African Religions in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Nicolau Parés
Keyword(s):  
National Culture ◽  
Religious Congregations ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
African Religions ◽  
Social Basis ◽  
Innovative Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Afro Brazilian

Despite their diverse political and cultural backgrounds, West Africans and West Central Africans shared some basic religious orientations. With a strong pragmatic focus on solving problems in this world, the dynamism and flexibility of their religious practices were critical for their quick reactivation within Brazilian slave society. The Atlantic transfer, however, deprived African institutions of their structural social basis so a complex innovative process of re-institutionalization was necessary to allow new forms of Afro-Brazilian religions to emerge. Ritual associativism first occurred around the colonial Calundu, mostly concerned with interpersonal healing and divination interactions, but rapidly saw the formation of parallel religious congregations inspired by an ecclesiastical mode of organization based on the initiatory recruitment of novices and the worship of multiple deities. Despite common elements of healing, divination, sacrifice, spirit possession, initiation, and celebration, the genesis of Afro-Brazilian religions was marked by astounding pluralism and eclecticism that led to a wide range of regional variation. The demographics and cultural specificities of the enslaved in each place, as well as local historical circumstances, determined distinct processes of creative synthesis among the various African traditions and between these and hegemonic Iberian Catholicism, Amerindian healing practices, and others. The circulation of ideas and priests across the country and between Africa and Brazil after the end of the Atlantic slave trade also added to the 19th-century consolidation of an Afro-Brazilian religious field. Despite a history of continuous discrimination and persecution, alongside occasional selective tolerance, Afro-Brazilian religions offered a unique space for the transformative reproduction of African values, behaviors, and forms of sociability, which had a long-lasting effect on Brazilian national culture. The temples’ struggles for legitimacy and recognition was expressed in a latent tension between those which claimed an alleged African ritual purity and those accused of syncretism, a divide to which scholars greatly contributed to and which has oriented their classificatory efforts.

scholarly journals Some notes on a historical perspective of panic disorder

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Egidio Nardi
Keyword(s):  
Panic Disorder ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Greek Mythology ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Therapeutic Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article aims to describe important points in the history of panic disorder concept, as well as to highlight the importance of its diagnosis for clinical and research developments. Panic disorder has been described in several literary reports and folklore. One of the oldest examples lies in Greek mythology - the god Pan, responsible for the term panic. The first half of the 19th century witnessed the culmination of medical approach. During the second half of the 19th century came the psychological approach of anxiety. The 20th century associated panic disorder to hereditary, organic and psychological factors, dividing anxiety into simple and phobic anxious states. Therapeutic development was also observed in psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic fields. Official classifications began to include panic disorder as a category since the third edition of the American Classification Manual (1980). Some biological theories dealing with etiology were widely discussed during the last decades of the 20th century. They were based on laboratory studies of physiological, cognitive and biochemical tests, as the false suffocation alarm theory and the fear network. Such theories were important in creating new diagnostic paradigms to modern psychiatry. That suggests the need to consider a wide range of historical variables to understand how particular features for panic disorder diagnosis have been developed and how treatment has emerged.

scholarly journals FDB’s centrallagre som kulturarv.

Kulturstudier ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mette Tapdrup Mortensen
Keyword(s):  
Retail Trade ◽  
Industrial Heritage ◽  
Continuous Innovation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Self Service ◽  
The One ◽  
Storage Distribution ◽  
The 19Th Century

<p>I disse år tales meget om velfærdssamfundets eller efterkrigstidens kulturarv. Hvordan skal vi forholde os til de mange bygninger i nye materialer, der samtidigt er udtryk for nye måder at indrette samfundet på? Denne artikel bygger på en undersøgelse af FDB’s centrallagre, der i mere end 50 år har været produktions- og lagringssted for detailhandlens vareflow.</p><p><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>Since the first member-owned co-operative shops emerged in Denmark in the second half of the 19th century, and organised themselves as the FDB in 1896, the latter’s prime objective has been to provide its members with a wide range of products at the most favourable prices. This has required continuous innovation and change, not least in the second half of the 20th century, as competition in the retailing market intensified. In the mid-1950s, the management of FDB implemented a comprehensive rationalisation of production, transport, storage, distribution and sales, as well as the overall structure connecting these aspects of its enterprise. Drawing on inspiration from the USA, within a decade this process radically transformed both the FDB itself and Danish retail trade in its entirety.</em></p><p><em>In a broader perspective, this rationalisation process and its consequences  is a part of the history of the Danish welfare society, since it concerns the emergence of the modern consumer, as well as technical, economic and administrative innovation of the retail trade. The local co-operative shop with the manager behind the desk and the goods sold loose was replaced by modern self-service shops with standardised equipment, and numerous multi-storey warehouses distributed in the old city centres were in the early 1960s substituted by seven, strategically located central warehouses serviced by fork-lift trucks. The one located in Albertslund functioned from 1964 onwards as the organization’s headquarters.. In 2007 Kulturarvsstyrelsen (The Heritage Agency of Denmark) proclaimed this warehouse in Alberslund, today the headquarters of the Coop, to be one of 25 national sites of industrial heritage.</em></p>

