scholarly journals Specificity of transformational processes of management in the context of modern challenges for the system of agricultural relations

2021 ◽  
Vol 941 (1) ◽  
pp. 012002
Author(s):  
Tatiana P Maksimova
Keyword(s):  
National Economy ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Baseline Scenario ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Large Farms ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The paper substantiates the relevance of the considered issue, which is associated with the preservation of general contradictions in determining the essential characteristics of modern forms of economic management, their typology, and scenario forecasts for the development of small and large forms of management. The dualistic nature of the results of the transformation of the main forms of economic management in the system of the national economy was explained. The economic effects of transformation processes over two decades were analyzed and compared. It was revealed that: firstly, in the structure of production large farms prevail over the small ones; secondly, similar trends are observed in the dynamics of output volumes; thirdly, over the period under study, these trends remain stable. Scenario forecasts of the main trends in the further development of small and large forms of economic management were determined. The conservative scenario assumes further concentration and oligopolization in the agrarian sphere of the national economy. The baseline scenario assumes the preservation of the existing proportions of large and small forms of farming in the structure of agricultural production. The optimistic scenario assumes that the combination of the phenomenon of the impact of the global pandemic with the improvement of government support instruments for small businesses will increase the level of competitiveness in agricultural production.

scholarly journals Agricultural subsidies and global greenhouse gas emissions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Laborde ◽  
Abdullah Mamun ◽  
Will Martin ◽  
Valeria Piñeiro ◽  
Rob Vos
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Consumer Prices ◽  
High Emission ◽  
The Government ◽  
Agriculture And Food ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Global Emissions

AbstractAgricultural production is strongly affected by and a major contributor to climate change. Agriculture and land-use change account for a quarter of total global emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). Agriculture receives around US$600 billion per year worldwide in government support. No rigorous quantification of the impact of this support on GHG emissions has been available. This article helps fill the void. Here, we find that, while over the years the government support has incentivized the development of high-emission farming systems, at present, the support only has a small impact in terms of inducing additional global GHG emissions from agricultural production; partly because support is not systematically biased towards high-emission products, and partly because support generated by trade protection reduces demand for some high-emission products by raising their consumer prices. Substantially reducing GHG emissions from agriculture while safeguarding food security requires a more comprehensive revamping of existing support to agriculture and food consumption.

FEATURES OF THE RUSSIAN SMALL BUSINESS MODEL AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-85
Author(s):  
Natal’ya E. Egorova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Bank Lending ◽  
Structural Instability ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Development Levels ◽  
The Impact

The article analyzes the quantitative and structural stability of Russian small business and identifies the model features of its functioning. It investigates the dynamics of development of Russian small business is investigated and notes a downward trend in the number of small and medium-sized enterprises over the past two years. A conclusion is drawn that the quantitative indicators reflecting its functioning are highly sensitive to the negative effects of the macroeconomic environment. The author introduces a concept of the small business heterogeneity and brings up its structural characteristics, represented by various categories of small and medium-sized firms. Comparative analysis of the Russian small business model with foreign small business confirms its quantitative and structural instability. That makes the considered sector of the national economy vulnerable to shocks (externalities), including the COVID-19 pandemic. It is assumed that the negative consequences of the pandemic will affect Russian small businesses more than foreign ones, and the gap in their development levels will widen. An assessment of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Russian small business and a forecast of its development are made in the context of limited government support and the absence of active bank lending.

scholarly journals US Agriculture in the Past 30 Years: Structural Changes

2021 ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Alla Korotkikh
Keyword(s):  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Land Use Pattern ◽  
The Past ◽  
Large Farms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Additional Labor

Over the past 30 years, a series of inter-related changes in land-use pattern, business arrangements, farm structure, and production practices combined to expand output without increasing the use of total inputs. Moreover, by allowing farmers to increase U.S. agricultural production through increased productivity instead of expanded land and chemical use, many of these innovations helped to limit the impact of agricultural production on the environment. Meanwhile, new technologies (such as precision agriculture) have required additional labor use, a differentiated approach to the specialization of production, and stimulated the concentration of resources, capital and efforts on the production of certain products, which allowed some farmers to increase the size of their operations. As a result, the number of large farms increased 8 times, and their share in the country's agricultural production increased to 62%. Although production has shifted dramatically to larger farms, 97 percent of all farms remain family farms, generating 82 percent of the total value of U.S. agricultural production.  

