A-35 Relationship between Suicidality and Discrepancies in Verbal and Nonverbal Intelligence in Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1076-1076
Author(s):  
Dov Gold ◽  
Danya Ravid ◽  
Emily Crain ◽  
Karen Holler
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Verbal Comprehension ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Lifetime Number ◽  
Verbal Comprehension Index ◽  
Linear Regression Modeling ◽  
Perceptual Reasoning ◽  
Iq Discrepancy

Abstract Objective Many have examined the relationship between intellectual functioning (IQ) and suicidality in children and adolescents. However, no study to date has investigated how discrepancies between verbal and nonverbal IQ may influence suicide risk in adolescents. This study used a sample of patients hospitalized on an adolescent psychiatric unit to compare number of lifetime suicide attempts (SA) among those with a ≥ 22-point difference between verbal and nonverbal abilities. Method Data were retroactively collected from a convenience sample. Patients were grouped based on discrepancies between Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) and Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) scores (VCI > PRI & VCI). Results The number of lifetime ACEs or size of IQ discrepancy did not significantly differ between groups; however, those in the VCI < PRI (μ = 1.13 ± 0.98) group had a significant higher number of SAs than those in the VCI > PRI group (μ = 0.50 ± 0.86) (t(32) = 2.01, p = 0.05). Hedges’ g revealed large effect for IQ discrepancy type and number of SAs. Linear regression modeling revealed a positive association between number of ACEs and number of SAs (ß = 0.10, t(33) = 2.71, p = 0.01). Size of IQ discrepancy was not significantly contributory to total SAs. Conclusion VCI being considerably lower than PRI may increase risk of SA in adolescents. This risk may be further exacerbated by lifetime number of ACEs.

Sex Differences on the German Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children (WISC-IV)

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lutz Goldbeck ◽  
Monika Daseking ◽  
Susanne Hellwig-Brida ◽  
Hans C. Waldmann ◽  
Franz Petermann
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Verbal Comprehension ◽  
Verbal Comprehension Index ◽  
German Edition ◽  
Perceptual Reasoning

This study investigates cognitive sex differences in child and adolescent intelligence as measured by the WISC-IV (German edition; Petermann & Petermann, 2007 ). It was hypothesized that there would be no differences attributable to sex in Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), but on various composite score levels. Sex effects were expected to be more pronounced during/after puberty than before. Method: The standardization sample of the German WISC-IV (N = 1650) was used to assess and evaluate sex differences in test performance across defined age groups (6–9, 10–12, and 13–16 years). Results: At all ages, there were no gender effects in the Full-Scale IQ, but gender effects favoring boys in the Verbal Comprehension Index (t = 3.94, p < .001, d = .19) and Perceptual Reasoning Index (t = 2.69, p = .007, d = .13). In the Processing Speed Index, girls scored higher than boys (t = 6.75, p < .001, d = .33). No significant sex-by-age interaction effect was found using ANOVA, but various 1-df contrasts showed substantial sex differences at specific ages. Conclusions: Results are discussed in the context of the specific constructs measured by the WISC-IV, taking into account recent findings in neurobiological and developmental psychology.

Substitution of Supplementary Subtests for Core Subtests on Composite Reliability of WAIS–IV Indexes

2010 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph J. Ryan ◽  
Laura A. Glass
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Measurement Error ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Composite Score ◽  
Verbal Comprehension ◽  
Verbal Comprehension Index ◽  
Perceptual Reasoning ◽  
Composite Reliability ◽  
Unique Index

The effects of replacing core subtests with supplementary subtests on composite-score reliabilities were evaluated for the WAIS–IV Indexes. Composite score reliabilities and SEMs (i.e., confidence intervals around obtained scores) are provided for the 13 unique Index scores calculated following the subtest substitution guidelines of Wechsler in 2008. In all instances, unique Index composite-score reliabilities were comparable to their respective core Index score composite reliabilities, and measurement error never increased by more than 1 point. Using the standard Verbal Comprehension Index and Perceptual Reasoning Index and the unique subtest combinations for the Working Memory and Processing Speed indexes, which have the lowest composite-score reliabilities, decreased Full Scale composite reliability by .01, while the associated confidence interval of ± 6 represents an increase in measurement error of 1 IQ point.

