3. RNA

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aysha Divan ◽  
Janice A. Royds
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Rna Interference ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Gene Function ◽  
Transfer Rna ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Catalytic Rnas ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

The first RNA molecules to be discovered were those involved in protein synthesis, mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). In recent years, a vast number of additional RNA molecules have been identified. ‘RNA’ explains that these are non-coding RNAs that are not involved in protein synthesis, but influence many normal cellular and disease processes by regulating gene expression. RNA interference (RNAi) as one of the main ways in which gene expression is regulated is described with applications to therapy. Classes of RNA, including long non-coding RNAs and catalytic RNAs, are explained along with RNA techniques used to study RNA molecule and gene function.

RNA Interference Therapeutics and Human Diseases

2019 ◽  
pp. 69-83
Author(s):  
Dolly Sharma ◽  
Shailendra Singh ◽  
Trilok Chand
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Rna Interference ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
The Future ◽  
Rnai Therapeutics ◽  
Interference Rna

Defective protein synthesis leads to diseases. If protein synthesis can be controlled, disease causing molecules can be tailored in some way. This is the perception behind RNA interference. RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics is branch of medicine which deals with the treatment of diseases while controlling the gene expression at RNA level. The motive of this chapter is to discover the state-of-the-art of RNAi therapeutics, to explore various techniques used by RNAi therapeutics to fight from diseases, and discuss the future prospects of it.

RNA Interference Therapeutics and Human Diseases

2018 ◽  
pp. 477-490
Author(s):  
Dolly Sharma ◽  
Shailendra Singh ◽  
Trilok Chand
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Rna Interference ◽  
The State ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
The Future ◽  
Rnai Therapeutics ◽  
State Of Art ◽  
Interference Rna

Defective protein synthesis leads to diseases. If protein synthesis can be controlled, disease causing molecules can be tailored in some way. This is the perception behind RNA interference. RNA interference (RNAi) Therapeutics is branch of medicine which deals with the treatment of diseases while controlling the gene expression at RNA level. The motive of this chapter is to discover the state- of-art of RNAi Therapeutics, to explore various techniques used by RNAi Therapeutics to fight from diseases and discuss the future prospects of it.

scholarly journals Non-coding RNAs in cancers with chromosomal rearrangements: the signatures, causes, functions and implications

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 886-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cai Han ◽  
Lin-Yu Sun ◽  
Wen-Tao Wang ◽  
Yu-Meng Sun ◽  
Yue-Qin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Fusion Proteins ◽  
Gene Fusion ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Chromosomal Translocation ◽  
Chromosomal Translocations ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Chromosomal translocation leads to the juxtaposition of two otherwise separate DNA loci, which could result in gene fusion. These rearrangements at the DNA level are catastrophic events and often have causal roles in tumorigenesis. The oncogenic DNA messages are transferred to RNA molecules, which are in most cases translated into cancerous fusion proteins. Gene expression programs and signaling pathways are altered in these cytogenetically abnormal contexts. Notably, non-coding RNAs have attracted increasing attention and are believed to be tightly associated with chromosome-rearranged cancers. These RNAs not only function as modulators in downstream pathways but also directly affect chromosomal translocation or the associated products. This review summarizes recent research advances on the relationship between non-coding RNAs and chromosomal translocations and on diverse functions of non-coding RNAs in cancers with chromosomal rearrangements.

