Prevalence and Risk Factors for Women’s Reports of Past-Year Intimate Partner Violence: A Comparative Analysis of Six East African National Surveys

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052096937
Author(s):  
Sylvia Kiwuwa-Muyingo ◽  
Damazo T. Kadengye
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Wife Beating ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
East African ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Context Specific

Violence against women, in all its forms, has been acknowledged as a violation of basic human rights and research evidence shows that it could lead to adverse health consequences. In this study we aimed to determine the prevalence and coexistence of different forms of IPV as well as examine individual-level factors associated with ever experiencing any form of IPV in the 12 months preceding the survey using the most recent Demographic Health Survey data from six East African countries. Results show that the prevalence ranged between 16.5% (Burundi) and 29.3% (Uganda) for emotional, 16.8% (Ethiopia) and 26.6% (Tanzania) for physical, and 8.3% (Rwanda and Ethiopia) and 18.4% (Burundi) for sexual IPV. The prevalence of any IPV ranged from 26.7% to 39.3%. In terms of coexistence, 15.6% to 19.0% of women reported experiencing all the three forms of IPV, with higher proportions reporting experiencing two of the three forms of IPV. The prevalence of both physical and emotional IPV was highest in Tanzania (49.1%), both emotional and sexual IPV in Uganda (28.0%), and both physical and sexual IPV in Burundi (26.2%). A partner’s use of alcohol and a woman’s justification of wife beating were both statistically significant common risk factors for IPV across the six countries. Women whose partners got drunk often were found to be up to nine times more likely to experience IPV compared to those whose partners did not drink. Younger women and those with larger families were at an increased risk of experiencing IPV, while other significant factors were country specific. In conclusion, our findings highlight the need for integrated and context-specific approaches that deconstruct gendered norms related to power dynamics and patriarchal nuances at household and community level in order to holistically address different forms of IPV.

scholarly journals Factores de riesgo asociados a la violencia sufrida por la mujer en la pareja: una revisión de meta-análisis y estudios recientes.

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Puente- Martínez ◽  
Silvia Ubillos-Landa ◽  
Enrique Echeburúa ◽  
Darío Páez-Rovira
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Religious Fundamentalism ◽  
Intimate Violence ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Sexist Attitudes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Factores De Riesgo

The aim of this study was to conduct a complementary to current and recent meta-analysis of risk factors to intimate partner violence literature review. This work confirms that on community-level, low economic development and democracy, lack of social rights, culture of honor and masculine culture – characterized by sexist attitudes and tolerance to violence- are risk factors. On contextual and individual level, being younger, having a low income and low education level, having more than one child, using violence reciprocally against ones partner, depression, fear and alcohol consumption are associated with increased risk of being a victim of intimate violence. Less consistency, are risk factors, situations of war, religious fundamentalism, being in a long term relationship, lower relationship satisfaction, emotions such as guilt, shame and other factors such as pregnancy.

Married Women’s Justification of Intimate Partner Violence in Bangladesh: Examining Community Norm and Individual-Level Risk Factors

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 984-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syeda S. Jesmin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Wife Beating ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Community Influence ◽  
Community Influences

One-third of the women worldwide experience intimate partner violence (IPV) that increases their vulnerability to both short- and long-term physical, sexual, reproductive, and mental health problems. Surprisingly, IPV is justified by many women globally. Although the IPV literature to date is mostly focused on risk factors associated with actual occurrences, little is known on attitudinal acceptance of such violence. Also, despite the growing scholarship of community influence and health link, IPV research has relatively overlooked the effects of norms at the community level. Using a representative national sample of 13,611 married women in Bangladesh, this study examined the association of community attitudes and women’s individual attitudes toward wife beating. The results revealed that women living in communities with permissive attitudes toward wife beating were more likely to justify husbands’ beating (OR = 4.5). Women married at a younger age, who had less than primary-level education, lived in households categorized as poor or middle class, and did not consume media appeared to be at higher risk for justifying wife beating. This research adds to a growing research body on community influences on health by examining IPV attitudes and community norms link.

