scholarly journals The effect of water-saving irrigation on the growth of local rice plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 922 (1) ◽  
pp. 012036
Author(s):  
D Yanti ◽  
I Berd ◽  
Z Naspendra
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Conventional Method ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Generative Phase

Abstract The decline in the function of the watershed causes the increasing scarcity of water, while the competition for water use is increasing. A conventional method of rice cultivation (continuous inundation) is very wasteful in the use of irrigation water. Water-saving irrigation by regulating the water availability in rice fields is an effort to reduce water loss due to percolation, seepage, and runoff. The study’s purpose was to examine the effect of water availability in the field on the growth of local rice varieties. The study used 5 treatments of water availability in the field (GW < 50% AW, 50% AW < GW ≥ 60% AW, 60% AW< GW ≥ 70% AW, 70% AW < GW ≥ 80% AW, and saturated) with 3 replicates and the parameters observed were the height of plants and number of tillers. The results showed that the availability of water in the field did not affect the plant height but did affect the number of tillers. From the vegetative phase at the age of ±28 days after planting (DAP) to the beginning of the generative phase ±55 DAP, there was an addition of tillers. When the generative phase period from ± 55 DAP, the formation of the tillers stopped, and some of the tillers dried up or died.

scholarly journals Agronomic Growth Performance of Super Rice under Water-Saving Irrigation Methods with Different Water-Controlled Thresholds in Different Growth Stages

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengxin Zheng ◽  
Zhanyu Zhang ◽  
Shurong Hao ◽  
Wenmeng Chen ◽  
Yongchun Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Controlled Irrigation ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Many water-saving techniques have been developed for rice production in response to irrigation water scarcity. The selection of the water-saving methods and the optimum thresholds for obtaining maximum benefits of these regimes are largely site-specific depending mainly on soil type, soil texture, and the environment. A two-year (2017 and 2018) experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of the agronomic growth performance, yield, and water use of super rice varieties under different irrigation regimes in Jiangsu Province, China. The irrigation regimes were comprised of different water-controlled thresholds, in different growth stages. Treatments included traditional flooding irrigation (FI, as the control) and the following four water-saving irrigation (WSI) regimes: shallow adjusting irrigation (WSI1), rainwater-catching and controlled irrigation (WSI2), controlled irrigation (WSI3), and drought planting with straw mulching (WSI4). The results showed that WSI treatments significantly increased the irrigation water use efficiency by 20.60% to 56.92% as compared with FI. The WSI treatments significantly decreased the crop evapotranspiration during the rice growth period. The grain yields of WSI1, WSI2, and WSI3 were significantly increased (6.62%~7.20% for WSI1, 8.21%~12.39% for WSI2, and 8.30%~12.91% for WSI3) as compared with that of the control, whereas WSI4 decreased the rice yield by 11.69%~18.10%. This research implies that WSI2 and WSI3 have the greatest potential for promotion in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. An optimization of the irrigation threshold of WSI1 and WSI4 should be considered to guarantee the overall benefit.

scholarly journals Afforestation of Degraded Croplands as a Water-Saving Option in Irrigated Region of the Aral Sea Basin

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1433
Author(s):  
Navneet Kumar ◽  
Asia Khamzina ◽  
Patrick Knöfel ◽  
John P. A. Lamers ◽  
Bernhard Tischbein
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Trade Offs

Climate change is likely to decrease surface water availability in Central Asia, thereby necessitating land use adaptations in irrigated regions. The introduction of trees to marginally productive croplands with shallow groundwater was suggested for irrigation water-saving and improving the land’s productivity. Considering the possible trade-offs with water availability in large-scale afforestation, our study predicted the impacts on water balance components in the lower reaches of the Amudarya River to facilitate afforestation planning using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The land-use scenarios used for modeling analysis considered the afforestation of 62% and 100% of marginally productive croplands under average and low irrigation water supply identified from historical land-use maps. The results indicate a dramatic decrease in the examined water balance components in all afforestation scenarios based largely on the reduced irrigation demand of trees compared to the main crops. Specifically, replacing current crops (mostly cotton) with trees on all marginal land (approximately 663 km2) in the study region with an average water availability would save 1037 mln m3 of gross irrigation input within the study region and lower the annual drainage discharge by 504 mln m3. These effects have a considerable potential to support irrigation water management and enhance drainage functions in adapting to future water supply limitations.

scholarly journals PENGARUH KETERSEDIAAN AIR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI DUA KLON NILAM

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
. EMMYZAR
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Pogostemon Cablin ◽  
Growth Production ◽  
Number Of Leaves

