak. Penambahan serpihan kayu juga meningkatkan pH dan rasio C/N kompos. Kata kunci: komposter rumah tangga, kualitas kompos, sampah organik sejenis, serpihan kayu

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The Effect of Activator Addition to the Compost with Biopore Infiltration Hole (BIH) Method

Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan ◽

10.14710/jil.19.1.53-59 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 53-59

Author(s):

Yenni Ruslinda ◽

Rizki Aziz ◽

Larasati Sekar Arum ◽

Novita Sari

Keyword(s):

Food Waste ◽

Organic Waste ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Infiltration Rate ◽

Raw Material ◽

Water Infiltration ◽

Yard Waste ◽

Macro Elements ◽

Long Time

The composition of organic waste reaches 59% of the total municipal solid waste in Indonesia. One way to process organic waste is composting by utilizing microorganisms to break down waste into compost. Naturally, the composting process took a long time but can be accelerated by adding microorganisms to the activator. This study analyzes the quality and quantity of compost using the Biopore Infiltration Hole (BIH) method with activator addition. Composting was duplicated in the yard area with clay soil type and water infiltration rate of 0,3 cm/hour. The BIH was made in a 10 cm diameter, a 100 cm depth, and the distance between the holes was 50 cm. Composting variations consist of variations in the composition of the raw materials and the activators' uses. Variations in the raw material composition consisted of 100% yard waste, 100% food waste, 50% yard waste and 50% food waste, and 70% food waste and 30% yard waste. In contrast, the activator variations consisted of no activator, EM4 activator, and Stardec activator. Compost analysis consists of maturity, quality of physical and macro elements, and quantity of compost. The results showed that all variations of composting had met the standard of maturity and quality of physical and macro elements according to SNI 19-7030-2004. The addition of activator affected composting time and compost quantity. The composting time in BIH with activator ranges from 41-60 days. In BIH without activator ranges from 65-75 days, there was a reduction in composting time by 15-25 days with the activator addition. However, the activator addition caused reducing the compost quantity by 10-20%. The selection of compost variations by scoring results in compost with a composition of 50% yard waste and 50% food waste and the addition of Stardec activators was the best variation in terms of compost maturity, quality, and quantity.

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Effect of pH, temperature and moisture content during composting of rice straw burning at different temperature with food waste and effective microorganisms

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20183402019 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 02019 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Irnis Azura Zakarya ◽

Siti Noor Baya Khalib ◽

Norhasykin Mohd Ramzi

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Rice Straw ◽

Food Waste ◽

Ph Value ◽

Value Added ◽

Effective Microorganisms ◽

Brown Sugar ◽

Compost Quality ◽

Composting Process ◽

Straw Ash

Rice straw is considered as one of the most important agricultural residues and represented as one of the major by-products from rice production process. Normally, rice straw that produced after harvesting season been directly burned on-farm. Conversion of rice straw into value added compost will improve the productivity of plant, reduction of pollution towards environment and reduction of local pollution due to open burning activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of composting rice straw ash (RSA) with food waste (FW) and effective microorganisms (EM) in term of the compost quality (pH, temperature, moisture content). RSA was prepared by burning the raw rice straw at three different temperature of 300°C, 400°C and 500°C for one hour. EM used during the composting process was prepared by mixing of brown sugar, ‘tempe’ and water that can be used after one week of fermentation process. There are four treatments of RSA-compost; RSA (300°C), RSA (400°C), RSA (500°C) and control (raw rice straw) with the same amount of compost medium; 1kg black soil, 0.5kg RSA, 3L EM and 1kg FW. The composting process happens for 30 days. During the composting process, all the parameters of RSA-compost obtained in a range like; pH value 8-10, temperature 20-50°C and moisture content 40-60%. The result showed that all compost quality of rice straw ash compost obtained in an acceptable range for final compost to establish.

