scholarly journals Determinants of Minimum Dietary Diversity Among Children Aged 6–23 Months in 7 Countries in East and Southern Africa (P10-035-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunhee Kang ◽  
Kudakwashe Chimanya ◽  
Joan Matji ◽  
Aashima Garg ◽  
Rebecca Heidkamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
East African ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Common Risk Factors ◽  
Shared Risk ◽  
Minimum Dietary Diversity ◽  
Child Age ◽  
Older Child

Abstract Objectives Study objectives were to identify the prevalence and risk factors associated with the newly revised WHO indicator of minimum dietary diversity (MDD) among children aged 6–23 months in 7 countries in East and Southern Africa and to identify shared risk factors of programmatic importance across countries. Methods MDD was defined as having >5 of 8 food groups including breastmilk in the past 24 hours. We used Demographic and Health Survey data from four East African countries, (Ethiopia 2015, n = 2965; Tanzania 2015, n = 3170; Rwanda 2014, n = 1162; Uganda 2016, n = 4418) and three Southern African countries, (Malawi 2015–16, n = 4879; Mozambique 2011, n = 3339, and Zambia 2013–14, n = 3776). A total of 8 child, 16 maternal, 8 household and 3 community level characteristics were selected for investigation and tested for associations with MDD using univariable logistical regression models. Significant (P < 0.05) variables were included in multivariable adjusted models. The sampling design of the original surveys was accounted for in all analyses. Results The proportion of children reaching MDD was highest in Mozambique (27.4%) and lowest in Ethiopia (12.0%). Among four East African countries, common risk factors for not meeting MDD apparent across multiple countries included lowest wealth quintile (Adjusted OR [AOR] range: 2.04∼3.45, ref: highest), no formal maternal education, (AOR: 1.68∼3.30, ref: higher education than secondary), maternal age of 15–24y (AOR: 1.28∼1.59, ref: 25–34y), mothers not engaging in agriculture work (ref: agriculture) (AOR: 1.64∼3.30) and protective risk factors included older child age (AOR: 0.46∼0.71, ref:6–11 months) and weekly exposure to media (radio, tv or newspaper; AOR: 0.56∼0.68). Among Southern African countries, female household head (AOR: 1.25∼1.72) was positively and older child age (AOR: 0.53∼0.67; ref:6–11 months) negatively associated with not meeting MDD. Conclusions Common risk factors were identified across countries and may help to inform policy and targeting of programs related to improving the quality of complementary feeding in the region. Funding Sources None.

scholarly journals Determinants of inadequate complementary feeding practices among children aged 6–23 months in Ghana

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 669-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abukari I Issaka ◽  
Kingsley E Agho ◽  
Penelope Burns ◽  
Andrew Page ◽  
Michael J Dibley
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Demographic And Health Survey ◽  
Meal Frequency ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Minimum Dietary Diversity ◽  
Breast Fed

AbstractObjectiveTo explore complementary feeding practices and identify potential risk factors associated with inadequate complementary feeding practices in Ghana by using the newly developed WHO infant feeding indicators and data from the nationally representative 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey.DesignThe source of data for the analysis was the 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. Analysis of the factors associated with inadequate complementary feeding, using individual-, household- and community-level determinants, was done by performing multiple logistic regression modelling.SettingGhana.SubjectsChildren (n 822) aged 6–23 months.ResultsThe prevalence of the introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods among infants aged 6–8 months was 72·6 % (95 % CI 64·6 %, 79·3 %). The proportion of children aged 6–23 months who met the minimum meal frequency and dietary diversity for breast-fed and non-breast-fed children was 46·0 % (95 % CI 42·3 %, 49·9 %) and 51·4 % (95 % CI 47·4 %, 55·3 %) respectively and the prevalence of minimum acceptable diet for breast-fed children was 29·9 % (95 % CI 26·1 %, 34·1 %). Multivariate analysis revealed that children from the other administrative regions were less likely to meet minimum dietary diversity, meal frequency and acceptable diet than those from the Volta region. Household poverty, children whose mothers perceived their size to be smaller than average and children who were delivered at home were significantly less likely to meet the minimum dietary diversity requirement; and children whose mothers did not have any postnatal check-ups were significantly less likely to meet the requirement for minimum acceptable diet. Complementary feeding was significantly lower in infants from illiterate mothers (adjusted OR=3·55; 95 % CI 1·05, 12·02).ConclusionsThe prevalence of complementary feeding among children in Ghana is still below the WHO-recommended standard of 90 % coverage. Non-attendance of postnatal check-up by mothers, cultural beliefs and habits, household poverty, home delivery of babies and non-Christian mothers were the most important risk factors for inadequate complementary feeding practices. Therefore, nutrition educational interventions to improve complementary feeding practices should target these factors in order to achieve the fourth Millennium Development Goal.