<p>Tanaman nilam tumbuh dan berproduksi dengan baik pada daerah dengan curah hujan relatif tinggi dan merata sepanjang tahun. Tanaman dalam kondisi kekurangan air terus menerus akan mengalami strcs air dan berpengaruh terhadap proses fisiologis, menurunkan permukaan trans- pirasi, luas daun menurun, dan mempercepat dcfiidrasi protoplasma. Penelitian pengaruh ketersediaan air terhadap petumbuhan dan produksi 2 (dua) klon nilam dilakukan di rumah kaca Instalasi Penelitian Cimanggu, Balittro Bogor mulai bulan Nopember 1999 sampai dengan Mei 2000. Penelitian ini betujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ketersediaan air terhadap partumbuhan dan produksi dua klon nilam (klon Sidikalang dan klon Situak) sekaligus diamati pengaruhnya terhadap kadar dan kualitas minyak nilam (rendemen, warna dan kandungan patchouly alkohol). Percobaan dilakukan dalam polibag menggunakan tanah kering jenis latosol Cimanggu Bogor yang diaduk dengan pupuk kandang sapi (3:1) sebanyak 10 kg/polibag disusun menggunakan rancangan factorial (dua faktor) dalam rancangan acak lengkap (RAL), diulang 3 kali. Ukuran plot 8 polibag/ perlakuan. Faktor pertama : klon nilam terdiri dari 2 jenis (K) yaitu : Kl = klon Sidikalang dan K2 = klon Situak. Faktor kedua: tingkat ketersediaan air (A) 4 taraf yaitu Al = 25% kapasitas lapang, A2 = 50% kapasitas lapang, A3 = 75% kapasitas lapang, dan A4 = 100 % kapasitas lapang. Peubah yang diamati meliputi persentase tumbuh tunas, tinggi tanaman, luas daun, bobot daun basah dan bobot daun kering, kadar minyak digambarkan dari rendemen dan kualitas minyak (wana dan kandungan patchouly alkohol). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa untuk jumlah tunas tidak ada interaksi antara tingkat ketersediaan air dan klon yang diuji, tetapi untuk jumlah daun ada interaksi. Tingkat pemberian air 75% kapasitas lapang (KL) secara keseluruhan memberikan pertumbuhan optimum bagi kedua klon, kecuali untuk parameter jumlah daun. Pada klon Situak. tingkat pemberian air 100% KL yang memberikan jumlah daun terbanyak. Perlakuan ketersediaan air 100% KL pada klon Sidikalang memberikan bobot daun kering tetinggi dibanding perlakuan lainnya, sedang untuk klon Situak, ketersediaan air pada taraf 75% KL memberikan bobot daun kering tetinggi. Rendemen minyak klon Situak dengan tingkat ketersediaan air 25% KL tertinggi (4.0%) dengan wana minyak kuning muda tcrang, diikuti tingkat 50% KL (3.0%) dengan wana minyak kusam/kemh. Kandungan patchouly alkohol klon Situak rata-rata (30%) lebih baik daripada klon Sidikalang, diperoleh dari perlakuan ketersediaan air 25% KL. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa untuk memperoleh petumbuhan dan produksi yang tinggi, ketersediaan air dalam tanah diperlukan antara 75 - 100% KL. Namun, untuk mendapatkan kandungan patchouly alkohol tinggi ketersediaan air yang dibutuhkan lebih rendah yaitu 25 % - 50%) KL.</p><p>Kata kunci: Nilam, Pogostemon cablin, ketersediaan air, petumbuhan, produksi</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong>The effect of water availability the growth and production of two patchouly clones </strong></p><p>Patchouly plant grows and produces very well in the area with high and everly rain fall through the year. Plants with continuous shortage of water would face water stress and affect physiologis process, transpiration surface, leaf area and protoplasmic dehydration. Several levels of water needs were tested in this experiment, which was carried out in a glass house of Cimanggu Installation, Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crops Research Institute, Bogor, rom November 1999 to May 2000. The objective was to find out the effect of water availability on two clones of patchouly growth, production and oil content (rendement, colour and patchouly alcohol). The experiment was conducted in polybags using Cimanggu Latosol soil mixed with cow dung (3:1), 10 kg/polybag, arranged in a factorially completely random design with 3 replications. Plot size was 8 polybag/treatment. The first factor was two clones of patchouly : K, = Sidikalang and K2 = Situak. The second factor was 4 levels of water availability: 2J% (A,), 50% (A2). 75% (A,), and 100% (A,) ield capacity (FC). Variables observed were percentage of shoot growth, plant height, leaf area, fresh weight and dry weight, oil content (rendement, colour and patchouly alcohol). The result showed that there was no interaction between the two factors for number of shoots. Clone of Sidikalang had higher plant height than that of Situak. The water availability of 75% (FC) gave optimum growth for the two clones, except the number of leaves. For Situak the water avaibility of 100% (FC) gave the highest number of leaves. For Sidikalang the water availability of 100% gave the highest dry weight of leaves. Oil rendement for Situak with 25% FC was the highest (4.0) with bright yellow colour. The content of patchouly alcohol for Situak was higher than that of Sidikalang (30%). Therefore, it can be concluded that to obtain the optimum growth and the higest production it needed 75 - 100% (FC) water availability, while for high patchouly alcohol content, it needed buzer the water availability, i.e. 25-50% (FC).</p><p>Key words: Patchouli, Pogostemon cablin, water level, growth, production</p>