Internal Consistency Reliability of the Wisc–IV among Primary School Students

2009 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 874-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph J. Ryan ◽  
Laura A. Glass ◽  
Jared M. Bartels
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Primary School Students ◽  
School Students ◽  
Verbal Comprehension ◽  
Standardization Sample ◽  
Verbal Comprehension Index ◽  
Perceptual Reasoning

Internal consistency reliabilities of the WISC–IV subtest and index scores were estimated for a sample of 76 primary school students from a small Midwestern community. Means for age and Full Scale IQ were 8.2 yr. ( SD = 2.3) and 110.5 ( SD = 11.7), respectively. Internal consistency reliabilities were compared with those for the WISC–IV standardization sample of 200. The range of reliabilities for the subtests was from .76 for Picture Concepts to .94 for Arithmetic and from .92 for Perceptual Reasoning Index to .96 for Verbal Comprehension Index and Full Scale IQ. The Full Scale IQ internal consistency reliability is comparable to that of the standardization sample. However, in all but one instance the reliabilities were greater than those of the normative sample.

scholarly journals Characterization of Intelligence in Children with Exotropia

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 3008
Author(s):  
Tao Sun ◽  
Zhonghao Wang ◽  
Tao Shen ◽  
Jianhua Yan ◽  
Chuanbo Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Processing Speed ◽  
Normal Group ◽  
Duration Of Symptoms ◽  
Verbal Comprehension ◽  
Full Scale Intelligence Quotient ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Verbal Comprehension Index ◽  
Angle Of Deviation ◽  
Perceptual Reasoning

The effect of exotropia on the intelligence of children is unknown. This study aimed to assess the intelligence in children with exotropia and investigate the influence of the main clinical indexes of strabismus on intelligence. Eighty-four participants aged 8–12 years were enrolled, including 37 patients with exotropia (exotropia group) and 47 normal individuals (normal group). Intelligence was assessed by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth Edition (WISC-IV), including the Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI), Working Memory Index (WMI), Processing Speed Index (PSI), and Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ). The exotropia group had a significantly lower PRI score but a higher PSI score than the normal group. However, there was no significant difference in the WMI, VCI, and FSIQ between groups. Multiple linear regression showed that PRI–WMI and PRI–PSI differences were significantly lower in the exotropia group. Inter-subscale correlations analysis showed that the pattern of intelligence structure was different between groups. The type of exotropia, angle of deviation, duration of symptoms, and stereoacuity had no effect on the intelligence of children with exotropia. Children with exotropia had a relatively worse performance in the perceptual reasoning skill but a better processing speed and a different pattern of intelligence structure.

scholarly journals Can Anhedonia Be Considered a Suicide Risk Factor? A Review of the Literature

Medicina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonanni ◽  
Gualtieri ◽  
Lester ◽  
Falcone ◽  
Nardella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum

Background and Objectives: At present, data collected from the literature about suicide and anhedonia are controversial. Some studies have shown that low levels of anhedonia are associated with serious suicide attempts and death by suicide, while other studies have shown that high levels of anhedonia are associated with suicide. Materials and Methods: For this review, we searched PubMed, Medline, and ScienceDirect for clinical studies published from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 2018 with the following search terms used in the title or in the abstract: “anhedonia AND suicid*.” We obtained a total of 155 articles; 133 items were excluded using specific exclusion criteria, the remaining 22 articles included were divided into six groups based on the psychiatric diagnosis: mood disorders, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), other diagnoses, attempted suicides, and others (healthy subjects). Results: The results of this review reveal inconsistencies. Some studies reported that high anhedonia scores were associated with suicidal behavior (regardless of the diagnosis), while other studies found that low anhedonia scores were associated with suicidal behavior, and a few studies reported no association. The most consistent association between anhedonia and suicidal behavior was found for affective disorders (7 of 7 studies reported a significant positive association) and for PTSD (3 of 3 studies reported a positive association). In the two studies of patients with schizophrenia, one found no association, and one found a negative association. For patients who attempted suicide (undiagnosed), one study found a positive association, one a positive association only for depressed attempters, and one a negative association. Conclusions: We found the most consistent positive association for patients with affective disorders and PTSD, indicating that the assessment of anhedonia may be useful in the evaluation of suicidal risk.

