Diez, Meyer-Lübke, and Co. The Founding of Romance Linguistics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcello Barbato
Keyword(s):  
Relative Weight ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Genealogical Tree ◽  
Etymological Dictionary ◽  
Germanic Linguistics ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
General Linguistics ◽  
German Linguist ◽  
Historical Grammar ◽  
The 19Th Century

The study of Romance linguistics was born in the 19th-century German university, and like all linguistics of that era it is historical in nature. With respect to Indo-European and Germanic linguistics, a difference was immediately apparent: Unlike Indo-European and Common Germanic, Latin’s attestation is extensive in duration, as well as rich and varied: Romance linguists can thus make use of reconstruction as well as documentation. Friedrich Diez, author of the first historical grammar and first etymological dictionary on Romance languages, founded Romance linguistics. His studies singlehandedly constructed the foundations of the discipline. His teaching soon spread not only across German-speaking countries, but also into France and Italy. Subsequently, the most significant contributions came from two scholars trained in the Indo-European field: the German linguist Hugo Schuchardt, whose doctoral thesis studied with sharp theoretical awareness the passage from Latin to the Romance languages, and the Italian Graziadio Isaia Ascoli, who showed how the Romance panorama could be extraordinarily enriched by the analysis of nonstandard varieties. The discipline thus developed fully and radiated out. Great issues came to be debated: models of linguistic change (genealogical tree, wave), the possibility of distinguishing dialect groups, the relative weight of phonology, and semantics in lexical reconstruction. New disciplines such as linguistic geography were born, and new instruments like the linguistic atlas were forged. Romance linguistics thus became the avant-garde of general linguistics. Meanwhile, a new synthesis of the discipline had been created by a Swiss scholar, Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke, who published a historical grammar and an etymological dictionary of the Romance languages.

Origine et diffusion des expressions romanes du type jaune paille

2021 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-27
Author(s):  
Sara Matrisciano ◽  
Franz Rainer
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Short Discussion ◽  
Colour Term ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
And Diffusion

All major Romance languages have patterns of the type jaune paille for expressing shades of colour represented by some prototypical object. The first constituent of this pattern is a colour term, while the second one designates a prototypical representative of the colour shade. The present paper starts with a short discussion of the controversial grammatical status of this pattern and its constituents. Its main aim, however, concerns the origin and diffusion of this pattern. We have not found hard and fast evidence that Medieval Italian pigment compounds of the type verderame influenced the rise of the jaune paille pattern, which first appears in French in the 16th century. This pattern continued to be a minority solution during the 17th century, but established itself during the 18th century. In the 19th century, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese adopted the pattern jaune paille, while it did not reach Catalan and Romanian before the 20th century.

Comunicación epistolar y colaboración científica entre especialistas alemanes en Sudamérica a fines del siglo XIX. Un estudio de la correspondencia entre Rodolfo Lenz y Robert Lehmann-Nitsche

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 311-338
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio Ennis ◽  
Claudio Soltmann
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Initial Section ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
La Plata ◽  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
German Science ◽  
Letter Exchange ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract The following paper undertakes the presentation and subsequent analysis of the initial section of an extended, although only partially preserved letter exchange between two salient German scholars settled in Argentina and Chile from the end of the 19th century on, and during the first decades of the 20th century: Rudolf Lenz, trained in linguistics and Romance languages at the renowned Romanistik School of Bonn, who worked at the Instituto Pedagógico in Santiago de Chile, and Robert Lehmann-Nitsche, a Prussian physician and anthropologist who was in charge of the Anthropological Section of a brand new modern Museum in Argentina’s recently founded city of La Plata. The letter exchange between them lasted from 1897 until 1928 and the analysis of its initial pieces (1897–1898) allows us to see how personal and scientific networks were constructed, and how German science and sociability managed to settle down in such distant locations and still remain connected with its system of origin.

scholarly journals The concept of “musical degeneration”: From fin-de-siècle pesimism to the nationalsocialist rule

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-252
Author(s):  
Maja Vasiljevic
Keyword(s):  
Third Reich ◽  
History Of Ideas ◽  
Richard Wagner ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
The Third ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Given