scholarly journals Analysis of main risk factors contributing to obesity in the region of East Africa: meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 248-256
Author(s):  
Lenka Mařincová ◽  
Simona Šafaříková ◽  
Radka Cahlíková
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
East African ◽  
African Region ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Risk Ratios

Background: Over a few decades obesity has become a major global health problem. Its prevalence worldwide has more than doubled since 1980. The situation is expected to worsen in the future, especially in the developing countries that experience nutrition transition due to economic growth. It contributes to reduction in malnutrition which supports an increase in obesity prevalence. Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyse the predictors of obesity in the region of East Africa. Methods: Meta-analysis of existing studies was used in order to find the different risk factors and their significance in obesity development. Data extracted from 16 published academic research articles described the situation in East African countries. The significance of the effect of each variable was tested by means of an asymptotic chi-square test, or Fisher's exact (factorial) test and the risk ratios were calculated. Results: Based on the chi-square test and the risk ratios of the aggregated data, three risk factors were found to be significant in the development of obesity – gender, type of residence and socio-economic status. In East African countries, women are significantly more likely to be obese. Living in an urban area and socioeconomic status are also positively associated with obesity. Because of insufficient data three other risk factors did not prove to be of any significance – alcohol consumption, smoking and education level. Conclusion: Conclusions of this meta-analysis confirm world trends but we also found results that are not in line with them (e.g. education). This meta-analysis confirms the huge existing research gap concerning obesity predictors in the East African region. Keywords: Obesity; meta-analysis; East Africa. 

scholarly journals Implications of Updating the Minimum Dietary Diversity for Children Indicator for Tracking Progress in the Eastern and Southern Africa Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca A Heidkamp ◽  
Yunhee Kang ◽  
Kudakwashe Chimanya ◽  
Aashima Garg ◽  
Joan Matji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Africa ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Eastern And Southern Africa ◽  
Minimum Dietary Diversity

ABSTRACT Minimum dietary diversity (MDD), a population-level dietary quality indicator, is commonly used across low- and middle-income countries to characterize diets of children aged 6–23 mo. The WHO and UNICEF recently updated the MDD definition from consumption of ≥4 of 7 food groups in the previous 24 h (MDD-7) to ≥5 of 8 food groups (MDD-8), adding a breastmilk group. The implications of this definition change were examined across 14 countries in Eastern and Southern Africa where improving complementary feeding is a policy priority. A lower MDD-8 score was found compared with MDD-7 across all countries; in 3 countries the difference between indicators was &gt;5 percentage points. Country-level variability is driven by differences in breastfeeding rates and dietary diversity score. As countries transition to the new indicator it is important to actively publicize changes and to promote valid interpretation of MDD trends.

scholarly journals Identification of gaps in pearl millet germplasm from East and Southern Africa conserved at the ICRISAT genebank

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Upadhyaya ◽  
K. N. Reddy ◽  
M. Irshad Ahmed ◽  
C. L. L. Gowda
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Gap Analysis ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
East African ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Passport Data ◽  
Gis Software ◽  
Germplasm Accessions