SIM: smart irrigation from soil moisture forecast using satellite and hydro –meteorological modelling

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Mancini ◽  
Chiara Corbari ◽  
Alessandro Ceppi ◽  
Gabriele Lombardi ◽  
Josè Sobrino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Hydrological Modelling ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Fresh Vegetables

&lt;p&gt;The conflicting use of water is becoming more and more evident, also in regions that are traditionally rich in water. With the world&amp;#8217;s population projected to increase to 8.5 billion by 2030, the simultaneous growth in income will imply a substantial increase in demand for both water and food (expected to increase by 70% by 2050). Climate change impacts will further stress the water availability enhancing also its conflictual use. The agricultural sector, the biggest and least efficient water user, accounts for around 24% of total water use in Europe, peaking at 80% in the southern regions, is likely to face important challenges in order to sustain food production and parsimonious use of water.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The paper shows the development of a system for operative irrigation water management able to monitor and forecast the crop water need reducing the irrigation losses and increasing the water use efficiency. The system couples together satellite and ground data, with pixel wise hydrological soil water balance model using recent scientifically outcomes on soil moisture retrieval from satellite data and hydrological modelling. Discussion on the methodological approach based on the satellite land surface temperature LST, ground evapotranspiration measures, and pixel wise hydrological modelling is provided proving the reliability of the forecasting system and its benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The activity is part of the European Chinese collaborative project (SIM, Smart Irrigation Modelling, www.sim.polimi.it) which has as main objective the parsimonious use of agricultural water through an operational web tool to reduce the use of water, fertilizer and energy keeping a constant crop yield. The system provides in real-time the present and forecasted irrigation water requirements at high spatial and temporal resolutions with forecast horizons from few up to thirty days, according to different agronomic practices supporting different level of water users from irrigation consortia to single farmers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The system is applied in different experimental sites which are located in Italy, the Netherlands, China and Spain, which are characterized by different climatic conditions, water availability, crop types and irrigation schemes. This also thanks to the collaboration of several stakeholders as the Italian ANBI, Capitanata and Chiese irrigation consortia and Dutch Aa and Maas water authority&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The results are shown for two case studies in Italy and in China The Italian ones is the Sud Fortore District of the Capitanata Irrigation consortium which covers an area of about 50&amp;#8217;000 hectares with flat topography, hot summer and warm winter, mainly irrigated with pressurized aqueduct. The district is an intensive cultivation area, mainly devoted to wheat, tomatoes and fresh vegetables cultivation The Chinese one is in the Hehie Daman district covering an area of 20000 ha with fixed time flooding irrigation.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals INCREASING WATER PRODUCTIVITY OF LOWLAND RICE THROUGH THE WATER SAVING TECHNIQUES AND CROP MANAGEMENT IN RESPONSE TO DROUGHT

Agromet ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Didiek Setiobudi ◽  
Hasil Sembiring
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Lowland Rice ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Soil Moisture Stress ◽  
Rice Varieties

