Synergies

2013 ◽  
pp. 191-212
Keyword(s):  
Reference Points ◽  
The Way

This chapter explores the way in which the experiences of the different places surveyed was shaped by interactions between them, distinguishing patterns prevailing in the later eighteenth and mid nineteenth centuries. The survey covers the way in which the larger context was explored and conceptualised; practical interactions between political developments in different states; the movement of individuals and the transmission of ideas, and what it was about particular places studied here that particularly aroused interest elsewhere, in terms of what was thought to be revealed about democracy. It is suggested that people often referred to developments elsewhere, as reference points in their own debates, but that what they took from others’ experience was always conditioned by their local concerns and aspirations.

Cognitive Reflection Effects on Time Discounting

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Białek ◽  
Przemysław Sawicki
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Process Information ◽  
Time Discounting ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
The Way

Abstract. In this work, we investigated individual differences in cognitive reflection effects on delay discounting – a preference for smaller sooner over larger later payoff. People are claimed to prefer more these alternatives they considered first – so-called reference point – over the alternatives they considered later. Cognitive reflection affects the way individuals process information, with less reflective individuals relying predominantly on the first information they consider, thus, being more susceptible to reference points as compared to more reflective individuals. In Experiment 1, we confirmed that individuals who scored high on the Cognitive Reflection Test discount less strongly than less reflective individuals, but we also show that such individuals are less susceptible to imposed reference points. Experiment 2 replicated these findings additionally providing evidence that cognitive reflection predicts discounting strength and (in)dependency to reference points over and above individual difference in numeracy.

Indicators and Dynamics of Formation A Healthy Lifestyle for Junior High School Students

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-98
Author(s):  
Yeng Chen Mong
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Children's Health ◽  
Children’S Health ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The Family ◽  
Educational Potential ◽  
The Way

In the context of deep social and economic transformations in the country, the contradiction between the growing need of the society for active and healthy people and the catastrophic deterioration of children’s health becomes more acute. Complex studies show that the chronic pathology of schoolchildren is at an extremely high level. Against the backdrop of social insecurity, the problem of alcoholization and drug addiction of children and adolescents is growing, which poses a threat of moral decay to young people. Children’s health is affected by a number of negative factors: a decline in the standard of living in the country as a whole, a widespread deterioration of the environmental situation, and negative changes in the financial situation and the educational potential of the family. Unfortunately, the share of guilt for the current situation today is assigned to the school, which does not meet the modern requirements of hygiene and natural sciences of age physiology, causes disruption of adaptation, chronic fatigue of children and provokes the growth of diseases. Educational potential of school is considerably reduced: “...educational practice stays in a condition of influence on it of casual reference points, elements of positive, and even more negative, influences and uncontrollability”. In these conditions, the problem of maintaining health and education for a healthy lifestyle in schoolchildren is of particular interest to researchers. In the process of upbringing of children of primary school age the role of significant others - teachers and parents - is great. However, for the effectiveness of education for a healthy lifestyle is not enough readiness of the teacher, as the categories of lifestyle, lifestyle is largely associated with the family, with the way of life, with traditions, with the way of life of parents. Parents act as a role model for younger students, so in the process of upbringing important factors are personal, purely individual characteristics of parents, which include health status, physical culture, and attitude to health, culture of communication, ethical culture and experience of a healthy lifestyle.

scholarly journals La «humanicidad» como categoría lingüística y campo semántico-funcional

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 421-440
Author(s):  
Enrique Javier Vercher García
Keyword(s):  
Reference Points ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
External Reality ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Human Community ◽  
Area Of Influence ◽  
The Way