The International Crops Research Institute for the semi-Arid Tropics Genebank at Patancheru, India holds the world's largest collection of 22,211 pearl millet germplasm accessions from 50 countries including 4488 landraces from 16 East and Southern African (ESA) countries. Gap analysis using FloraMap software and 3750 georeferenced pearl millet germplasm accessions from ESA countries revealed 34 districts located in 18 provinces of four East African countries and 76 districts located in 34 provinces of seven Southern African countries as geographical gaps. Analysis of characterization data using DIVA-GIS software showed 11 districts of seven provinces in Sudan and Uganda and 58 districts of 20 provinces of seven countries in Southern Africa as gaps in diversity for important morphoagronomic traits. The following districts were identified as gaps common to geographic area and diversity for some or the other traits: Amuria district in Soroti province of Uganda; Mpwapwa in Dodoma province of Tanzania; Mahalapye in Centre province and Kgatleng in Kgatleng province of Botswana; Lalomo in Southern province of Zambia; and Motoko, Mudzi and Wedza in the province of Mashonaland East; Makoni in Manikaland; Gutu and Chivi in Masvingo; Gwanda and Bulalimamangwe in Metabeland south; Hwange and Nkayi in Metabeland north; and Kwe Kwe in Midlands of Zimbabwe. For a successful germplasm collection mission to fill the gaps identified, planning should be made in advance of collaboration and consultation with National Agricultural Systems, local government officials and extension officers. It is suggested to collect the complete passport data including georeference information while collecting the germplasm.

scholarly journals New-Onset Cancer in the HF Population: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Cuomo ◽  
Francesca Paudice ◽  
Giovanni D’Angelo ◽  
Giovanni Perrotta ◽  
Antonio Carannante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiac Toxicity ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Neurohormonal Activation ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
Common Risk Factors ◽  
Shared Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
New Onset

Abstract Purpose of Review Oncological treatments are known to induce cardiac toxicity, but the impact of new-onset cancer in patients with pre-existing HF remains unknown. This review focuses on the epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and clinical implications of HF patients who develop malignancies. Recent Findings Novel findings suggest that HF and cancer, beside common risk factors, are deeply linked by shared pathophysiological mechanisms. In particular, HF itself may enhance carcinogenesis by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines, and it has been suggested that neurohormonal activation, commonly associated with the failing heart, might play a pivotal role in promoting neoplastic transformation. Summary The risk of malignancies seems to be higher in HF patients compared to the general population, probably due to shared risk factors and common pathophysiological pathways. Additionally, management of these patients represents a challenge for clinicians, considering that the co-existence of these diseases significantly worsens patients’ prognosis and negatively affects therapeutic options for both diseases.

scholarly journals Can SARS-CoV-2 Infection Exacerbate Alzheimer’s Disease? An Overview of Shared Risk Factors and Pathogenetic Mechanisms

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Chiara Villa ◽  
Eleonora Rivellini ◽  
Marialuisa Lavitrano ◽  
Romina Combi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Vulnerable Group ◽  
Pathogenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Care Access ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Common Risk Factors ◽  
Shared Risk

The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2, is affecting every aspect of global society, including public healthcare systems, medical care access, and the economy. Although the respiratory tract is primarily affected by SARS-CoV-2, emerging evidence suggests that the virus may also reach the central nervous system (CNS), leading to several neurological issues. In particular, people with a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are a vulnerable group at high risk of contracting COVID-19, and develop more severe forms and worse outcomes, including death. Therefore, understanding shared links between COVID-19 and AD could aid the development of therapeutic strategies against both. Herein, we reviewed common risk factors and potential pathogenetic mechanisms that might contribute to the acceleration of neurodegenerative processes in AD patients infected by SARS-CoV-2.

Fasciola species and their vertebrate and snail intermediate hosts in East and Southern Africa: a review

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.P. Malatji ◽  
D.M. Pfukenyi ◽  
S. Mukaratirwa
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
East African ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Galba Truncatula ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract A systematic review was conducted focusing on the distribution of Fasciola species and their snail intermediate hosts (IHs) in East and Southern Africa. The reviewed literature showed that both Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica are present in East and Southern Africa, and infect a wide range of domestic and wild ruminants. Fasciola gigantica was reported in six East African and five Southern African countries, where Radix natalensis (found in low altitudes) was reported to be the main IH. Fasciola hepatica was reported in Tanzania and Ethiopia (East Africa), and in South Africa and Zimbabwe (Southern Africa), where Galba truncatula (found in high altitudes) was documented as the IH in all countries except in Zimbabwe. Both Fasciola species were documented in Tanzania, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe and South Africa. An overlap of the two was observed in areas with an intermediate altitude in Ethiopia and South Africa, where Pseudosuccinea columella was widespread and assumed to transmit both species. Pseudosuccinea columella has been reported in South Africa and Namibia, and proven to transmit F. gigantica in South Africa; its role in Namibia in the transmission of Fasciola species has not been reported. Other lymnaeid species such as R. rubiginosa were reported in South Africa, and R. auricularia in South Africa and Botswana; their role in the transmission of Fasciola species has not been proven. Future studies should aim to determine the role of P. columella in the geographical spread of the two species in East and Southern African countries.