The water saving technology for lowland rice cultivation was very crucial because of in the future irrigation water become scarce and competed with other sectors. The lowering of the availability of irrigation water had the impact for sustainability of rice production. The review of the paper described the pattern of basic water requirement, yield responses of several lowland rice varieties to moisture stress, days interval irrigation and the alternatives of water saving techniques for improving yield and water productivity. The pattern of the actual water requirement (ET+P&S) showed the maximum value of 8.8 mm/day (1.02 lt/sec/ha) for high yielding varieties (HYV) that occurred from heading to 50% flowering. Under limited water supply, irrigation water should be applied that period to prevent yield loss. Soil moisture stress at moderate level (- 0.5 bar) from heading to full flowering was significantly decreased yield about 30% when compared with the yield of continuously flooded 3 cm depth. This period was a critical period of HYV to soil moisture stress. For rotational irrigation purposes, information of the optimum days interval irrigation was important. It was found that 3 days irrigation interval was a critical limit for HYV to achieve higher yield. The SRI model of rice cultivation had the lowest rice yield in the lowland soil, poor drainage, clay soil texture and low permeability. The modified irrigation of the SRI plus fertilizer N based on LCC readings gave a greater yield as well as water productivity. The hybrid and NPT line rice varieties had higher yield components and grain yield than Ciherang variety. Ciherang variety was not favor to grown for the wet season, it was more productive when grown in dry season even with AWD irrigation model. The plant spacing of 25 cm x 25 cm gave higher number of panicle/hill and number of spikelet/panicle under both AWD and continuously flooded 3 cm depth for dry and wet season consistently. The fertilizer N management based on SSNM with low and high rates for the early vegetative stage were not significantly affected all yield components and grain yield. The AWD irrigation could save irrigation water about 18% when compared to the continuously flooded conditions.The grain yield of the hybrid, inbred and NPT line rice varieties was higher for the dry season than wet season under both AWD irrigation and continuous flooding consistently.

Irrigation water productivity of winter-growing annuals is higher than perennial forages in northern Victoria

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Lawson ◽  
K. L. Greenwood ◽  
K. B. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Irrigation Water Productivity

The dairy industry in Victoria, Australia, uses more than half the state’s irrigation water, mainly for growing pasture. Information on the comparative water use of forage systems would be useful for dairy farmers aiming to optimise their forage production under conditions of limited water availability. However, there are few data comparing water use under similar management and weather conditions. This paper reports on an experiment which measured and compared the production, water use, and water productivity (forage removed per unit water input) of a range of 6 border-check irrigated forage systems (3 perennial, 2 annual, and a double-cropped) and 1 spray irrigated, annual forage system, used by the dairy industry in northern Victoria. Forage removal was highest from the perennial pastures, lucerne, double-cropped and Persian clover systems in both 2005 and 2006. Irrigation water inputs in 2005 were comparable with average values reported in the literature and were closely related to the length of the growing season, with around 800–850 mm used for the perennial pastures and 340–440 mm used for the border-check irrigated annual pastures. Irrigation water inputs in 2006 were substantially higher than in 2005, reflecting the drought conditions that prevailed throughout most of Victoria, with 1100–1200 mm used for the perennial species and 450–700 mm used by the border-check irrigated annual pastures. These irrigation water requirements highlight considerable year-to-year variation as low-rainfall years are usually high-evaporation years. Irrigation water productivity (WP) was greater for the annual than for the perennial systems. In 2005, irrigation WP was 30–37 kg DM/ha.mm for the annual pastures compared with 21–27 kg DM/ha.mm for the perennial and double-cropped systems. In the drier year of 2006, irrigation WP was higher for the short-season annuals than for the other forage systems. When rainfall, runoff, and changes in soil water content were included in the calculation of total WP, there were no consistent differences in the total WP of the annual and perennial systems in either year. These findings show that under conditions of limited irrigation water availability, farmers will be able to grow more forage using winter-growing annual systems than perennial systems. However, other factors such as nutritive characteristics, cost of production, and cost of transferring feed also need to be considered when deciding which forages to grow.

Water Consumption Characteristics and Water Use Efficiency of Flue-Cured Tobacco under Different Conditions of Irrigation

2014 ◽  
Vol 651-653 ◽  
pp. 1388-1393
Author(s):  
Xiao Hou Shao ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
You Bo Yuan ◽  
Fu Zhang Ding
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Equation ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
High Production

The experiments were carried out in lysimeters to study water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency of flue-cured tobacco under different conditions of irrigation. By comparing the T and the invalid E of the tobacco K326, it is concluded that in the period of root extending most of the irrigation water is used for the E, in the early vigorous period, plants with all of the treatments show a T higher than the E, in the late vigorous period and the maturity, this ratio remains at 50%. Based on measured data, it was shown that the amount of irrigation water in the vigorous period had the most important influence on the yield of the tobacco.The nonlinear equation of the yield and WUE is Y=-2531.3X2+6113.8X-624.49,R2=0.7324; the equation of the yield and ET is Y=4E-0.7X3-0.0032X2+8.8458X-4806.7, suggesting that the WUE is not maximized at the highest yield of flue-cured tobacco. In the high-yield range, reducing irrigation appropriately could reach the harmonization of high production and water saving.

