Oats and Other Forage Crops

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daren Redfearn
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Science ◽  
Secondary Market ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Forthcoming Article ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Cultivar Development ◽  
Small Grains

This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. Please check back later for the full article. Oats and the other small grains have been “rediscovered” with the drive towards intensifying agricultural production, integrating crops and livestock into diversified systems, and increasing environmental stewardship. Globally, oats and other winter annual small grains such as wheat, cereal rye, triticale, and barley, have been used primarily for grain production. The secondary market following grain production has been restricted to straw, used mainly as livestock bedding. In regions where livestock are economically important, oats and the other annual small grain crops can be used as a grazed forage or fodder crop, hay, or silage. There are several characteristics that make oats and other small grains suitable for multiple agricultural uses. All the small grains are fairly easy to establish, have rapid growth, can be productive, and have a high nutritional value for livestock. Recent improvements in cultivar development have allowed oats and wheat to be grown across a broader range of stressful environmental conditions. Similarly, cultivar development in oats and wheat has improved grazing tolerance, which is important in dual-purpose systems that emphasize both grazing and grain production. On a worldwide scale, oats and other annual small grains are economically and environmentally important forage crops, especially when used as focused components within intensified agricultural systems. Challenges include development of improved cultivars of oats and other small grains for use in intensified agricultural systems, including both grazing and no grazing, that serve as short rotation crops, dual-purpose crops, or are designed to mitigate a specific environmental issue.

scholarly journals Astronomy to understand a human environment

1998 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 211-213
Author(s):  
S. Isobe
Keyword(s):  
School System ◽  
Environmental Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Science Courses ◽  
The Public ◽  
Global Environmental Problems ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Set Up ◽  
School Period

Astronomy is an important science in understanding a human environment. However, it is thought by most politicians, economists, and members of the public that astronomy is a pure science having no contribution to daily human activities except a few matters relating to time. The Japanese government is studying a reorganisation of our school system to have 5 school days per week, instead of 6 days per week, and this July its committee made a recommendation to reduce school hours for science and set up new courses for practical computers and environmental science. I currently made a proposal. It is very difficult for most of the school pupils, who will have non-scientific jobs, to understand science courses currently taught in school, because each science is taught independently from the other sciences. Therefore, their knowledge of sciences obtained during their school period does not greatly help their understanding of global environmental problems.

An assessment of the factors controlling the productivity of maize in England

1951 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Bunting ◽  
G. E. Blackman
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mass Selection ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Other Hand

Between 1942 and 1950, some thirty field experiments have been carried out in the southern half of England to assess the potential value, either for grain or forage production, of seventeen openpollinated flint or dent maizes together with twentynine single or double hybrids of American or Canadian origin.Early-maturing flint varieties will consistently ripen grain, but before mechanical threshing or storage, the cobs require drying. Sibthorp, a mass selection made from an unknown German variety, is the earliest and most productive flint maize so far tested, and in the experiments has yielded as much as 39 cwt. of grain per acre with an average of 24 cwt. The earliest American hybrids, i.e. those with a U.S.A. rating of 80 days from sowing to maturity, give very high yields of grain in favourable seasons. Within the group Wisconsin 240–275, a yield level equal to or exceeding 50 cwt./acre has on occasion been recorded. On the other hand, in the most unfavourable years, such hybrids just failed to produce ripe cobs.Attempts to maintain sixty-five parent inlines of the earliest hybrids have largely failed. However, many of the parent single crosses have matured, and the production on a field scale of the double-cross seed of both Wisconsin 240 and 255 has been carried out.Spacing experiments indicate that for optimum grain production a density of 6 plants/sq.yd. is required for both flint varieties and the earliest hybrids. A spatial arrangement of individual plants is to be preferred to that of groups or hills.American hybrids, in the class of ‘90 days’ to maturity, will in all but the most unfavourable seasons reach the ‘early-dent’ stage of the grain before the incidence of autumn frosts. Yields of dry matter of plants harvested in this phase have ranged from 30 to 85 cwt. of dry matter per acre. In these trials, the plant density was standardized at 4 plants/sq.yd. and higher densities may be demanded for optimal yields.The ratio of the ‘ear’ (that is, the cob, immature grain and enclosing leaf sheaths) to the total shoot weight at harvest varies greatly with the variety or hybrid. With White Horsetooth, the usual variety grown for fodder in England, no cobs are formed before the plants are killed by frost, while with the early hybrids, the ear may be half the weight of the whole shoot.The earliest variety Sibthorp from an early May sowing takes approximately 70–80 days to reach full anthesis, while ‘80-day’ American hybrids are a week later. From sowing to full maturity the period in England is from 140 to 160 days, thus compared to conditions in Minnesota the period is nearly twice as long. Because of the much slower rate of development and because of the humidity of English autumns, it is concluded that until the date of maturity can be advanced some 14 days, grain production on a field scale is not yet feasible. On the other hand, many of the American hybrids are well fitted to the production of silage. The greatest drawback to the introduction of such hybrids is the liability of the seed and seedlings to be attacked by rooks.