scholarly journals Estimating the burden of cardiovascular risk in community dwellers over 40 years old in South Africa, Kenya, Burkina Faso and Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e003499
Author(s):  
Ryan G Wagner ◽  
Nigel J Crowther ◽  
Lisa K Micklesfield ◽  
Palwende Romauld Boua ◽  
Engelbert A Nonterah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
South African ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionCardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are increasing in sub-Saharan Africa. The impact of these risk factors on future CVD outcomes and burden is poorly understood. We examined the magnitude of modifiable risk factors, estimated future CVD risk and compared results between three commonly used 10-year CVD risk factor algorithms and their variants in four African countries.MethodsIn the Africa-Wits-INDEPTH partnership for Genomic studies (the AWI-Gen Study), 10 349 randomly sampled individuals aged 40–60 years from six sites participated in a survey, with blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid levels measured. Using these data, 10-year CVD risk estimates using Framingham, Globorisk and WHO-CVD and their office-based variants were generated. Differences in future CVD risk and results by algorithm are described using kappa and coefficients to examine agreement and correlations, respectively.ResultsThe 10-year CVD risk across all participants in all sites varied from 2.6% (95% CI: 1.6% to 4.1%) using the WHO-CVD lab algorithm to 6.5% (95% CI: 3.7% to 11.4%) using the Framingham office algorithm, with substantial differences in risk between sites. The highest risk was in South African settings (in urban Soweto: 8.9% (IQR: 5.3–15.3)). Agreement between algorithms was low to moderate (kappa from 0.03 to 0.55) and correlations ranged between 0.28 and 0.70. Depending on the algorithm used, those at high risk (defined as risk of 10-year CVD event >20%) who were under treatment for a modifiable risk factor ranged from 19.2% to 33.9%, with substantial variation by both sex and site.ConclusionThe African sites in this study are at different stages of an ongoing epidemiological transition as evidenced by both risk factor levels and estimated 10-year CVD risk. There is low correlation and disparate levels of population risk, predicted by different risk algorithms, within sites. Validating existing risk algorithms or designing context-specific 10-year CVD risk algorithms is essential for accurately defining population risk and targeting national policies and individual CVD treatment on the African continent.

scholarly journals Analysis of main risk factors contributing to obesity in the region of East Africa: meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 248-256
Author(s):  
Lenka Mařincová ◽  
Simona Šafaříková ◽  
Radka Cahlíková
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
East African ◽  
African Region ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Risk Ratios

Background: Over a few decades obesity has become a major global health problem. Its prevalence worldwide has more than doubled since 1980. The situation is expected to worsen in the future, especially in the developing countries that experience nutrition transition due to economic growth. It contributes to reduction in malnutrition which supports an increase in obesity prevalence. Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyse the predictors of obesity in the region of East Africa. Methods: Meta-analysis of existing studies was used in order to find the different risk factors and their significance in obesity development. Data extracted from 16 published academic research articles described the situation in East African countries. The significance of the effect of each variable was tested by means of an asymptotic chi-square test, or Fisher's exact (factorial) test and the risk ratios were calculated. Results: Based on the chi-square test and the risk ratios of the aggregated data, three risk factors were found to be significant in the development of obesity – gender, type of residence and socio-economic status. In East African countries, women are significantly more likely to be obese. Living in an urban area and socioeconomic status are also positively associated with obesity. Because of insufficient data three other risk factors did not prove to be of any significance – alcohol consumption, smoking and education level. Conclusion: Conclusions of this meta-analysis confirm world trends but we also found results that are not in line with them (e.g. education). This meta-analysis confirms the huge existing research gap concerning obesity predictors in the East African region. Keywords: Obesity; meta-analysis; East Africa. 

scholarly journals Dowry Demand and other Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence Against Adolescent Girls: A Cross-sectional Study in India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shobhit Srivast ◽  
Pradeep Kumar ◽  
Manideep Govindu ◽  
Muhammad T
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Wife Beating ◽  
World Health ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Effective Sample Size ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background: Violence against women is considered a fundamental violation of women’s human rights. According to the World Health Organization, worldwide one-third of women experience some form of intimate partner violence. The present study aims to examine the association of dowry demand and other associated risk factors with physical, sexual, or emotional violence against married adolescent girls in two major states of India by using large representative data.Methods: Understanding the lives of adolescents and young adults (UDAYA) project survey data was used for this study. The effective sample size for the study was 4893 married adolescent girls. Descriptive statistics along with bivariate analysis was performed to examine the preliminary results. For analyzing the association binary logistic regression method was used.Results: The prevalence of emotional, physical, and sexual violence was 28.6%, 22.9%, and 26.1% among married adolescent girls respectively. About 44% of married adolescent girls experienced any type of violence (emotional/physical/sexual). The prevalence of violence was significantly higher among girls who reported that dowry was demanded by their husbands (emotional-54%, physical-42.1%, sexual-39.6%, and any violence-68.4%). Results show that the likelihood of any violence was 3.66 times more likely among adolescent girls who reported that dowry was demanded by their husbands than their counterparts [OR: 3.66; CI: 3.06-4.37]. Other risk factors for intimate partner violence among adolescents included justifying wife-beating, low decision-making power, having a paid job, and longer marital duration.Conclusion: The results presented in this study suggest that policies that ensure equal inheritance and property rights for women and programs that help adolescent girls retain equal power and say in their family may be necessary to reduce their vulnerability to domestic violence.