The paper follows the discursive path of one of the dominant, and yet forgotten, terms in the history of ideas - that of ?degeneration.? The richness of uses and various illuminations of the term, as well as its discursive dispersion and blurring, can be seen from the mid 19th until the first decades of the 20th century. The term was almost inescapable in studies of thinkers from various fields starting in the middle of the 19th century, it was successfully adopted from French, Italian and British medical terminology into the art discourse of modern European societies. By focusing on music, the given term became permanently tied to thinking about relations of music and society in the German-speaking world. In a complex discursive development of the term, the author necessarily made certain choices, paying special attention to the Austro-Hungarian psychologists, Max Nordau who carried the concept of ?degeneration? from the medical to the art (and music) sphere. The debate regarding the ?degeneration of music,? was developed chronologically, starting from the Second Reich (being the time in which one of the most controversial composers lived, Richard Wagner). While Wagner developed a theory of ?degeneration? and its overcoming through ?regeneration,? he was still considered ?degenerated.? The given example reveals the complexity of the problem we face when we study the concept of ?degeneration of music.? The consideration is completed with a glance at the life of ?degenerated? musicians and music during the Weimar Republic, that is, their interpretation in the Third Reich.

scholarly journals Profesor Witold Mańczak – dydaktyk

LingVaria ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (spec) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Anna Bochnakowa
Keyword(s):  
Academic Staff ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Grammar ◽  
Academic Teacher ◽  
Romance Philology

This memoir on Professor Witold Mańczak as an academic teacher opens with a list of grammars and textbooks of the history of Romance languages which he wrote for students of Romance philology. This is followed by a description of Professor’s lectures in historical grammar of Romance languages – erudite but clear, with multiple examples and digressions which widened the scrutinized topic. Also his manner of examining is mentioned, known and strictly defined criteria of evaluation, and its objectivity. Professor’s colleagues from the Institute of Romance Philology like to reminisce his friendly and selfless help and cordiality towards students – beside his attributed severity. Lastly, we emphasize the importance of Professor’s scientific views and methodology in the shaping of academic staff.

scholarly journals Uwarunkowania historyczne roli i statusu języka polskiego w systemie edukacji w Galicji 1. połowy XIX wieku

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-262
Author(s):  
Peter Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Education System ◽  
National Consciousness ◽  
World War ◽  
Realistic Interpretation ◽  
Social Ideology ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
School Laws

During the partitions of Poland in 1772, 1795 and 1815 its southern part was annexed by the Habsburg Monarchy and integrated into the Austrian Empire as the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. Till the end of World War I the inhabitants of Galicia were citizens of the Austrian Empire and their lives were influenced by the political and social ideology of the Austrian government. One of the most significant changes were connected to the language issue. Austrian or German-speaking officials came to Galicia and so did German as it became the main administrative language. This was also the case for the Austrian education system, which mainly focused on teaching German language as they wanted to integrate the multilingual and multicultural inhabitants of the Austrian Empire under the leadership of the Austrian rulers.This article deals with the issue how the Austrian education system influenced the development and understanding of national consciousness of the Polish population in Galicia in the first half of the 19th century by analysing which role the Polish language played in the primary and secondary school system. This period is important because it shows the main intentions of the Austrian educational system and also because the first important School Laws were passed, which influenced the education system in Galicia for over half the century.This article is structured in two parts. The first part contains an analysis of the most important School Laws. The aim is to show the intentions and the ideology which guided the Austrian government in creating the education system and to analyse which role the Polish language played in it. The second part deals with the actual effects of the Austrian education policy for the young Polish generations of Galicia. This will allow a more realistic interpretation of the influence the education system in Galicia had on building or suppressing the development of a Polish national consciousness. This part includes analyses of school statistics and most importantly memories from schooldays from former Galician school children which gives an inside on the role the Polish language played in the school and in their own lives.