scholarly journals Historical Method in Bibliography Science by E.K. Bespalova

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-407
Author(s):  
Elena Y. Azheeva
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Method ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Scientific Legacy ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Unique Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

The scientific legacy of Emilia Konstantinovna Bespalova, well-known Russian bibliographer, theorist and historian of bibliography, includes more than 200 works. She laid her own line in theoretical and methodological understanding of bibliography science and activity. “Formation of Bibliographic Thought in Russia (Up to the 60s of the 19th century)” is the last fundamental work of E.K. Bespalova; it describes the philosophical and methodological explication of bibliography as a naturally occurring phenomenon of information nature. There was formed unique method of analysis that considered historical and bibliographic facts in the context of professionalization of bibliographic activity. The analysis of bibliographic phenomena applied by E.K. Bespalova can be generally described as combination of modern theoretical knowledge on bibliography, methodology of system-activity approach and philosophy of historical process. The historical-theoretical method of studying bibliographic activity at different stages of its development allows a modern researcher to see the institutional significance of bibliographic processes as one of the full-fledged components of the global information picture.Analyzing the initial, original object of bibliographic activity — a book, the scientist proves that it was the process of replication and therefore the need to create the secondary structure of a book in a form of title page, which made a book to be the “book”. Through the concept of “book” E.K. Bespalova also traces interaction and sequential connection of three systems — “knowledge”, “book” (“document”) and “bibliographic document”. From the point of view of cognitive potential of the history of bibliography, bibliographical guide is of historical and theoretical interest being the result of activity and the object of desobjectivation in it of the conceptual theoretical-methodological and historical representations of authors, composers and doers of the history of bibliography. As the main differentiation of bibliographic products, Bespalova puts forward the division into timer bibliographic subsystems (reflection of current, retrospective, prospective primary flow) and chorographic subsystems that restrict documentary flows by the territorial and linguistic principle. The historical method by E.K. Bespalova reveals a wide range of theoretical foundations that enrich modern bibliography science.

scholarly journals How Style Became Famous and Irrelevant at the Same Time

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-230
Author(s):  
Nataša Lah
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Issue ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
19Th Century Art

The article is concerned with the theoretical issue of the status of style in visual arts, aiming to demonstrate that – within art history – stylistics acquired its disciplinary autonomy in the late 18th century when, J. J. Winckelmann was the first to detach stylistics from rhetoric, thus expanding the field of stylistic competence to the history of art. It was also the time when, under the influence of early Romanticism, the entirely opposite tendencies originated, those of the emphasized individuation of art. Therefore, parallel to the birth of theoretical notion of “the styles of the eras”, romanticists not only paved the way for Modernism, but also thwarted the application of a newly risen stylistic methodology concerned with the cultural codification of style. The disagreement between the “classicists”, and “romanticists”, eventually culminated in the schism of the Paris Salon and the emergence of a wide range of new trends, heterogeneous conceptions and avant-garde movement, all in a very short space of time. The concept of “the style of epoch” has been staggered by the challenges of the 20th century. The function of culture within the stylistic characteristics of the 19th century art production was appropriated by artists, whose artwork acquired total objectual autonomy. The cultural and stylistic codification of of historical periods conceived in the 18th century could no longer be applied to the heterogeneous art produced during the Modernist era. By affirming the obviousness of the visual, Modernism eluded all the semantic, functional, utilitarian, narrative and symbolic burdens of earlier periods. This article endeavours to show how, subsequent to the epoch of Modernism, style can be discussed exclusively at a level of the apparent expressed features of an artwork. Codification which follows the principle of temporal “anchoring” in the cultural context of the Modernits era of Modernism remains both risky and ineffective stylistic strategy.  