scholarly journals R.E.S.P.e.c.T and intimate partner violence: a cross-sectional study using DHS data in Kenya

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. e046069
Author(s):  
Caleb L Ward ◽  
Siobán Harlow
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Summary Score ◽  
Wife Beating ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Younger Women

BackgroundThirty per cent of all women experience intimate partner violence (IPV) in their lifetime. The aim of this study was to examine the association between the WHO’s novel R.E.S.P.E.C.T framework and IPV among women in Kenya.MethodsWe used the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS). Only women selected for the domestic violence module and who were married/living with their partner were eligible for this study (n=3737). We created a summary score for the strategies denoted by R.E.S.P.T based on availability of questions addressing these strategies in the KDHS, and a total score that summed responses across all strategies. Each letter was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha. Multiple logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationship between R.E.S.P.T scores and IPV.ResultsAll strategies except for E lowered the odds of IPV. Decision-making (R) was negatively associated with experiencing IPV (OR=0.62 (0.53 to 0.72)). Land and property ownership (E) were positively associated with experiencing IPV (OR=1.25 (1.08 to 1.43)). Access to healthcare (S) was negatively associated with experiencing IPV (OR=0.55 (0.48 to 0.63)). Higher levels of wealth (P) were negatively associated with experiencing IPV (OR=0.47 (0.37 to 0.62)). Not justifying wife-beating in any scenario (T) was negatively associated with experiencing IPV (OR=0.39 (0.29 to 0.53)). After adjusting for demographics, a 1-unit increase in total R.E.S.P.T score was negatively associated with experiencing IPV (AOR=0.63 (0.57 to 0.70)) with a similar finding for IPV in the past 12 months (AOR=0.59 (0.53 to 0.66)). Younger women, higher education and Muslim religion were associated with decreased odds of experiencing IPV while living in a rural location and working were associated with increased odds of experiencing IPV.ConclusionsOur study provides initial evidence that by using the multistrategy R.E.S.P.E.C.T framework, countries can dramatically lower the odds of women experiencing IPV. IPV prevention strategies must have a wide approach. The DHS can be used as a tool to monitor implementation and efficacy of this novel strategy.

scholarly journals Traditional and Commercial Alcohols as Risk Factors for Esophageal Cancer in Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 36-36
Author(s):  
Alexandra Keir ◽  
Geoffrey Buckle ◽  
Larry Akoko ◽  
William Mgisha ◽  
Julius Mwaiselage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Esophageal Cancer ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Case Control ◽  
First Case ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Control Study

PURPOSE Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most common cancers in East Africa; however, risk factors that underly the high incidence in this region are not well understood. We aimed to investigate the association between exposure to specific alcohol subtypes and EC in Tanzania. METHODS We performed a secondary analysis of data from a hospital-based, case-control study conducted at Muhimbili National Hospital and Ocean Road Cancer Institute in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Cases of EC were identified between 2014 and 2016. Hospital controls were identified from patients with nonmalignant conditions and matched 1:1 for gender and age (± 10 years). Interviews were conducted using a survey with culturally relevant and context-specific questions on alcohol and smoking exposure. Conditional logistic regression analyses were applied to evaluate specific associations of potential exposures and EC. RESULTS A total of 473 EC cases and 473 controls were enrolled. Alcohol consumption was reported in 61% and 64% of cases and controls, respectively. Neither ‘current use of alcohol (any type)’, nor ‘ever use’ were associated with EC; however, local brew consumption was associated with increased EC risk (odds ratio [OR], 2.01; 95% CI, 1.53 to 2.66; P < .01). Increased risk was observed with consumption of gongo (OR, 2.91), komoni (OR, 2.41), wanzuki (OR, 2.40), kindi (OR, 3.13), and kangara (OR, 2.86). Smoking increased EC risk; however, it did not significantly modify the association between EC and alcohol subtypes. CONCLUSION This is the first case-control study to report a detailed analysis of alcohol exposures as a potential risk factor for EC in Tanzania. Although combined measures of alcohol use were not found to be associated with EC, several types of locally brewed alcohols emerged as risk factors. Additional research is needed to investigate these findings and examine the carcinogenic role of ingredients and/or contaminants, as well as any interactions with other putative risk factors in this region.

