scholarly journals Emerging roles for dynamic aquaporin-4 subcellular relocalization in CNS water homeostasis

Brain ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mootaz M Salman ◽  
Philip Kitchen ◽  
Andrea Halsey ◽  
Marie Xun Wang ◽  
Susanna Tornroth-Horsefield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cns Injury ◽  
Water Homeostasis ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
Emerging Risk ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Aquaporin Channels ◽  
Subcellular Level ◽  
Astrocyte Endfeet ◽  
Brain Barriers

Abstract Aquaporin channels facilitate bidirectional water flow in all cells and tissues. AQP4 is highly expressed in astrocytes. In the CNS, it is enriched in astrocyte endfeet, at synapses, and at the glia limitans, where it mediates water exchange across the blood-spinal cord and blood-brain barriers (BSCB/BBB), and controls cell volume, extracellular space volume, and astrocyte migration. Perivascular enrichment of AQP4 at the BSCB/BBB suggests a role in glymphatic function. Recently, we have demonstrated that AQP4 localization is also dynamically regulated at the subcellular level, affecting membrane water permeability. Ageing, cerebrovascular disease, traumatic CNS injury, and sleep disruption are established and emerging risk factors in developing neurodegeneration, and in animal models of each, impairment of glymphatic function is associated with changes in perivascular AQP4 localization. CNS oedema is caused by passive water influx through AQP4 in response to osmotic imbalances. We have demonstrated that reducing dynamic relocalization of AQP4 to the BSCB/BBB reduces CNS oedema, and accelerates functional recovery in rodent models. Given the difficulties in developing pore-blocking AQP4 inhibitors, targeting AQP4 subcellular localization opens up new treatment avenues for CNS oedema, neurovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and provides a framework to address fundamental questions about water homeostasis in health and disease.

scholarly journals Testosterone and Cardiovascular Disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amos Tambo ◽  
Mohsin H.K. Roshan ◽  
Nikolai P. Pace
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Pathology ◽  
Emerging Risk ◽  
Health And Disease

Cardiovascular disease [CVD] is a leading cause of mortality accounting for a global incidence of over 31%. Atherosclerosis is the primary pathophysiology underpinning most types of CVD. Historically, modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors were suggested to precipitate CVD. Recently, epidemiological studies have identified emerging risk factors including hypotestosteronaemia, which have been associated with CVD. Previously considered in the realms of reproductive biology, testosterone is now believed to play a critical role in the cardiovascular system in health and disease. The actions of testosterone as they relate to the cardiac vasculature and its implication in cardiovascular pathology is reviewed.

Brain barriers in health and disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Daneman ◽  
Britta Engelhardt
Keyword(s):  
Health And Disease ◽  
Brain Barriers

The Role of Brain Barriers in Maintaining Brain Vitamin Levels

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra A. Tiani ◽  
Patrick J. Stover ◽  
Martha S. Field
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Nutrient Levels ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Barriers

It is increasingly recognized that tissue-specific nutrient deficiencies can exist in the absence of whole-body deficiency and that these deficiencies may result from disease or disease-related physiological processes. Brain and central nervous system tissues require adequate nutrient levels to function. Many nutrients are concentrated in the cerebrospinal fluid relative to the serum in healthy individuals, and other nutrients resist depletion in the presence of whole-body nutrient depletion. The endothelial, epithelial, and arachnoid brain barriers work in concert to selectively transport, concentrate, and maintain levels of the specific nutrients required by the brain while also blocking the passage of blood-borne toxins and pathogens to brain and central nervous system tissues. These barriers preserve nutrient levels within the brain and actively concentrate nutrients within the cerebrospinal fluid and brain. The roles of physical and energetic barriers, including the blood–brain and blood–nerve barriers, in maintaining brain nutrient levels in health and disease are discussed.

Brain–body communication in stroke

Neuroforum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Winek ◽  
Daniel Cuervo Zanatta ◽  
Marietta Zille
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Stroke Risk ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cns Injury ◽  
Stroke Risk Factors ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide with limited therapeutic options available for selected groups of patients. The susceptibility to stroke depends also on systemic parameters, and some stroke risk factors are modifiable, such as atrial fibrillation (AF) or hypertension. When considering new treatment strategies, it is important to remember that the consequences of stroke are not limited to the central nervous system (CNS) injury, but reach beyond the boundaries of the brain. We provide here a brief overview of the mechanisms of how the brain communicates with the body, focusing on the heart, immune system, and gut microbiota (GM).