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Effect of external heat source on temperature and moisture variation for composting of food waste

IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering ◽

10.1088/1757-899x/1195/1/012058 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1195 (1) ◽

pp. 012058

Author(s):

J Rose ◽

J C Lai ◽

Y L Then ◽

C K Vithanawasam

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Heat Source ◽

Food Waste ◽

Degradation Process ◽

Aeration Rate ◽

External Heat ◽

Light Bulb ◽

External Heat Source ◽

Moisture Variation ◽

Forced Aeration

Abstract This paper investigates the outcome of having an external heat source on temperature and moisture variations in the food waste composting process. Food waste accumulation is a growing concern in many countries. Converting food waste into usable compost is a more desirable tactic than dumping to crowded landfill sites. Closed composting was applied in this work, which relies on a controlled but uninterrupted airflow during the organic material degradation process. However, undesirable odour released at low aeration rate due to low temperature and high moisture content found in the compost. Finding the ideal aeration rate with the least possible loss of moisture is needed, which was discussed in this paper. The vegetable-fruit waste used in the experiment was given an aeration rate of 0.3 L/min at a moisture setting of 60% and 70%. For 15 mins/day, the forced aeration was carried out at 3-day intervals. Results showed that 0.3 L/min with 60% and 70% moisture content attained best temperature peaks of 32.4°C and 31.6°C, respectively at day 13 for 28 days composting. A strong odour continued to exist with the compost and was mitigated by using an external additional heat source (light bulb). The light bulb also helped to provide a higher temperature for the compost of 41.5°C by day 1 for 10 days composting.

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PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON THE HAMMER MILL 锤片式粉碎机参数优化与试验研究

INMATEH Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.35633/inmateh-62-36 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 341-350

Author(s):

Di Wang ◽

Changbin He ◽

Haiqing Tian ◽

Liu Fei ◽

Zhang Tao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Orthogonal Experiment ◽

Electricity Consumption ◽

Spindle Speed ◽

Hammer Mill ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Evaluation Indexes ◽

Grain Moisture ◽

Validation Experiment ◽

Corn Grain

Low productivity and high electricity consumption are considered problems of the hammer mill, which is widely used in current feed production. In this paper, the mechanical properties of corn grain ground by a hammer mill were analysed, and the key factors affecting the performance of the hammer mill were determined. The single-factor experiment and three-factor, three-level quadratic regression orthogonal experiment were carried out with the spindle speed, corn grain moisture content and number of hammers as experimental factors and the productivity and electricity consumption per ton as evaluation indexes. The results showed that the order of influence on the productivity was spindle speed > corn grain moisture content > number of hammers and that the order of influence on the electricity consumption per ton was corn grain moisture content > spindle speed > number of hammers. The parameters were optimized based on the response surface method with the following results: the spindle speed was 4306 r/min, the corn grain moisture content was 10%, and the number of hammers was 24. The validation experiment was carried out with the optimal parameters’ combination. The productivity and electricity consumption per ton were 988.12 kg/h and 5.37 kW·h/t, respectively, which were consistent with the predicted results of the model.

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Drivers and Determinants of Food Waste Generation in Restaurants Serving Mediterranean Mezze-Type Cuisine

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13116358 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 6358

Author(s):

Ali Chalak ◽

Hussein F. Hassan ◽

Pamela Aoun ◽

Mohamad G. Abiad

Keyword(s):

Food Waste ◽

Hospitality Industry ◽

Food Service ◽

High Price ◽

Waste Generation ◽

Water Pipe ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Middle Range ◽

Price Range

Food waste from the food service and hospitality industry is increasing, especially in Mezze serving restaurants, where a variety of dishes are usually served. To date, information on the factors affecting food waste generation in restaurants is scarce. This study aimed to identify the drivers and determinants of food waste generation while dining out at restaurants serving Mezze-type cuisine. According to the results from a convenience sample of 496 restaurant clientele, gender, age, and marital status did not affect food waste generation. Diners in both low and high price range restaurants waste above the grand mean compared to middle-range ones. Waste generation decreased significantly as the number of diners per table increased. However, ordering water-pipe, alcohol, or more dishes contributed significantly to food waste generation. As food waste is not the outcome of a single behavior, our study puts food waste generation drivers and determinants while dining out in perspective.

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