scholarly journals Women's Empowerment Measures and Their Association with Child Dietary Diversity and Child Nutritional Status: Findings from DHS Form Eight East African Countries (P10-007-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Komakech ◽  
Christine Walters ◽  
Hasina Rakotomanana ◽  
Deana Hildebrand ◽  
Barbara Stoecker
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Women's Empowerment ◽  
Women’S Empowerment ◽  
East African ◽  
African Region ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Child Nutritional Status

Abstract Objectives Research on the efficacy of women's empowerment measures to improve child dietary diversity Scores (CDDS) and child nutritional status in the East African region is limited. Our study examined the association between maternal economic autonomy, social-familial freedom, self-esteem, health decisiveness and legal empowerment and CDDS, length-for-age z scores (LAZ), weight-for-height z scores (WHZ) and weight-for-age z scores (WAZ). Methods The most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data from eight countries in the East African Region were used; (Burundi 2016–2017, Ethiopia 2016, Kenya 2014, Malawi 2015–2016, Rwanda 2014–2015, Tanzania 2015–2016, Uganda 2016 and Zambia 2013–2014). Mother (15–49 years) and index child (6–23 months) dyads data was used as the main inclusion criteria. Frequency statistics described selected child, maternal, household and women's empowerment characteristics. Logistic and linear regression models tested the association between each of the women's empowerment measures and CDDS, and child nutritional status respectively. The models were adjusted for household, maternal and child covariates. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results Over half (>55.5%) of the mothers in their respective countries had control over health-related decisions. Most of the mothers (>58.7%) perceived that domestic violence was wrong. Significant bivariate associations were observed between specific women's empowerment measures with CDDS in all countries except Malawi and Uganda. After adjustment in multivariate models, the economic empowerment domain remained significantly associated with CDDS in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania, and the legal empowerment domain remained significantly associated with CDDS in five of eight countries. Individual women's empowerment measures remained significantly associated with higher LAZ, WAZ and WHZ each in a different combination within four of the eight countries. Conclusions Women's empowerment measures were associated with higher child dietary diversity score and better child nutritional status in these East African Countries. Interventions aimed at improving CDDS and child nutrition outcomes should include promotion of women's empowerment across multiple dimensions. Funding Sources This study had no funding sources.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Women’s Reports of Past-Year Intimate Partner Violence: A Comparative Analysis of Six East African National Surveys

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052096937
Author(s):  
Sylvia Kiwuwa-Muyingo ◽  
Damazo T. Kadengye
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Wife Beating ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
East African ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Context Specific

Violence against women, in all its forms, has been acknowledged as a violation of basic human rights and research evidence shows that it could lead to adverse health consequences. In this study we aimed to determine the prevalence and coexistence of different forms of IPV as well as examine individual-level factors associated with ever experiencing any form of IPV in the 12 months preceding the survey using the most recent Demographic Health Survey data from six East African countries. Results show that the prevalence ranged between 16.5% (Burundi) and 29.3% (Uganda) for emotional, 16.8% (Ethiopia) and 26.6% (Tanzania) for physical, and 8.3% (Rwanda and Ethiopia) and 18.4% (Burundi) for sexual IPV. The prevalence of any IPV ranged from 26.7% to 39.3%. In terms of coexistence, 15.6% to 19.0% of women reported experiencing all the three forms of IPV, with higher proportions reporting experiencing two of the three forms of IPV. The prevalence of both physical and emotional IPV was highest in Tanzania (49.1%), both emotional and sexual IPV in Uganda (28.0%), and both physical and sexual IPV in Burundi (26.2%). A partner’s use of alcohol and a woman’s justification of wife beating were both statistically significant common risk factors for IPV across the six countries. Women whose partners got drunk often were found to be up to nine times more likely to experience IPV compared to those whose partners did not drink. Younger women and those with larger families were at an increased risk of experiencing IPV, while other significant factors were country specific. In conclusion, our findings highlight the need for integrated and context-specific approaches that deconstruct gendered norms related to power dynamics and patriarchal nuances at household and community level in order to holistically address different forms of IPV.

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