scholarly journals Abilities, Motivations, and Opportunities of Furloughed Employees in the Context of Covid-19: Preliminary Evidence From the UK

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Maria Szulc ◽  
Rachael Smith
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Work Activity ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

The Covid-19 global pandemic is a crisis like no other, forcing governments to implement prolonged national lockdowns in an effort to limit the spread of the disease. As organizations aim to adapt and remain operational, employers can suspend or reduce work activity for events related to Covid-19 and claim government support to subsidize employee wages. In this way, some employees are placed on furlough (i.e., temporary unemployment) as opposed to being made redundant. While the impact of such schemes on global economy attracted much attention, their micro-level impact on individual employees is still unknown. Building on the ability-motivation-opportunity (AMO) framework, this pilot study explores how employees' perceptions of abilities, motivation, and opportunities are affected as a result of furlough. Rapid ethnography including interviews, observations, and document analysis in a British organization provided insights into the perceptions and experiences of employees put on furlough and highlighted that all three elements of AMO are affected by the current situation, either positively or negatively. We identify theoretical contributions and suggest a number of AMO enhancing practices in the context of furlough.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Water Scarcity in Selected Countries of the Middle East

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Procházka ◽  
Vladimír Hönig ◽  
Mansoor Maitah ◽  
Ivana Pljučarská ◽  
Jakub Kleindienst
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
High Water ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
The Impact

The primary goal of this article is to evaluate water scarcity in selected countries of the Middle-East and assess the impact on agricultural production. To begin with, the Weighted Anomaly Standardized Precipitation (WASP) Index from 1979 to 2017 was spatially computed for Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia. In order to demonstrate the effect of reduced levels of water, the water shortage situation in cities with the population higher than one million was examined. This was accomplished by utilizing the Composite Index approach to make water related statistics more intelligible. A projection for the years of 2020 to 2030 was created in order to demonstrate possible changes in the supply and demand for water in selected countries of the Middle-East. In regards to evaluating the economic effects of water shortages on agricultural sector, effects of lower precipitation on agricultural production in Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia were estimated. With ever-increasing urbanization, all countries are currently experiencing a moderate to high water risk. Our research points to excessively high water stress for most analyzed cities through the year 2030. Also, it is demonstrated how much precipitation decreases influence agricultural production in Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia. From the analyzed countries, some evidence is found that precipitation negatively influences crop production, primarily for Iran.

scholarly journals The impact of government support programs for the development of businesses in Chile

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 1736-1754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian A. Cancino ◽  
Claudio A. Bonilla ◽  
Marcos Vergara
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Public Programs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact on businesses in Chile of the Seed Capital Program (SCP) implemented by Chile’s Technical Cooperation Services. Design/methodology/approach – In order to analyze the impact of this SCP, a counter-factual scenario was used that entailed a combination of the propensity score matching with difference in difference methods. A total of 682 businesses were surveyed (378 in the treatment group and the rest in the control group), 164 of which gave complete responses to the surveys, 89 belonging to the treatment group and 75 to the control group. Findings – The results are mixed. On the one hand, the impact of sales is positive but its statistical significance depends on the model used. With regard to the number of employees, however, the results are positive and statistically significant regardless of the model used. The results also show that participating in the program has no incidence on the probability of later obtaining financing. Research limitations/implications – This study highlights the importance of differentiating between opportunity-driven entrepreneurship programs and necessity-driven entrepreneurship programs. Practical implications – It also suggests improvements in public policy to develop entrepreneurship in small businesses in Chile. These suggestions may also be interesting for other countries facing similar challenges in terms of developing private entrepreneurship as a vehicle to generate economic development. Originality/value – This exploratory work may be interesting to those in charge of designing, implementing and evaluating public programs in support of small- and mid-sized enterprise development.

The Impact of Korea’s Green Growth Policies on the National Economy and Environment

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1585-1614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Won-Sik Hwang ◽  
Inha Oh ◽  
Jeong-Dong Lee
Keyword(s):  
National Economy ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Renewable Portfolio Standard ◽  
Baseline Scenario ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Green Growth ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The Korean government has recently established national and sectoral mid-term greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets. Specifically, the country must reduce its total GHG emissions by 30% compared to business-as-usual (BAU) by 2020. This study has two main purposes. First, the study aims to measure the economic impacts of pursuing and achieving the government’s GHG reduction targets. Second, it aims to estimate each major policy’s potential GHG emission reductions in the various sectors. We use the computable general equilibrium model and develop three scenarios to examine the economic and environmental impacts of Korea’s green growth policies – a baseline scenario wherein the national economy proceeds without green growth policies; scenario A, wherein the government imposes national and sectoral emission reduction targets without adopting green technologies; and scenario B, wherein the government adopts policy and technology as renewable portfolio standard and carbon capture and storage. The simulation results from scenario A indicate that the government’s mid-term targets could pose a significant challenge to Korea’s national economy. In addition, the results from scenario B indicate that low-carbon green policy and technology will play an important role in reducing GHG emissions.