El presente artículo plantea la existencia y analiza la categoría de humanicidad, entendida como el modo en que las lenguas naturales clasifican y expresan la realidad externa en dos grandes ámbitos: el ámbito humano (aquel que el hablante entiende como perteneciente a la sociedad humana, a la esfera de la vida, costumbres, rituales, civilización y cultura específicamente propios del ser humano) y el ámbito natural (la esfera de todo aquello ajeno a la comunidad humana, de lo que está fuera del área de influencia de la civilización humana, es decir, los fenómenos naturales, flora y fauna en su estado salvaje no “domesticado” o no “civilizado”). El campo-semántico funcional de la humanicidadsería el conjunto de recursos de los diferentes niveles lingüísticos (fonético-fonológico, morfológico, sintáctico y léxico) de una lengua dada para configurar los referentes de la realidad y clasificarlos en función de su categoría de humanicidad(ámbito humano vs. ámbito natural). La humanicidad, por tanto, no debe ser confundida con fenómenos bien conocidos como los de animacidad lingüísticao la distinción morfosintáctica entre humano/no humano. This article proposes the existence and analyses the category of humanicity, understood as the way in which natural languages classify and express external reality in two large fields: the human sphere (which the speaker understands as belonging to human society, the area of life, customs, rituals, civilization and culture specific to human beings) and the natural sphere (the sphere of everything outwith the human community, outwith the area of influence of human civilization; that is, natural phenomena, flora and fauna in their wild, “undomesticated” or “uncivilised” state). The functional-semantic field of humanicitywould be the set of resources of the different linguistic levels (phonetic-phonological, morphological, syntactic and lexical) of a given language for configuring the reference points of reality and classifying them based on their category of humanicity(human sphere vs natural sphere). Humanicity, must therefore not be confused with well-known phenomena such as linguistic animacyor the morphosyntactic distinction between human/non-human.

Oecuménisme méthodologique et dialogue entre paradigmes

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (S1) ◽  
pp. 37-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Haldemann ◽  
Ron Lévy
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Internal Reference ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Quality Research ◽  
External Point ◽  
Point Of Reference ◽  
The Way

ABSTRACTWhile multi-method research is currently provoking much interest, there is little reflection on the legitimacy of this kind of research and on the conditions for achieving high quality research. This article first describes the scientific and socio-political contexts from which this movement towards multi-method research has emerged. It then goes on to discuss why comparative analysis is central to the triangulation of methods and why the notion of triangulation itself requires an external point of reference. It is suggested that the reason why we produce only half-hearted or even illigitimate comparisons is because the reference points are hidden. For multi-method research to be of high quality it must clearly externalize valid inferences at each moment in the spiral of knowledge, identify its analytical logic and establish its internal reference points. (This article is the result of joint research and the respective positions of the authors are reflected in the way in which the article is presented.)

scholarly journals Reference Points and Effort Provision

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 470-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Abeler ◽  
Armin Falk ◽  
Lorenz Goette ◽  
David Huffman
Keyword(s):  
Reference Point ◽  
Rational Expectations ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Real Effort ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Effort Provision ◽  
Reference Dependent Preferences ◽  
The Way

A key open question for theories of reference-dependent preferences is: what determines the reference point? One candidate is expectations: what people expect could affect how they feel about what actually occurs. In a real-effort experiment, we manipulate the rational expectations of subjects and check whether this manipulation influences their effort provision. We find that effort provision is significantly different between treatments in the way predicted by models of expectation-based, reference-dependent preferences: if expectations are high, subjects work longer and earn more money than if expectations are low. (JEL D12, D84, J22)

Philosophical connections between the classical and the modern notion of corruption

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-100
Author(s):  
Michel Dion
Keyword(s):  
Transition Period ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Conditioning Factors ◽  
Classical Notion ◽  
Historical Periods ◽  
The Way