Gothic Revival/Gothick

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie A. Glaser
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Medieval Architecture ◽  
German Empire ◽  
Gothic Revival ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The French Revolution

Gothic Revival designates a key moment in architectural history. It also refers to the use of Gothic forms and motifs in furniture, design, and the decorative arts. It is inextricably connected to the reawakened interest in medieval architecture that began in the 18th century and that provided both its scholarly basis and intellectual context. Thus, Gothic Revival comprises neo-Gothic artifacts as well as the antiquarian, scholarly, and literary texts that fueled it. Scholars distinguish between Gothic Revival and Survival. “Survival” refers to the continued use of the Gothic style in post-medieval building, whereas “Revival” describes the reuse of Gothic details. As an aesthetic term, in 16th-century Italy “Gothic” was associated with the “barbaric” medieval style and by the 18th-century it was equated with bad taste. “Gothick” was used for 18th-century garden architecture, design, and buildings, such as Walpole’s villa at Strawberry Hill or the Gothic House at Wörlitz, both playful amalgamations of Gothic motifs. Lenoir followed a similar aesthetic when he created monuments from the rubble of the French Revolution. With the rise of antiquarian studies and a growing number of architects schooled in the Gothic style, the Revival grew in impetus and importance through the 19th century. Frivolous Gothick gave way to an archeologically informed style that characterized the work of Pugin and Viollet-le-Duc. Neo-Gothic was adopted by Catholics and Protestants alike and promoted by local and national governments. Monumental restoration and completion of edifices such as Notre-Dame de Paris and Cologne Cathedral also played an important role. Significantly, Gothic Revival reflected each nation’s understanding of its history: in England it was nostalgic, looking back to a lost golden age; in France, Gothic forged a continuity with a past irreparably severed by the French Revolution; in the German-speaking lands Gothic was considered to symbolize the lost unity of the medieval German Empire, which meant that the German Revival was forward looking toward future political and religious unity. Creativity and eclecticism characterized the later Gothic Revival, with Romanesque, Byzantine, and Rundbogen styles becoming viable alternatives to Gothic. Scholarship on Gothic Revival dates to the late 19th century, when Eastlake set the pattern for the scholarly discourse. In the early 20th century, Clark and Abraham negatively appraised the Revival, a stance that English architectural historians began to revise in the 1940s. By the 1970s, England, France, and Germany were considered the center of Gothic Revival. In the 1990s Gothic Revival was recognized to be a pan-European phenomenon, and in the 21st century scholars have assiduously explored Gothic’s worldwide spread. This article reflects these scholarly developments.

Farewell to Unjustified Enrichment?

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Jansen
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Present State ◽  
German Law ◽  
Property Right ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Unjustified Enrichment ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Made In

In this article, Professor Jansen sets out the historical background and present state of unjustified enrichment theory in the German-speaking civilian legal systems, Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. The German law of unjustified enrichment has grown from two intellectually separate roots. These different legal ideas were interwoven during the 19th century by the German Pandectists. During the 20th century, it began to appear to many that these ideas did not fit well with one another. Professor Jansen thus argues that the modern civilian law of unjustified enrichment is increasingly characterised by a division into independent and distinct parts. In particular, the rules on the unwinding of contracts and on payments made in contemplation of future contracts no longer have much in common with claims based on an infringement of another person's property right. The conclusion drawn is that the Germanic systems should take their leave of the unifying idea of unjustified enrichment.

scholarly journals Finite verb forms in Beja (Cushitic): Labels vs functions, a historical perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-46
Author(s):  
Martine Vanhove
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Semitic Languages ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Language Areas ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Finite Verb

Abstract The historical overview of the indicative finite verb forms of Beja (Cushitic) shows that several reasons may have induced the choice of labels by the linguists who worked on it since the second half of the 19th century. Linguists of Beja can be divided into two groups: descriptivists and comparatists. The former mostly adapted existing terminologies from various linguistic traditions, rarely explicitly, the latter mostly recycled them. Apart from this partition, several factors behind the choice of a label can be inferred, or are sometimes given by the authors. Beyond the lack of in-depth functional and semantic analysis of the verb forms until very recently, there is a clear-cut distinction between temporal and aspectual labels which correlates with the historical development of aspectual theories, and also with the linguistic traditions for Greek, Indo-European and Semitic. But labels are also linked to “national” traditions, in the sense of language areas (corresponding either to the native language of the authors, or to the language in which the grammars were written), namely German, English and French. Grammars written in German are the oldest ones, and their labels conform to the classical philological tradition of their time, even if at times in contradictory ways. In the most recent publication by German-speaking linguists, an aspectual stance is adopted by the authors, but they hesitate between temporal and aspectual labels, a mixture which is also found, to different extent in one French and one Swedish linguists. Descriptions of the three finite verb form by British scholars, and the Swedish typologist Östen Dahl, show competing motivations: the British terminology, the philological tradition, but also the first steps towards a more detailed analysis of the functions of the paradigms based on a theory of aspect. The French linguists on the other hand belong to the most recent layer of specialists of Beja and they were both trained in Semitic languages (for which aspectual analyses predominate) and for aspectual analysis. Nevertheless both of them took up existing labels for one of the forms (the iː-form) from British linguists, from Roper for Morin (“conditional”) and from Appleyard for Vanhove (“aorist”).