Interpersonal violence

2021 ◽  
pp. 377-392
Author(s):  
Rachel Jewkes
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Youth Violence ◽  
Elder Abuse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Societal Factors ◽  
Underlying Causes

Interpersonal violence results in 404,000 deaths annually and substantial health and economic costs. Although there is an element of genetic susceptibility, its use largely a social construct and thus inherently preventable. Interpersonal violence encompasses child maltreatment, peer violence, youth violence, physical, sexual, emotional, and economic intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and elder abuse. While these appear as a disparate set of acts of violence, they are actually very closely interrelated and perpetrators of one form are at greater risk of perpetrating others, and may also have been victims. This chapter uses an ecological approach to understanding common risk factors and underlying causes and reveals the importance of individual-level, interpersonal- or relationship-level, community-level, and societal factors. Evidence of the preventability of interpersonal violence is demonstrated in the United States, where the prevalence of all forms has declined since 1990. This has not been convincingly attributed to any one intervention, and further suggests that a complex and multilevel programme of interpersonal violence prevention is required, targeting risk factors, and encompassing effective health responses to support victims.

Does Relation Between Women’s Justification of Wife Beating and Intimate Partner Violence Differ in Context of Husband’s Controlling Attitudes in Nigeria?

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adegbenga M. Sunmola ◽  
Olusegun A. Mayungbo ◽  
Gregory A. Ashefor ◽  
Luqman A. Morakinyo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Wife Beating ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Controlling and domineering attitudes of husbands are risk factors for women’s experience of physical, sexual, and emotional violence in Nigeria. Other studies imply that husband’s attitudes may also influence the risk of women’s justification of wife beating. Consistently, it was hypothesized that husband’s controlling and domineering attitudes would influence the relationship between women’s justification of wife beating and the three types of violence experience. Participants were 19,360 nationally representative sample of married women in Nigeria. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews. Regression analyses were conducted to analyze the contributions of justification of wife beating and husband attitudes to the three types of women’s violence experience. Findings showed that women who justified wife beating experienced more physical, sexual, and emotional violence. The relationship of justification of wife beating still persisted with sexual and emotional violence in the context of husband’s controlling and domineering attitudes. Implications of study findings were discussed.

scholarly journals Life-course risk factors are associated with activity of daily living disability in older adults

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Macinko ◽  
Juliana Vaz de Melo Mambrini ◽  
Fabíola Bof de Andrade ◽  
Flavia Cristina Drumond Andrade ◽  
Gabriela E Lazalde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Predicted Probability ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background Multiple risk factors accumulate over the life-course and contribute to higher rates of disability at older ages. This study investigates whether three life-course risk factors (low educational attainment, poor health in childhood and multimorbidity) are associated with increased risk of disability [defined as any limitation in basic activities of daily living (BADL)] in older adults and whether this relationship is moderated by the national socioeconomic context, measured by the Human Development Index (HDI). Methods Data include 100 062 adults (aged 50 and over) participating in longitudinal studies of aging conducted in 19 countries. Analyses include multivariable Poisson models with robust standard errors to assess the associations between HDI, life-course risk factors and other individual-level control variables (sex and age) with any BADL disability. Results In country-specific analyses, both educational attainment and multimorbidity are independently associated with disability in nearly every country. The interaction between these risk factors further increases the magnitude of this association. In pooled regression analyses, the relationship between life-course risk factors and disability is moderated by a country’s HDI. For individuals with all three life-course risk factors, the predicted probability of disability ranged from 36.7% in the lowest HDI country to 21.8% in the highest HDI country. Conclusions Social and health system policies directed toward reducing the development of life-course risk factors are essential to reduce disability in all countries, but are even more urgently needed in those with lower levels of socioeconomic development.

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