Forage and grain yield of grazed or defoliated spring and winter cereals in a winter-dominant, low-rainfall environment

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison. J. Frischke ◽  
James R. Hunt ◽  
Dannielle K. McMillan ◽  
Claire J. Browne
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

In the Mallee region of north-western Victoria, Australia, there is very little grazing of crops that are intended for grain production. The success of dual-purpose crops in other regions in south-eastern Australia with higher and more evenly distributed rainfall has driven interest in assessing the performance of dual-purpose cereals in the region. Five experiments were established in five consecutive years (2009–13) in the southern Mallee to measure the forage production and grain yield and quality response in wheat and barley to grazing by sheep or mechanical defoliation. The first three experiments focused on spring cultivars sown from late April to June, and the last two on winter cultivars planted from late February to early March. Cereal crops provided early and nutritious feed for livestock, with earlier sowing increasing the amount of dry matter available for winter grazing, and barley consistently produced more dry matter at the time of grazing or defoliation than wheat. However, the grain-production response of cereals to grazing or defoliation was variable and unpredictable. Effects on yield varied from –0.7 to +0.6 t/ha, with most site × year × cultivar combinations neutral (23) or negative (14), and few positive (2). Changes in grain protein were generally consistent with yield dilution effects. Defoliation increased the percentage of screenings (grains passing a 2-mm sieve) in three of five experiments. Given the risk of reduced grain yield and quality found in this study, and the importance of grain income in determining farm profitability in the region, it is unlikely that dual-purpose use of current cereal cultivars will become widespread under existing grazing management guidelines for dual-purpose crops (i.e. that cereal crops can be safely grazed once anchored, until Zadoks growth stage Z30, without grain yield penalty). It was demonstrated that early-sown winter wheat cultivars could produce more dry matter for grazing (0.4–0.5 t/ha) than later sown spring wheat and barley cultivars popular in the region (0.03–0.21 t/ha), and development of regionally adapted winter cultivars may facilitate adoption of dual-purpose cereals on mixed farms.

scholarly journals Chemical control of different Digitaria insularis populations and management of a glyphosate-resistant population

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.M. CORREIA ◽  
L.T. ACRA ◽  
G. BALIEIRO
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Resistant Population ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Glyphosate Herbicide ◽  
Combination Of Methods ◽  
Adult Plants

This study aimed to control different populations of Digitaria insularisby glyphosate herbicide, isolated and mixed, besides the combination of methods (chemical and mechanical) to manage resistant adult plants. Three experiments were conducted, one in pots which were maintained under non-controlled conditions and two under field conditions. In the experiment in pots, twelve populations of D. insularis were sprayed with isolated glyphosate (1.44 and 2.16 kg a.e. ha-1) and mixed (1.44 and 2.16 kg a.e. ha-1) with quizalofop-p tefuryl (0.12 kg i.a. ha-1). The treatment of 1.44 kg a.e. ha-1 of glyphosate plus 0.12 kg a.i. ha-1 of quizalofop was sufficient for adequate control (>95%) of all populations. Population 11 (area of grain production in Itumbiara, GO) was considered sensitive to glyphosate. Others populations were moderately sensitive or tolerant to the herbicide. In the field, the plants of D. insularis of one of the experiments were mowed and, in the other, there were not. Eight treatments with herbicides [isolated glyphosate (1.44 and 2.16 kg a.e. ha-1) and mixed (1.44 and 2.16 kg a.e. ha-1) with quizalofop-p-tefuryl at 0.12 kg a.i. ha-1), clethodim at 0.108 kg a.i. ha-1) or nicosulfuron at 0.06 kg a.i. ha-1)] were assessed, in combination with or without sequential application of the standard treatment, sprayed 15 days after the first application. The combination of the mechanic control with the application of glyphosate (2.16 and 1.44 kg a.e. ha-1) plus quizalofop-p-tefuryl (0.12 kg a.i. ha-1) or clethodim (0.108 kg a.i. ha-1), associated to the sequential application, was the most effective strategy for the management of adult plants of resistant D. insularis.

