scholarly journals Evaluation of Water Scarcity in Selected Countries of the Middle East

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Procházka ◽  
Vladimír Hönig ◽  
Mansoor Maitah ◽  
Ivana Pljučarská ◽  
Jakub Kleindienst

The primary goal of this article is to evaluate water scarcity in selected countries of the Middle-East and assess the impact on agricultural production. To begin with, the Weighted Anomaly Standardized Precipitation (WASP) Index from 1979 to 2017 was spatially computed for Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia. In order to demonstrate the effect of reduced levels of water, the water shortage situation in cities with the population higher than one million was examined. This was accomplished by utilizing the Composite Index approach to make water related statistics more intelligible. A projection for the years of 2020 to 2030 was created in order to demonstrate possible changes in the supply and demand for water in selected countries of the Middle-East. In regards to evaluating the economic effects of water shortages on agricultural sector, effects of lower precipitation on agricultural production in Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia were estimated. With ever-increasing urbanization, all countries are currently experiencing a moderate to high water risk. Our research points to excessively high water stress for most analyzed cities through the year 2030. Also, it is demonstrated how much precipitation decreases influence agricultural production in Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia. From the analyzed countries, some evidence is found that precipitation negatively influences crop production, primarily for Iran.

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 639
Author(s):  
Baglan AIMURZINA ◽  
Mazken KAMENOVA ◽  
Ainura OMAROVA ◽  
Galina PESTUNOVA ◽  
Ainur KARIPOVA ◽  
...  

In this paper it is noted that the important problem of the existing economic relations in the agrarian sphere is the choice of forms of management. The practice of reforms in agriculture has shown that more than 80% of gross output in Kazakhstan is currently produced by "households" and peasant (farmer) farms which provides further increase in the production of agricultural products namely crop production and increase its economic efficiency. Currently the agricultural sector has a tendency to small-scale production. As the situation has shown one of the main factors negatively influencing investment activity is financial instability of the majority of agricultural producers, low level of its profitability and significant risks.  Factors of low profit growth of the agricultural sector are related to the peculiarities of demand for agricultural products and seasonality of production in this industry. The analysis of the structure of gross agricultural production of the Republic of Kazakhstan by categories of farms, the returnability of agricultural production for 2012-2016 shows the impact of the price and yield of grain on the level of farm income. Proposals for further improvement of grain pricing are given.


Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heju Huai ◽  
Xin Chen ◽  
Jing Huang ◽  
Fu Chen

In recent decades, China’s crop production experienced a spatial shift, and this shift may significantly influence the national water resources due to the geographical mismatch between water resources and cropland. By applying the widely applied AquaCrop model, this study quantified the impact of grain crop (rice and maize) expansion in northeastern China on the country’s water resources. We found that the production of rice and maize increased by 60% and 43%, respectively, in the northeast, whereas the water scarcity-footprint (WSF) increased by 200% and 125%. Using sensitivity analysis, we found that the increase in the WSF was mainly caused by the increase in regional water scarcity, as reflected by a water scarcity index, and by the increase in production. To alleviate regional water scarcity, crop expansion into regions that experience high water stress should be constrained. A detailed reassessment of this situation is urgently needed.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
Isah Funtua Abubakar ◽  
Umar Bambale Ibrahim

This paper attempts to study the Nigerian agriculture industry as a panacea to growth as well as an anchor to the diversification agenda of the present government. To do this, the time series data of the four agriculture subsectors of crop production, livestock, forestry and fishery were analysed as stimulus to the Real GDP from 1981-2016 in order to explicate the individual contributions of the subsectors to the RGDP in order to guide the policy thrust on diversification. Using the Johansen approach to cointegration, all the variables were found to be cointegrated. With the exception of the forestry subsector, all the three subsectors were seen to have impacted on the real GDP at varying degrees during the time under review. The crop production subsector has the highest impact, however, taking size-by-size analysis, the livestock subsector could be of much importance due to its ability to retain its value chain and high investment returns particularly in poultry. Therefore, it is recommended that, the government should intensify efforts to retain the value chain in the crop production subsector, in order to harness its potentials optimally through the encouragement of the establishment of agriculture cottage industries. Secondly, the livestock subsector is found to be the most rapidly growing and commercialized subsector. Therefore, it should be the prime subsector to hinge the diversification agenda naturally. Lastly, the tourism industry which is a source through which the impact of the subsector is channeled to the GDP should be developed, in order to improve the impact of such channel to GDP with the sole objective to resuscitate the forestry subsector.