scholarly journals ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGIES ON CREDIT RISKS IN THE BANKING SECTOR OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-167
Author(s):  
Marat R. SAFIULLIN ◽  
Leonid A. ELSHIN ◽  
Aliya A. ABDUKAEVA
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Credit Risks ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Impact

Despite the very high interest on the part of international and national financial institutions, enterprises of the real sector of the economy in distributed data storage technologies, studies on the problems of assessing the use of the potential of blockchain platforms in the socioeconomic environment, their theoretical understanding can be met not so often. Existing works, as a rule, reveal either the technical side of the object of study, or the regulatory aspects of the applicability of blockchain technologies in the national economy. In this regard, in order to fill in questions revealing other aspects of the subject of the study, for example, such as an empirical assessment of the economic and social effects of the introduction of blockchain technologies in the activities of business entities, an attempt is made in this paper to overcome this conditional vacuum. The banking sector of the national economy of the Russian Federation was chosen as the object of research. The subject of the study is the relationship built between participants in the financial market on the basis of blockchain technologies, and the resulting effects expressed in the potential to reduce credit risks of banks due to non-fulfillment, untimely or incomplete fulfillment of financial obligations by debtors. In the course of the study, the main directions that reduce the risks under consideration, as a result of minimizing opportunistic models of behavior, are substantiated, possible economic effects for the Russian banking system as a result of the use of blockchain technologies are identified. The most important result of the work is the developed algorithm for determining the parameters for reducing the reserved capital for credit risks as a result of the penetration of blockchain technologies into the banking environment.

scholarly journals A roadmap for smart city services to address challenges faced by small businesses in South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haydn Du Plessis ◽  
Annlize L. Marnewick
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Small Business Owners ◽  
Business Support ◽  
Skills Shortages ◽  
The Impact

Background: Small businesses are an important part of the South African economy, yet they have high rates of failure. Several contributing factors have previously been identified through literature, including regulatory compliance, skills shortages and lack of government support. Globally, there has been an increased interest in smart cities and the variety of services they offer. These technologies were investigated to establish what role, if any, they could play in alleviating the challenges that small businesses face.Aim: Identify the relative impact of each of these challenges on the small-business and the relative value of each of the smart city services in order to determine which services would have the largest impact in addressing the challenges.Method: This research used these factors and identified which challenges had the largest time and financial impact on small businesses and investigated ways in which a variety of smart city services could be leveraged to address these challenges. Using a multi-criteria decision analysis technique, 44 small-business owners participated in the research. Weighted results for the impact of each of the challenges and the value of each of the services were obtained.Results: Through the subsequent analysis of the results, it was found that small businesses face many challenges because of lack of government and entrepreneurial support, as well as widespread corruption. Similarly, the small-business owners identified that educational material, small-business support portals and eGovernment systems would be the most valuable services that a smart city could offer them. Various sources of literature were used to identify these smart city services and link them to the business challenges that they may be able to mitigate. The infrastructural prerequisites for each of the services were also investigated to identify dependencies and potential problems in their deployment.Conclusion: The various aspects of this study were integrated, and a smart city roadmap for small-business support was subsequently developed. This roadmap will assist cities in planning their smart city deployment, so that they may better support small businesses in the role that they play in the country’s economy.

The Growth of Pension Rights and Their Impact on the National Economy

1954 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-265
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Local Government ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
National Insurance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pension Payments ◽  
Future Population

1. Terms of ReferenceOur terms of reference were as follows:To prepare a study on the impact of pension payments on the national economy, with particular reference to the following matters:The financial and economic effects of pension rights of all kinds (under National Insurance, Civil Service and Local Government schemes, schemes for nationalized industries and under private schemes, both by private funds and with Life Offices) having regard to the future population trends in the United Kingdom and, in particular, the growing number of aged persons in the population over the next few decades.The relation between the trend of productivity and the growth of pension rights. The financial and economic effects of funding and assessmentism. The financial and economic effects of funding and assessmentism.

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