The ‘Genius of Language’: Transformations of a Concept in the History of Linguistics

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 367-388
Author(s):  
Christiane Schlaps
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dynamic Form ◽  
Text Types ◽  
History Of Linguistics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Static Concept

The so-called ‘genius of language’ may be regarded as one of the most influential, and versatile, metalinguistic metaphors used to describe vernacular languages from the 17th century onwards. Over the centuries, philosophers, grammarians, trans­lators and language critics etc. wrote of the ‘genius of language’ in a wide range of text types and with reference to various linguistic positions so that a set of rather diverse types of the concept was created. This paper traces three prominent stages in the development of the ‘genius of language’ argument and, by identifying some of the most frequent types as they evolved in the context of the various linguistic dis­courses, endeavours to show the major transformations of the concept. While early on, discussion of the stylistic and grammatical type of the ‘genius of language’ concentrates on surface features in the languages considered, during the middle of the 18th century, the ‘genius of language’ is relocated to the semantic, interior part of language. With the 19th-century notion of an organological ‘genius of language’, the former static concept is personified and recast in a dynamic form until, taken to its nationalistic extremes, the ‘genius of language’ argument finally ceases to be of any epistemological and scientific value.

CREATIVITY OF THE KRASNOYARSK DOCUMENTARY FILMMAKER I. ZAITSEVA AS A PHENOMENON OF REGIONAL AND NATIONAL CULTURE

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
N.V. Kostrykina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Culture ◽  
Film Studies ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Documentary Films ◽  
Film Festivals ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Film Productions ◽  
Film Language

The article describes the work of Irina Borisovna Zaitseva, a world-famous Krasnoyarsk documentary film director, a member of the Board of the Union of Cinematographers and the Association of Documentary Films of the Russian Federation, whose film productions have not yet been the subject of film studies. Her films have won numerous prizes at prestigious All-Russian and international film festivals ("Russia", "Golden Knight", "Living Water", "Flahertiana", "Stalker", "Saratov Suffering", "Mediawave", "Documenta Madrid", "Docupolis", etc.). A number of documentary films reflect the history of not only the Krasnoyarsk Territory, but also Russia. Some films have a parable discourse and carry a moral and philosophical context. The director repeatedly addresses the topic of "fathers and children". I. Zaitseva makes high demands on the profession of a film director, relying in her work on the director's code of honor, so as not to harm the heroes of her documentaries. As a result of the analysis of the film "Martyrs and Confessors" and a brief review of other films directed by I. Zaitseva, a wide range of artistic techniques was identified: subjective video camera, vertical and parallel editing, historical reconstruction, "story within a story", changing focalizations and temporality, allegory, and others. All the author's means of the film language work for a strong drama, which distinguishes the films of the documentarian. In her work, there is a hybrid-a combination of factuality and artistry, which does not mean devaluing the principle of documentality. The Krasnoyarsk documentary filmmaker was one of the first in Russia to make a film about the tragic fate of the clergy who died at the hands of representatives of the Soviet government in the period 1918–1938. I. Zaitseva's filmography is a phenomenon of regional and national culture.