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to circumscribe the various philosophical connections between the classical and the modern notion of corruption from Enlightenment to post-modernity. Design/methodology/approach The paper analyzed to what extent the classical notion of corruption (Plato, Aristotle and Cicero) still influenced the way philosophers perceived the phenomenon of corruption during the Enlightenment (1625-1832), the transition period (1833-1900) and the post-modernity (1901 onward). Taking those historical periods as reference points, the author will see how literature about historical, social and political conditioning factors of corruption could convey the presence/absence of the classical or the modern notion of corruption. Findings The paper finds that the classical notion of corruption implies the degeneration of human relationships (Plato and Hegel), the degeneration of the body-and-mind unity (Aristotle, Pascal and Thomas Mann) or the degeneration of collective morality (Cicero, Locke, Rousseau, Hume and Kant). The modern notion of corruption as bribery was mainly introduced by Adam Smith. Nietzsche (and Musil) looked at corruption as degeneration of the will-to-power. The classical notion of corruption put the emphasis on the effects rather than on the cause itself (effects-based thinking). The modern notion of corruption as bribery insists on the cause rather than on the effects (cause-based thinking). Research limitations/implications In this paper, the author has taken into account the main representatives of the three historical periods. Future research could also analyze the works of other philosophers and novelists to see to what extent their philosophical and literary works are unveiling the classical or the modern notion of corruption. Originality/value The paper presents a philosophical and historical perspective about corruption. It sheds light on the way philosophers (and sometimes novelists) deal with the issue of corruption, whether it is from an effects-based or from a cause-based perspective.

scholarly journals Interconnection of linguistics and musical art

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga B. Solomonova ◽  
Galyna F. Zavgorodnia ◽  
Olha V. Muravska ◽  
Alla D. Chernoivanenko ◽  
Oksana O. Aleksandrova
Keyword(s):  
Professional Training ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Educational Practice ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Language System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Music Interpretation ◽  
Music Aesthetics ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

The terminology of music semiology, which is an academic discipline with a significant educational resonance and a necessary component of music and educational practice at its higher educational and qualification levels, lies at the intersection of the main aspects of musicology such as the history of music, the theory and analysis of musical forms, music aesthetics and the theory of music interpretation, and others. Music semiology covers the transitional methodological abilities due to its subject reference points and the wide range of the material involved in the cognitive field. Music semiology can be considered a necessary basic discipline for the professional training of musicologists and practicing musicians of any programme. There is no doubt about the importance of mastering the language system, which is fundamental in the chosen field of communication. As an academic discipline, music semiology can be presented according to the way its terminology is built, it includes three main themes among which each of the following continues the meaning of the previous one by deepening and enlarging, detailing in an analytical way. Scientific novelty is determined by the fact that unlike music semiotics and the theory of music semantics.

scholarly journals On the evolution of translations from Serbian into Romanian

Translationes ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-69
Author(s):  
Mața Țaranandreici
Keyword(s):  
Reference Points ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
The Way

Abstract Our paper outlines an updated picture of the translations from Serbian into Romanian, and also points out the most common concepts belonging to the most notorious translators and the specific particularities of their translation manners. The goal of our research is to identify reference points in the evolution of translations, i.e. from theories to methods and procedures of translation. Thus, we intend to evaluate the contribution of some translators as well as to mention some general aspects that characterize their methodology. Among the aspects that we are going to research are the level of adequacy and representativeness of their translations, and the way in which they apply the functional principle of preserving the information from the original.

Community Studies: Fifty Years of Theorization

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 82-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Crow
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
General Level ◽  
Community Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Social Units ◽  
The Way

This paper reviews the ways in which sociologists in the second half of the twentieth century attempted to make sense of the major trends unfolding in their societies. It focuses in particular on the way in which sociologists have responded to the legacy of the founding figures in terms of their identification of trends such as rationalization, bureaucratization, and proletarianization. The proliferation of other trends captured by words ending with the suffix -ization (for example globalization, McDonaldization, and postmodernization) is noted, and the argument is developed that this style of theorising is valuable but problematic. It is valuable because it encourages sociologists to think comparatively, given that the trends identified necessarily have reference points in the past and that their uneven progress in different societies (or other social units) can be compared. It is problematic because there is no agreement on what constitutes evidence that these processes are unfolding, nor on the need for such evidence. A further problem relates to the issue of how these processes are considered to relate to each other. Research undertaken in the field of community in Britain and beyond over the period 1950-2000 is drawn upon to illustrate these points and to support the argument that concepts drawn from theorization at a general level are essential tools in the analysis of contemporary trends. It is also used to support the related argument that such theorization needs to be grounded in empirical evidence if it is to go beyond mere speculation.

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