scholarly journals Nitric Oxide Balance in Health and Diseases: Implications for New Treatment Strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Musbau A. Akanji ◽  
Anne A. Adeyanju ◽  
Damilare Rotimi ◽  
Oluyomi S. Adeyemi
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Local Concentration ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
State Concentration ◽  
Harmful Effects

Nitric Oxide (NO) is an essential signaling molecule with diverse physiological functions in humans. The steady-state concentration and site of production of nitric oxide determine its effects in biological systems. The human cells are exposed to both beneficial and harmful effects of NO. These dual effects of NO could depend on its local concentration in the cells. Additionally, the rate of synthesis, translocation, direct interaction with other molecules, and signals contribute to the biochemical and physiological effects of NO. In this review, the biochemical and physiological role of NO, particularly in health and disease as touching on cell signaling, oxidative stress, immunity, as well as cardiovascular protection amongst others, is focused on. Therefore, this review objectively discusses the dual functionality of NO in living cells.

scholarly journals Early life nutritional programming of health and disease in The Gambia

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Emerging Risk ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Rapid Transition

Exposures during the early life (periconceptional, prenatal and early postnatal) period are increasingly recognized as playing an important role in the aetiology of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD), including coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, Type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis. The ‘Developmental Origins of Health and Disease’ (DOHaD) hypothesis states that these disorders originate through unbalanced nutrition early in life and risk is highest when there is a ‘mismatch’ between the early- and later-life environments. Thus, the DOHaD hypothesis would predict highest risk in countries where an excess of infants are born with low birth weight and where there is a rapid transition to nutritional adequacy or excess in adulthood. Here, I will review data from work conducted in rural Gambia, West Africa. Using demographic data dating back to the 1940s, the follow-up of randomized controlled trials of nutritional supplementation in pregnancy and the ‘experiment of nature’ that seasonality in this region provides, we have investigated the DOHaD hypothesis in a population with high rates of maternal and infant under-nutrition, a high burden from infectious disease, and an emerging risk of NCDs.

Drug Induced Changes in Cell Organelles

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 110-111
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Luse
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Cell Organelles ◽  
Riboflavin Deficiency ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
New Era ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Cellular Pathology ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Impact

In the mid-nineteenth century Virchow revolutionized pathology by introduction of the concept of “cellular pathology”. Today, a century later, this term has increasing significance in health and disease. We now are in the beginning of a new era in pathology, one which might well be termed “organelle pathology” or “subcellular pathology”. The impact of lysosomal diseases on clinical medicine exemplifies this role of pathology of organelles in elucidation of disease today.Another aspect of cell organelles of prime importance is their pathologic alteration by drugs, toxins, hormones and malnutrition. The sensitivity of cell organelles to minute alterations in their environment offers an accurate evaluation of the site of action of drugs in the study of both function and toxicity. Examples of mitochondrial lesions include the effect of DDD on the adrenal cortex, riboflavin deficiency on liver cells, elevated blood ammonia on the neuron and some 8-aminoquinolines on myocardium.

Serial thin sectioning for pre- and post-embedding immunohistochemistry: Achieving consistent and reliable results for a 3-D reconstruction

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 328-329
Author(s):  
Antonia M. Milroy
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Serial Sectioning ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
High Quality ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Multiple User ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
Subcellular Level

In recent years many new techniques and instruments for 3-Dimensional visualization of electron microscopic images have become available. Higher accelerating voltage through thicker sections, photographed at a tilt for stereo viewing, or the use of confocal microscopy, help to analyze biological material without the necessity of serial sectioning. However, when determining the presence of neurotransmitter receptors or biochemical substances present within the nervous system, the need for good serial sectioning (Fig. 1+2) remains. The advent of computer assisted reconstruction and the possibility of feeding information from the specimen viewing chamber directly into a computer via a camera mounted on the electron microscope column, facilitates serial analysis. Detailed information observed at the subcellular level is more precise and extensive and the complexities of interactions within the nervous system can be further elucidated.We emphasize that serial ultra thin sectioning can be performed routinely and consistently in multiple user electron microscopy laboratories. Initial tissue fixation and embedding must be of high quality.

The Laryngeal Epithelium in Reflux

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Erickson-Levendoski ◽  
Mahalakshmi Sivasankar
Keyword(s):  
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Laryngeal Disease ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

The epithelium plays a critical role in the maintenance of laryngeal health. This is evident in that laryngeal disease may result when the integrity of the epithelium is compromised by insults such as laryngopharyngeal reflux. In this article, we will review the structure and function of the laryngeal epithelium and summarize the impact of laryngopharyngeal reflux on the epithelium. Research investigating the ramifications of reflux on the epithelium has improved our understanding of laryngeal disease associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux. It further highlights the need for continued research on the laryngeal epithelium in health and disease.

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