scholarly journals Stochastic Fuzzy Algorithms for Impairment of Assets Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Ioan Bolos ◽  
Victoria Bogdan ◽  
Ioana Alexandra Bradea ◽  
Claudia Diana Sabau Popa ◽  
Dorina Nicoleta Popa
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy Numbers ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Fuzzy Algorithms ◽  
Tangible Assets ◽  
The Impact

The present paper aims to analyze the impairment of tangible assets with the help of artificial intelligence. Stochastic fuzzy numbers have been introduced with a dual purpose: on one hand to estimate the cash flows generated by tangible assets exploitation and, on the other hand, to ensure the value ranges stratifications that define these cash flows. Estimation of cash flows using stochastic fuzzy numbers was based on cash flows generated by tangible assets in previous periods of operation. Also, based on the Lagrange multipliers, were introduced: the objective function of minimizing the standard deviations from the recorded value of the cash flows generated by the tangible assets, as well as the constraints caused by the impairment of tangible assets identification according to which the cash flows values must be equal to the annual value of the invested capital. Within the determination of the impairment value and stratification of the value ranges determined by the cash flows using stochastic fuzzy numbers, the impairment of assets risk was identified. Information provided by impairment of assets but also the impairment risks, is the basis of the decision-making measures taken to mitigate the impact of accumulated impairment losses on company’s financial performance.

scholarly journals THE NUTRITIVE VALUES OF SOME FORAGE CROPS OF PUERTO RICO

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
Joseph H. Axtmayer ◽  
G. Rivera Hernández ◽  
D. H. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Extract ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Nutritive Values ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Net Protein

The data for a total of seventeen digestion trials with sheep receiving grasses, legumes, two mixtures of these, and low protein synthetic mixtures as sole rations are reported. The biological values for the proteins of the cow pea increase as the plant passes from the just before blooming stage through the full bloom to the full pod stages of maturities. The biological values for proteins are also higher for the grasses than for the legumes when fed singly. The grasses studied during the last three years can be arranged in the following order of decreasing net-protein values: Guinea, Merker, Para, Elephant, Guatemala and Yaraguá. The nutritive ratio for the Yaraguá grass is very wide due to the low digestible protein, as is shown in the data. Alfalfa hay yields more total digestible nutrients, more crude fiber and more ether soluble extract than any of the other legumes studied. The percentage intake of protein stored is greater with a mixture of Merker grass and pigeon pea than when the grass is fed alone. The vitamin A activities of some grasses and legumes are reported.

Regulation between daily exhaustion and support in parenting: A dyadic perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-235
Author(s):  
Aurélie Gillis ◽  
Isabelle Roskam
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Support Provider ◽  
Current Article

The current article serves a dual purpose: to highlight the overlooked and recent concept of parenting-related exhaustion and to propose a specific methodology to test concurrent variations of the parent’s exhaustion with the partner’s exhaustion and her or his perceived and given support. Questionnaire data were collected from 97 mother–father couples over the course of 5 consecutive days. Results from multilevel model analyses revealed day-to-day dyadic variations as well as day-to-day regulation occurring in parental couples. The dyadic variations were shown by the fact that over the week, on the days when one parent felt more exhausted, the other parent’s exhaustion was also high. Dyadic regulation meant that greater exhaustion felt by one parent was associated with greater support from her or his partner. Partner’s extra support was both perceived by the exhausted parent and reported by the support provider (i.e., the partner).

AN EVALUATION OF ALTAI WILD RYE, ELYMUS ANGUSTUS TRIN., AS A FORAGE CROP

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Lawrence ◽  
D. H. Heinrichs ◽  
R. B. Carson
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Intermediate Wheatgrass ◽  
Russian Wild Rye ◽  
Better Than

A study was conducted with Altai wild rye (Elymus angustus Trin.), Russian wild rye (Elymus junceus), crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), and intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium) on their relative merits as forage crops in the arid climate of Saskatchewan. The data show that Altai wild rye produced as much forage as Russian wild rye but less than crested wheatgrass and intermediate wheatgrass. However, it appeared to be less competitive with alfalfa than the other grasses in the test. The nutritive value of Altai wild rye was as good as or better than that of the other grasses; it excelled all of them in crude protein content throughout the season and contained about the same amount of fibre and fat at most stages of development; its ash content was higher than that of the other three grasses in 1954, a wet year, but only higher than the two wheatgrasses in 1957, a very dry year. Comparisons regarding palatability and digestibility suggest that Altai wild rye equals the better grasses in this respect. The study also indicates that nutritive value of grasses throughout the growing season varies much more in wet years when normal plant development occurs, than in dry years when growth is slow and sporadic.