scholarly journals Exploring the gateway hypothesis of e-cigarettes and tobacco: a prospective replication study among adolescents in the Netherlands and Flanders

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056528
Author(s):  
Thomas Martinelli ◽  
Math J J M Candel ◽  
Hein de Vries ◽  
Reinskje Talhout ◽  
Vera Knapen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Never Smokers

BackgroundStudies demonstrated that adolescent e-cigarette use is associated with subsequent tobacco smoking, commonly referred to as the gateway effect. However, most studies only investigated gateways from e-cigarettes to tobacco smoking. This study replicates a cornerstone study revealing a positive association between both adolescent e-cigarette use and subsequent tobacco use; and tobacco and subsequent e-cigarette use in the Netherlands and Flanders.DesignThe longitudinal design included baseline (n=2839) and 6-month (n=1276) and 12-month (n=1025) follow-up surveys among a school-based cohort (mean age: 13.62). Ten high schools were recruited as a convenience sample. The analyses involved (1) associations of baseline e-cigarette use and subsequent tobacco smoking among never smokers; (2) associations of e-cigarette use frequency at baseline and tobacco smoking frequency at follow-up; and (3) the association of baseline tobacco smoking and subsequent e-cigarette use among non-users of e-cigarettes.FindingsConsistent with prior findings, baseline e-cigarette use was associated with higher odds of tobacco smoking at 6-month (OR=1.89; 95% CI 1.05 to 3.37) and 12-month (OR=5.63; 95% CI 3.04 to 10.42) follow-ups. More frequent use of e-cigarettes at baseline was associated with more frequent smoking at follow-ups. Baseline tobacco smoking was associated with subsequent e-cigarette use (OR=3.10; 95% CI 1.58 to 6.06 at both follow-ups).ConclusionOur study replicated the positive relation between e-cigarette use and tobacco smoking in both directions for adolescents. This may mean that the gateway works in two directions, that e-cigarette and tobacco use share common risk factors, or that both mechanisms apply.

scholarly journals Psycho-social factors associated with mental resilience in the Corona lockdown

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilya M. Veer ◽  
Antje Riepenhausen ◽  
Matthias Zerban ◽  
Carolin Wackerhagen ◽  
Lara M. C. Puhlmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Internalizing Symptoms ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Social Resilience ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Resilience Factors

AbstractThe SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is not only a threat to physical health but is also having severe impacts on mental health. Although increases in stress-related symptomatology and other adverse psycho-social outcomes, as well as their most important risk factors have been described, hardly anything is known about potential protective factors. Resilience refers to the maintenance of mental health despite adversity. To gain mechanistic insights about the relationship between described psycho-social resilience factors and resilience specifically in the current crisis, we assessed resilience factors, exposure to Corona crisis-specific and general stressors, as well as internalizing symptoms in a cross-sectional online survey conducted in 24 languages during the most intense phase of the lockdown in Europe (22 March to 19 April) in a convenience sample of N = 15,970 adults. Resilience, as an outcome, was conceptualized as good mental health despite stressor exposure and measured as the inverse residual between actual and predicted symptom total score. Preregistered hypotheses (osf.io/r6btn) were tested with multiple regression models and mediation analyses. Results confirmed our primary hypothesis that positive appraisal style (PAS) is positively associated with resilience (p < 0.0001). The resilience factor PAS also partly mediated the positive association between perceived social support and resilience, and its association with resilience was in turn partly mediated by the ability to easily recover from stress (both p < 0.0001). In comparison with other resilience factors, good stress response recovery and positive appraisal specifically of the consequences of the Corona crisis were the strongest factors. Preregistered exploratory subgroup analyses (osf.io/thka9) showed that all tested resilience factors generalize across major socio-demographic categories. This research identifies modifiable protective factors that can be targeted by public mental health efforts in this and in future pandemics.