scholarly journals Transformations of a Ukrainian song in Hungarian territories during the first half of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
pp. 420-451
Author(s):  
Zsófia Kalavszky
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Folk Song ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
German Translation ◽  
Hungarian Literature ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Hungarian Version

In my study I examine through what channels the Ukrainian song “Ïhav kozak za Dunaj” reached Czech and Hungarian territories through German mediation at the beginning of the 19th century. In the German-speaking territories, the Ukrainian song was spreading in German almost like a folk song. “Schöne Minka”, a Christophor Tiedge’s adaptation of the Ukrainian song, which differs significantly from the original, probably reached the territory of the Czech Crown and later the Kingdom of Hungary in the 1810s with the soldiers participating in the Napoleonic wars. A decade later, another version of the Ukrainian song much closer to the original appeared in the Czech and Hungarian territories. In Czech this version was published by František Čelakovský in 1822, and we owe the creation of the Hungarian version to Count Ferenc Teleki. Teleki did not work with Russian or Ukrainian sources, he translated the Ukrainian song into Hungarian with the help of a German translation. This text mediating between Ukrainian and Hungarian is Theodor Körner’s translation “Russisches Lied”. At the same time, Teleki’s translation is especially exciting for Russian and Hungarian literature since it shows surprising correspondences with Wilhelm Küchelbecker’s text “Der Kosak und das Mädchen” (1814), which is also a translation of the Ukrainian song.

scholarly journals Grundtvigs indflydelse på den tidlige danske nationalisme

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-32
Author(s):  
Lorenz Rerup
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Old Kingdom ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Position ◽  
The 19Th Century

Grundtvig’s Position in Early Danish NationalismBy Lorenz RerupThe article deals with Grundtvig’s important position in Early Danish nationalism, i.e., in the decades from about 1800 to 1830. The background is the Danish Monarchy from the prosperous years at the turn of the century to the disastrous war 1807-1814, the loss of Norway in 1814, and the following needy postwar time. After 1814 the Danish Monarchy consisted of the Kingdom of Denmark, the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, the North-Atlantic Islands (the Faeroes and Greenland) and some minor colonies. The ideology which integrated the higher ranks of these heterogeneous ethnic groups of the Monarchy into one society was a patriotism underlining peace and order in the realm, the importance of just government and - before 1807 - the protection provided by the Danish navy.The patriotism of the Monarchy was compatible with various feelings of identity which bred in different parts of it from about 1750. The Danes, living in an old kingdom, equipped with a written language, with a complete educational system, and with a history of their own, of course, had a feeling of a Danish identiy, as the German speaking population of the Duchies had a corresponding feeling of an identity of their own. Clashes of these different identities might happen but were not connected with political ideas. The state was run by the king, not by the people, and a public opinion about politics was not allowed - and was almost non-existent - before the announcement of the Advisory Estates Assemblies in 1831. Now nationalism spread and soon undermined the supranational Monarchy, which finally disintegrated in 1864.However, in the first decades of the 18th century and influenced by the ideas of Romanticism a few poets, first of all Grundtvig, developed a literary national movement without political aims. In the writings of these poets the Danes - the whole people - have a real chance to make history if they abandon their superficial life and revive the virtues and piety of the great periods in Danish history. Like political nationalists these poets propagate this kind of revival. Their attempt failed. People were still divided into a ’high’ and a ’broad’ culture and some decades had to pass until the latter one felt the need of an ideology in order to be integrated into society. Nevertheless, Grundtvig seems to be a kind of link between the patriotic ideology of the 18th and the political nationalism of the 19th century.

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