scholarly journals Evaluasi Pemberian Air Irigasi Saluran Sekunder Srengseng Hilir dari Bendung Tetap Cikarang Bekasi Laut

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-36
Author(s):  
Fahmi Fathul Bahri ◽  
Elma Yulius ◽  
Anita Setyowati Srie Gunarti
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Channel Length ◽  
Irrigation Efficiency ◽  
Secondary Channel ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Irrigation Area

Cikarang Bekasi Laut (CBL) is a fixed-dam river-flow that flows through the building for upstream srengseng channel. Srengseng Hilir Secondary-Channel has 32 buildings for watering the rice fields in the Sukatani sub-district. The problem happened in the distribution of water when there is a loss of irrigation water due to infiltration of water into the soil where the soil is saturated. This causes a shortage of debit for field irrigation due to water loss in the secondary channel. The method used in Water Supply Evaluation of Irrigation Cikarang Bekasi Laut (CBL) for the Secondary Channel Srengseng Hilir D.I. Jatiluhur are the maximum discharge data, minimum discharge, and average discharge of the Fixed Cikarang Bekasi Laut (CBL) Dam in 5 year-period and calculating water requirements and water availability in D.I. Jatiluhur. Result showed that the P1 channel has an irrigation area of 105 ha and a channel length of 1906 m with an actual discharge of 2714 liters/sec and has irrigation efficiency of 5.71%. Channel P2 has an irrigation area of 106 ha and channel length of 1006 m with actual discharge of 1560 liters/sec and has irrigation efficiency of 6.11%. P3 channel has an irrigation area of 137 ha and 894 m channel length with an actual discharge of 175 liters/second and has irrigation efficiency of8.41%. Channel P4 has an irrigation area of 50 ha and a channel length of 951 m with an actualdischarge of 180 liters/second and has irrigation efficiency of 21.10%. Channel P5 has an irrigationarea of 71 ha and a channel length of 835 m with an actual discharge of 274 litters/sec and has irrigationefficiency of 37.97%. Channel P6 has an irrigation area of 74 ha and a channel length of 775 m with anactual discharge of 411 liters/sec and has irrigation efficiency of 63.79%.

scholarly journals TRANSITION FROM SURFACE TO DRIP IRRIGATION IN MOROCCO: ANALYSIS THROUGH THE MULTI-LEVEL PERSPECTIVE

AGROFOR ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oumaima ASSOULI ◽  
Hamid EL BILALI ◽  
Aziz ABOUABDILLAH ◽  
Rachid HARBOUZE ◽  
Nabil El JAOUHARI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Surface Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Multi Level

Agriculture uses more than 80% of water resources in Morocco. The sector isinefficient in terms of water use due to the dominance of surface irrigation. Toaddress this issue, there have been efforts in Moroccan strategies to convert surfaceirrigation to localized one. This paper analyses the dynamics of conversion fromsurface irrigation to drip irrigation in Fez-Meknes region (north-eastern Morocco)through the lens of the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) on socio-technicaltransitions. MLP framework suggests that transitions are the results of dialecticinteractions among a niche (cf. novelty of drip irrigation), a regime (cf. traditionalsystem of surface irrigation) and the socio-technical landscape (e.g. policies). MLPwas complemented with a multi-capital approach to better assess transitionimpacts. Results show that the area equipped with drip irrigation in Fez-Meknesregion increased from 2174 ha in 2008 to 39290 ha in 2016. Different programshave been implemented in the framework of the Green Morocco Plan to fosterirrigation transition e.g. the National Irrigation Water Saving Program (PNEEI),launched in 2007, aims to convert 550,000 ha to localized irrigation (e.g. dripirrigation) in 15 years. Thanks to these programs, financial and technical supporthas been provided to farmers to promote the adoption of water-saving irrigationtechniques and practices. Farm-level results show that transition to localizedirrigation decreases irrigation water use, increases yields and profitability (cf. grossmargin per ha), and improves water productivity. Despite an enabling policylandscape and positive transition impacts, surface irrigation is still maintained inthe region and farmers are reluctant to change for many reasons (e.g. age andeducation level, unclear land tenure, financial and administrative difficulties).Efforts are still needed to train farmers on irrigation scheduling and on the use ofsmart irrigation techniques to save water. Further research is required to betterunderstand current bottlenecks in the irrigation transition process and designappropriate and context-specific transition governance strategies.

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