Targeting of microRNAs for therapeutics

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1197-1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Stenvang ◽  
Morten Lindow ◽  
Sakari Kauppinen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
High Stability ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Modified Oligonucleotides ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Locked Nucleic Acids ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
High Binding Affinity

miRNAs (microRNAs) comprise a class of small endogenous non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally repress gene expression by base-pairing with their target mRNAs. Recent evidence has shown that miRNAs play important roles in a wide variety of human diseases, such as viral infections, cancer and cardiovascular diseases, and thus miRNAs have rapidly emerged as potential targets for therapeutics. LNAs (locked nucleic acids) comprise a class of bicyclic conformational analogues of RNA, which exhibit high binding affinity to complementary RNA molecules and high stability in blood and tissues in vivo. Recent reports on LNA-mediated miRNA silencing in rodents and primates support the potential of LNA-modified oligonucleotides in studying miRNA functions in vivo and in the future development of miRNA-based therapeutics.

scholarly journals Phloem-mediated spreading of SIGS-derived non-coding RNAs in Hordeum vulgare

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Biedenkopf ◽  
T Will ◽  
T Knauer ◽  
L Jelonek ◽  
ACU Furch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Rnai Machinery ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Long Distance Movement

AbstractSmall (s)RNA molecules are crucial factors in the communication between hosts and their interacting pathogens/pests that can modulate both host defense and microbial virulence/pathogenicity known as cross-kingdom RNA interference (ckRNAi). Consistent with this, sRNAs and their double-stranded (ds)RNA precursors have been adopted to control plant diseases through exogenously applied RNA biopesticides, known as spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS). While RNA spray proved to be effective, the mechanisms underlying the transfer and uptake of SIGS-associated RNAs are inadequately understood. Moreover, the use of the SIGS-technology as a biopesticide will require the systemic spreading of dsRNA/siRNA signals. Our results strongly support the notion of phloem-mediated long-distance movement of SIGS-associated dsRNA and/or siRNA. These findings are significant contributions to our mechanistic understanding of RNA spray technology, as our previous data indicate that SIGS requires the processing of dsRNAs by the fungal RNAi machinery. In summary, our findings support the model that SIGS involves: (i) uptake of sprayed dsRNA by the plant (via stomata); (ii) transfer of apoplastic dsRNAs into the symplast (DCL processing into siRNAs); (iii) systemic translocation of siRNA or unprocessed dsRNA via the vascular system (phloem/xylem); (iv) uptake of apoplastic dsRNA or symplastic dsRNA/siRNA depending on the lifestyle/feeding behavior of the pathogen/pest.

scholarly journals Cross-Kingdom Small RNAs Among Animals, Plants and Microbes

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeng ◽  
Gupta ◽  
Jiang ◽  
Yang ◽  
Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Interference ◽  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Horizontal Transfer ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Eukaryotic Species ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Small RNAs (sRNAs), a class of regulatory non-coding RNAs around 20~30-nt long, including small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), are critical regulators of gene expression. Recently, accumulating evidence indicates that sRNAs can be transferred not only within cells and tissues of individual organisms, but also across different eukaryotic species, serving as a bond connecting the animal, plant, and microbial worlds. In this review, we summarize the results from recent studies on cross-kingdom sRNA communication. We not only review the horizontal transfer of sRNAs among animals, plants and microbes, but also discuss the mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi) signal transmission via cross-kingdom sRNAs. We also compare the advantages of host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) and spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) technology and look forward to their applicable prospects in controlling fungal diseases.

scholarly journals Interaction Between LncRNA and UPF1 in Tumors

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junjian He ◽  
Xiaoxin Ma
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Cell Transformation ◽  
Rna Binding Protein ◽  
Rna Decay ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Regulate Gene

Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) can bind to other proteins or RNAs to regulate gene expression, and its role in tumors has been extensively studied. A common RNA binding protein, UPF1, is also a key factor in a variety of RNA decay pathways. RNA decay pathways serve to control levels of particular RNA molecules. The expression of UPF1 is often dysregulated in tumors, an observation which suggests that UPF1 contributes to development of a variety of tumors. Herein, we review evidence from studies of fourteen lncRNAs interact with UPF1. The interaction between lncRNA and UPFI provide fundamental basis for cell transformation and tumorigenic growth.