scholarly journals Historical aspects of asepsis and antiseptics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Morozov ◽  
A. N. Sergeev ◽  
S. V. Zhukov ◽  
A. M. Varpetyan ◽  
T. S. Ryzhova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
The Body ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Septic Complications ◽  
Surgical Practice ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Relevance. For many centuries, infectious complications have been one of the most pressing problems of surgical practice. In modern medicine, a wide range of aseptic and antiseptic methods is presented, which, without harm to the body, can destroy pathogenic microorganisms and prevent the development of purulent complications that significantly aggravate the patient's condition and increase the duration of treatment. However, this was not always the case. In the era of the formation of surgery, interventions in a significant majority of cases ended with the development of purulent and septic complications, which inevitably led to death.The purpose of this study was to study the main points that play a key role in the history of the formation of modern asepsis and antiseptics.Material and methods. In the course of the study, an analysis of domestic and foreign literature on the history of the development of aseptics and antiseptics was carried out. When compiling the work, the biographical method of historical research was used. Articles and historical sketches of the period of the described events were also used as materials.Results. The formation of the principles of asepsis and antisepsis is a long historical process in which many of the greatest minds of mankind have been involved. At the same time, like the development of any scientific worldview, the development of asepsis and antiseptics was based on previous knowledge, as well as on knowledge obtained, mainly empirically. From time immemorial, physicians have already had an idea of the antibacterial properties of a number of compounds. The first mentions of attempts to prevent contamination of wounds and their disinfection date back to the time of Hippocrates. In the Middle Ages, for the purpose of disinfecting wounds, cauterization with a red-hot iron and boiling oil was widely used. From the middle of the 18th century, the first antiseptics entered the practice of surgeons. From the middle of the 19th century, a significant contribution to the development of asepsis and antiseptics was made by the Russian surgeon N.I. Pirogov, and his follower N.V. Sklifosovsky. A breakthrough in the development of asepsis and antiseptics in the late 19th – early 20th centuries was the scientific discovery of the French scientist Louis Pasteur, who proved that the processes of fermentation and decay are caused by microorganisms. This discovery formed the basis of J. Lister's antiseptic method. At the end of the 19th century, E. von Bergmann developed the aseptic method. One of the last significant events in the history of antiseptics was A. Fleming antibiotics.Conclusions. Thanks to the work of great scientists and doctors, there are many lifethreatening postoperative complications that claimed the lives of many people, if they did not remain in the past, then their incidence and intensity of manifestations have noticeably decreased, and asepsis and antiseptics have become an integral component of surgical practice.

scholarly journals Herzegovina in the “Turkish Empire”. The Russian Consul A. N. Kudryavtsev about the life of the region in the 1860s

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-75
Author(s):  
Ksenia V. Melchakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Detailed List ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Foreign Ministry ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

The present article dwells upon an unpublished essay about the Ottoman province of Herzegovina in the 19th century. The author of this text is a Russian consul in Mostar Alexei N. Kudryavtsev. The essay was written in 1867 and probably should have been included into the book “The Turkish Empire”. There are several evidences about the existence of this book, however it has not been found yet. Kudryavtsev’s essay embraces a wide range of problems of Herzegovina in the 19th century. It deals with the geography, ethnography and statistics, history of the region, as well as provides a general overview of trade, industry and communication routes in Herzegovina in 1866. The text is stored in the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire and is being published for the first time. Kudryavtsev’s essay tells us about the situation in Herzegovina and its problems. The consul gives a brief description of each area of Herzegovina. The description of trade relations is particularly important. The Consul provides a detailed list of imported and exported goods with an indication of their value. The article might be of interest to researchers focusing on the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the activities of the Russian Foreign Ministry, and on the economic history and ethnography of the Balkan peoples.

scholarly journals Observation as photography: A metaphor

M n gement ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-99
Author(s):  
Hervé Laroche
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Observational Methods ◽  
History Of Photography ◽  
Observation Methods ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Rich History ◽  
Data Reading ◽  
Huge Variety

From its invention in the middle of the 19th century to the present date, photography has generally been considered as a highly reliable means for capturing data about a wide range of objects and for a huge variety of purposes. Though debated, photography’s relationship with reality is specific and powerful. Because of its long and rich history, photography has encountered many problems and challenges observation methods and practices in management studies. Taking photography as a metaphor for observation in general, this article explores the successive steps of a research project relying on observation. Taking photographs is capturing data; reading photographs is analyzing and interpreting data; and showing photographs is presenting the findings in publications. For each stage of the process, various issues are discussed, drawing on the scientific, forensic, artistic, or vernacular uses of photography. Particular attention is accorded to key examples in the history of photography. This article is an invitation to reflect on observational methods and practices in a non-demonstrative, heuristic manner.

scholarly journals Beyond frontiers: Ancient Rome and the Eurasian trade networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Galli
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Far East ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Trading Routes

During the second half of the 19th century, the Roman Empire was already considered one of the key players inside the Eurasian networks. This research focuses on four relevant points. From a historiographical perspective, the reconstruction of the trading routes represented a central theme in the history of the relationship between the Roman Empire and the Far East. Imagining a plurality of itineraries and combinations of overland and sea routes, it is possible to reconstruct a complex reality in which the Eurasian networks during the Early Roman Empire developed. As far as economics is concerned, new documentation demonstrates the wide range and the extraordinary impact of the Eastern products on Roman markets. A final focus on the process of Chinese silk unravelling and reweaving provides an important clue on how complex and absolutely not mono-directional were the interactions and the exchanges in the Eurasian networks during the first centuries of the Roman Empire.

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