scholarly journals RARE-04. INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN WITH PEDIATRIC CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA AFTER TUMOR REMOVAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii442-iii442
Author(s):  
Tatsuki Oyoshi ◽  
Shingo Fujio ◽  
Nayuta Higa ◽  
Hajime Yonezawa ◽  
Koji Yoshimoto
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Tumor Removal ◽  
Full Scale Intelligence Quotient ◽  
Verbal Comprehension Index ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Perceptual Reasoning

Abstract INTRODUCTION Intellectual assessment in children with craniopharyngioma after tumor removal is still unknown. We assessed intellectual development in children who underwent microsurgical resection in our institute over the last twelve years. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten children among 41 patients with craniopharyngioma treated and followed at Kagoshima University Hospital between 2007 and 2019 were reviewed. We also assessed intellectual development in 10 years or younger children with craniopharyngioma one year after tumor removal. Intelligence was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-Ⅳ). RESULTS Ten children underwent microsurgical tumor removal. The mean age at surgery was 5.8 (range 1–10) years. Transcranial approach was performed in 8 children, transsphenoidal approach in two children. The mean follow up period was 110 months. Gamma knife surgery (GKS) was performed in 6 children less than 6 months after first surgery. Regional recurrences occurred in 5 children, and additional GKS was performed in four children, second microsurgical removal in one child. Severe obesity with a transient electrolyte imbalance occurred in one child. Eight children with GH deficiency underwent GH replacement therapy. Eight children were assessed working memory index (WMI), processing speed index (PSI), Perceptual reasoning index (PRI), and verbal comprehension index (VCI) using WISC 4. Each mean value of WMI, PSI, and PRI was lower than VCI, except for 2 children with normal full scale intelligence quotient. CONCLUSION WMI, PSI and PRI in children with intellectual disabilities were lower tendency than VCI after surgical removal of craniopharyngiomas in the present study.

Italian Bipolar II vs I patients have better individual functioning, in spite of overall similar illness severity

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Dell’Osso ◽  
Cristina Dobrea ◽  
Laura Cremaschi ◽  
Massimiliano Buoli ◽  
Shefali Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Text Revision ◽  
Duration Of Illness ◽  
Lifetime Number ◽  
History Of ◽  
Antidepressant Use

IntroductionBipolar disorders (BDs) comprise different variants of chronic, comorbid, and disabling conditions, with relevant suicide and suicide attempt rates. The hypothesis that BD types I (BDI) and II (BDII) represent more and less severe forms of illness, respectively, has been increasingly questioned over recent years, justifying additional investigation to better characterize related sociodemographic and clinical profiles.MethodsA sample of 217 outpatients with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)–described BD (141 BDI, 76 BDII), without a current syndromal mood episode, was recruited, and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of BDI and II patients were compared.ResultsBDII patients had significantly more favorable sociodemographics, in relation to occupational stability, cohabitation, and marital status. However, BDII compared with BDI patients had significantly longer duration of untreated illness, more frequent lifetime anxiety disorders comorbidity, longer most recent episode duration, higher rate of depressive first/most recent episode, and more current antidepressant use. In contrast, BDI compared with BDII patients had significantly more severe illness in terms of earlier age at onset; higher rate of elevated first/most recent episode, lifetime hospitalizations, and involuntary commitments; lower Global Assessment of Functioning score; and more current antipsychotic use. BDI and II patients had similar duration of illness, psychiatric family history, lifetime number of suicide attempts, current subthreshold symptoms, history of stressful life events, and overall psychiatric/medical comorbidity.ConclusionBDII compared with BDI patients had more favorable sociodemographic features, but a mixture of specific unfavorable illness characteristics, confirming that BDII is not just a milder form of BD and requires further investigation in the field.

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