The yield, quality and irrigation response of summer forage crops suitable for a dairy pasture renovation program in north-western Tasmania

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Eckard ◽  
A. A. Salardini ◽  
M. Hannah ◽  
D. R. Franks
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Block Design ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Permanent Pasture ◽  
Fodder Crops ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
North Western

The yield and quality of perennial ryegrass, short-rotation ryegrass–perennial ryegrass mix, oats, millet, maize, rape, kale, pasja and turnips were determined over a 13-week summer period in 1995–96 and 1996–97. The experiment was conducted on the Elliott Research Station in north-western Tasmania (145˚E, 41˚S) and consisted of 2 irrigated and 2 dryland main plots. Within each main plot was a randomised complete block design with 9 forage crop subplots. Where forage is required through the summer, there is little advantage in establishing millet or oats over a spring-sown ryegrass pasture, mainly as the former still require replacement with permanent pasture in the autumn. However, if additional forage is required from late January then turnips are clearly superior to the other forages evaluated in all respects, apart from a low bulb crude protein (CP) content. Turnips responded significantly to irrigation, producing between 15 and 22 kg DM/ha.mm irrigation applied, with yields ranging between 7.9 and 10.6 t DM/ha dryland and between 13.5 and 14.4 t DM/ha under irrigation. The metabolisable energy (ME) and CP contents of turnips were 12.5 MJ/kg DM and 12.4% in the shoots and 13.4 MJ/kg DM and 7.0% in the bulbs, respectively. In comparison, the other fodder crops tested yielded between 4 and 6 t DM/ha under dryland conditions and between 5 and 7 t DM/ha under irrigated conditions. Turnips were most economic, costing on average A$120/t DM irrigated and $160/t DM dryland, while spring renovation to perennial ryegrass cost $385/t DM irrigated and $344/t DM dryland; clearly more expensive than purchased feeds for this period. These findings confirm the choice of many farmers that, of the species examined, turnips are the most suitable as a summer fodder crop, both irrigated or dryland, and integrate well with a pasture renovation rotation.

Asset Based Approaches for Community Engagement

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina Wyatt ◽  
Robin Durie ◽  
Felicity Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Environmental Science ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Poor Health ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Forthcoming Article ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Policies And Programs

This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. Please check back later for the full article. The burden of ill health has shifted, globally, from communicable to non-communicable disease, with poor health clustering in areas of economic deprivation. However, for the most part, public health programs remain focused on changing behaviors associated with poor health (such as smoking or physical inactivity) rather than the contexts that give rise to, and influence, the wide range of behaviors associated with poor health. This way of understanding and responding to population ill health views poor health behavior as a defining “problem” exhibited by a particular group of individuals or a community, which needs to be solved by the intervention of expert practitioners. This sort of approach determines individuals and their communities in terms of deficits, and works on the basis of perceived needs within such communities when seeking to address public health issues. Growing recognition that many of the fundamental determinants of health cannot be attributed solely to individuals, but result instead from the complex interplay between individuals and their social, economic, and cultural environments, has led to calls for new ways of delivering policies and programs aimed at improving health and reducing health inequalities. Such approaches include the incorporation of subjective perspectives and priorities to inform the creation of “health promoting societal contexts.” Alongside this, asset-based approaches to health creation place great emphasis on valuing the skills, knowledge, connections, and potential within a community and seek to identify the protective factors within a neighborhood or organization that support health and wellbeing. Connecting Communities (C2) is a unique asset-based program aimed at creating the conditions for health and wellness within very low-income communities. At the heart of the program is the belief that health emerges from the patterns of relations within neighborhoods, rather than being a static attribute of individuals. C2 seeks to change the nature of the relations both within communities and with service providers (such as the police, housing, education, and health professionals) to co-create responses to issues that are identified by community members themselves. While many of the issues identified concern local environmental conditions, such as vandalism or safe out-door spaces, many are also contributory determinants of ill health. Listening to people, understanding the social, cultural, and environmental context within which they are located, and supporting new partnerships based on reciprocity and mutual benefit ensures that solutions are grounded in the local context and not externally determined, in turn resulting in sustainable health creating communities.

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