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyun Han ◽  
Shu Wu

China’s agricultural structure has undergone significant changes for the past four decades, mainly presenting as the fall of sown proportion of grain crops and the rise of vegetables, as has its energy consumption. Employing the panel data on 30 provinces during 1991–2016, this paper empirically explores the impact of agricultural structure changes (ASC) on the energy intensity of agricultural production (EIAP), direct energy intensity of agricultural production (DEIAP) and indirect energy intensity of agricultural production (IEIAP) in China. Besides, the regional heterogeneity of such impact is examined. The results show that: (1) ASC increases EIAP and IEIAP significantly, while ASC decreases DEIAP, which is explained by the structural effect and different planting modes of different crops; (2) the impact in the three administrative regions is similar to national situation, except the impact of ASC on DEIAP in the West Region, which is explained by regional differences of vegetable mechanization; (3) the result of the six vegetable production regions reveals greater regional heterogeneity, and this is attributed to the scale economy effect and the incremental effect of vegetable mechanization; and (4) fuel price, income, agricultural labor, old dependency ratio, and fiscal expenditure have different but significant impacts on EIAP, DEIAP, and IEIAP. Finally, some policy implications are given.


Author(s):  
Armands Veveris ◽  
Peteris Lakovskis ◽  
Elita Benga

Less favoured area (LFA) payments and organic farming (OF) payments represent a third of all public funding available for RDP 2007–2013 in Latvia and are used by about two- thirds of all farms. The aim of the study is to assess the economic impact of LFA and OF payments. The data from Rural Support Service, FADN and statistics of agricultural sector were used to conduct the study. A group of farms receiving support payments was compared with a group without this kind of support, in order to evaluate the impact of support payments. The results show that LFA payments have facilitated a significant income growth, especially for small farms. They have also contributed to more intense use of the land. Since OF support has not contributed enough to the agricultural production, direct payments to production will increase economic impact of support payments.


2021 ◽  
Vol 941 (1) ◽  
pp. 012002
Author(s):  
Tatiana P Maksimova

Abstract The paper substantiates the relevance of the considered issue, which is associated with the preservation of general contradictions in determining the essential characteristics of modern forms of economic management, their typology, and scenario forecasts for the development of small and large forms of management. The dualistic nature of the results of the transformation of the main forms of economic management in the system of the national economy was explained. The economic effects of transformation processes over two decades were analyzed and compared. It was revealed that: firstly, in the structure of production large farms prevail over the small ones; secondly, similar trends are observed in the dynamics of output volumes; thirdly, over the period under study, these trends remain stable. Scenario forecasts of the main trends in the further development of small and large forms of economic management were determined. The conservative scenario assumes further concentration and oligopolization in the agrarian sphere of the national economy. The baseline scenario assumes the preservation of the existing proportions of large and small forms of farming in the structure of agricultural production. The optimistic scenario assumes that the combination of the phenomenon of the impact of the global pandemic with the improvement of government support instruments for small businesses will increase the level of competitiveness in agricultural production.


2020 ◽  
pp. 22-39
Author(s):  
I. L. Kovalev

Some basic directions in the global development of agricultural machinery and global trends in the dig-ital transformation of agriculture are reviewed and identified based on analysis of reports and articles by well-known expert organizations in this field. The analysis of the technical re-equipment of the Belarusian crop production over the past decade has been carried out, the directions of digitalization of agricultural production of the republic identified by the current State programs in the agricultural sector and Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 8 "On the Development of the Digital Economy" have been determined.


Author(s):  
I.L. Kovalev

Some basic directions in the global development of agricultural machinery and global trends in the digital transformation of agriculture are reviewed and identified based on analysis of reports and articles by well-known expert organizations in this field. The analysis of the technical re-equipment of the Belarusian crop production over the past decade has been carried out, the directions of digitalization of agricultural production of the republic identified by the current State programs in the agricultural sector and Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 8 “On the Development of the Digital Economy” have been determined.


Author(s):  
E.G. Abdulla-Zade ◽  
◽  
R.E. Shertsel ◽  
A.I. Ivanus ◽  
◽  
...  

Questions and problems related to new production relations arising from the use of information and communication technologies in the technological processes of agricultural production (point farming, differentiation of information support through the reception, processing, presentation of information about the state of the soil, animals, the environment, etc.) between the object and the subject of management are investigated and analyzed. The system of collecting and wireless transmission of data on the state of the soil by means of mobile and stationary sensors with the subsequent analysis of information for making optimal management decisions in crop production is considered.


Author(s):  
Б.Т. Базарова ◽  
Б.Қ. Копбулсынова ◽  
Ж.А. Аймешева ◽  
B. Bazarova ◽  
B. Kopbulsynova ◽  
...  