SiMiSnoRNA: Collection of siRNA, miRNA, and snoRNA database for RNA interference / SiMiSnoRNA: RNA Interferansı için siRNA, miRNA ve snoRNA veritabanında depolanan siRNA, miRNA, and snoRNA koleksiyonları

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Umesh Kalathiya ◽  
Monikaben Padariya ◽  
Maciej Baginski ◽  
Chintankumar Padariya
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Interference ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Inhibit Gene Expression ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Interfering Rna

AbstractObjective: The discovery of sequence specific gene silencing which occurs due to the presence of double- stranded RNAs has considerable impact on biology, revealing an unknown level of regulation of gene expression. This process is known as RNA interference (RNAi) or RNA silencing in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecule. Two types of small RNA molecules-small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) are central to RNA interference. Therefore, SMethods: SResults: A flexible web-based search engine is developed to obtain fast access to specific small RNA sequence information.Conclusion: BLAST search analysis within S

scholarly journals RNA Interference Can Target Pre-mRNA: Consequences for Gene Expression in a Caenorhabditis elegans Operon

Genetics ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 153 (3) ◽  
pp. 1245-1256
Author(s):  
Julia M Bosher ◽  
Pascale Dufourcq ◽  
Satis Sookhareea ◽  
Michel Labouesse
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Interference ◽  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Gene Function ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Embryonic Lethality ◽  
Null Mutation ◽  
Null Mutant ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
Severe Loss

Abstract In nematodes, flies, trypanosomes, and planarians, introduction of double-stranded RNA results in sequence-specific inactivation of gene function, a process termed RNA interference (RNAi). We demonstrate that RNAi against the Caenorhabditis elegans gene lir-1, which is part of the lir-1/lin-26 operon, induced phenotypes very different from a newly isolated lir-1 null mutation. Specifically, lir-1(RNAi) induced embryonic lethality reminiscent of moderately strong lin-26 alleles, whereas the lir-1 null mutant was viable. We show that the lir-1(RNAi) phenotypes resulted from a severe loss of lin-26 gene expression. In addition, we found that RNAi directed against lir-1 or lin-26 introns induced similar phenotypes, so we conclude that lir-1(RNAi) targets the lir-1/lin-26 pre-mRNA. This provides direct evidence that RNA interference can prevent gene expression by targeting nuclear transcripts. Our results highlight that caution may be necessary when interpreting RNA interference without the benefit of mutant alleles.

scholarly journals Prediction of gene expression regulation by human microRNAs in Plasmodium falciparum

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandr Grinev ◽  
Natalya Fokina ◽  
Denis Bogomolov ◽  
Iza Berechikidze ◽  
Yuliya Lazareva
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Rna Interference ◽  
Gene Expression Regulation ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Expression Regulation ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Fundamental Biology

Abstract Background Malaria is a disease annually causing over 400,000 deaths. Deep understanding of molecular and genetic processes underlying its life cycle and pathogenicity is required to efficiently resist it. RNA interference is a mechanism of the gene expression regulation typical for a wide variety of species. Even though the existence of this phenomenon in Plasmodium falciparum has long been rejected, several recent works pose hypotheses and provide direct and indirect evidence of the existence of mechanisms similar to RNA interference in this organism. In particular, the possibility of regulation of P. falciparum gene expression through human microRNAs is of great importance both for fundamental biology and for medicine. In the present work we address the problem of possibility of the existence in the P. falciparum genome of the nucleotide sequences such that mRNAs transcribed from genes containing these sequences could form duplexes with human microRNAs. Using bioinformatics methods we have analysed genomes of 15 P. falciparum isolates for sequences homological to these microRNAs. Results The analysis has demonstrated the existence of a vast number of genes that could potentially be regulated by the human microRNAs in the plasmodial genome. Conclusions Despite the fact that the numbers of homological intervals vary significantly between isolates, the hsa-miR-451a and hsa-miR-223-3p microRNAs are expected to make the most notable contribution to the pathogenesis of P. falciparum malaria. The majority of homological intervals occur in genes encoding cell adhesion proteins.

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