Батыс Қазақстан облысындағы кәсіпорындардың эволюциясы экономикалық дамудың жалпы циклдік сипатына байланысты да, әр түрлі сыртқы және ішкі факторлардың осы салаға әсер етуінен, сондай-ақ даму процесінде сөзсіз ауытқулар салдарынан ауытқуларға ұшырайды. Батыс Қазақстан облысының аймақтық агроөнеркәсіптік кешенін тұрақты дамытудың басымдықтары талдау арқылы анықталуы керек. Зерттеудің мақсаты - Батыс Қазақстан облысының агроөнеркәсіптік кешенінің тиімді және тұрақты дамуын зерттеу болып табылады. Бұл тақырыпты зерттеу кезінде статистикалық-экономикалық әдіс, талдау және синтез қолданылды. Ауылшаруашылық кешенінің жеке аймақ ретінде тұрақты дамуы да, жалпы елдің де дамуы ауылшаруашылық кешенінің тұрақты қалыптасуынсыз мүмкін емес, себебі оның түпкі өнімі қайта өңдеу өнеркәсібі болып табылады, ал оның мақсаты - талаптарына сай халықты сапалы өніммен қамтамасыз ету. Талдау көрсеткендей, ауылшаруашылық өндірісінің қазіргі жағдайы, қолайсыз факторлардың әсерінің күшеюімен сипатталады, ең алдымен табиғи факторлардың өндірісінде, жалпы өсімдік шаруашылығы өнімінің жылдық айырмашылықтарын тудырады, және өз кезегінде мал шаруашылығындағы ауытқуларға әкеледі, сонымен қатар оның әсері өңдеуші салаларда сезіледі, ал бұл өнеркәсіптің шикізаты болып табылады. Зертеу барысында 2015 жылдан бастап Батыс Қазақстан облысының аумағында ауыл шаруашылығы өнімдері өндірісінің күрт төмендегені анықталды, бұл жалпы, сондай-ақ өсімдік шаруашылығы мен мал шаруашылығы салалары бойынша да өндіріс тұрақтылығының төмендеуіне әкелді, және ол бүгінгі күнге дейін жалғасуда. Агроөнеркәсіптік кешеннің шикізат саласындағы өндіріс тұрақтылығының төмендеуі қайта өңдеу өнеркәсібі өнімдерін өндіруде ауытқулардың артуына әкеліп соқтырды, бұның нәтижесінде халыққа азық-түлік өнімдерін ұсынуда тұрақсыздық пайда болды. Батыс Қазақстан облысының АӨК-ін оның салаларының өнімділігі мен кірістілігін арттыруға бағытталған одан әрі дамыту өндірісті жаңғыртуды және қайта жарақтандыруды, оның инфрақұрылымын дамытуды және салалық кластерлерді қалыптастыруды талап етеді. Кілт сөздер: агроөнеркәсіп кешені, тербеліс, аграрлық сектор, өндіріс, халық саны, агротехника, экономика, талдау, өнімдер, өсімдік шаруашылығы. The evolution of enterprise in the West Kazakhstan region is subject to fluctuations due to both the general cyclical nature of economic development and the impact of various external and internal factors on this industry, as also fluctuations unavoidable in the evolution process. The priorities for sustainable evolution of the regional agro-industrial complex of the West Kazakhstan region should be identified through analysis. The goal of the research is to study the effective and sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex of the West Kazakhstan region. Through studies this topic, the statistical-economic method, analysis and synthesis were used. Sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex of both a particular region and the country as a whole is impossible without the stable functioning of its core - agriculture, the final product of which is used by the processing industry, whose goal is to provide the population with high-quality products in volumes that meet their requirements. Current state of agricultural production, as the analysis shows, is characterized by an increase in the influence of unfavorable factors on production, first of all natural ones, which cause annual differences in the production of gross crop production, which, in turn, convey fluctuations to the livestock industry and, as a result, affects the processing industries. it is the raw material of the industry. In the course of the study, it was found that, since 2015, in the territory of the West Kazakhstan region, there has been a sharp decline in agricultural production, which led to a decrease in the stability of production in general, and in the fields of crop and livestock production, which continues to the present. A decrease in the sustainability of production in the raw materials sector of the agro-industrial complex entailed an increase in fluctuations in the production of products of the processing industry, which ultimately resulted in the emergence of an instability in the supply of food to the population. Further development of the agro-industrial complex of the West Kazakhstan region, aimed at increasing the productivity and profitability of its industries, requires the modernization and re-equipment of production, the development of its infrastructure and the formation of industry clusters.


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