scholarly journals Association Between Water and Sanitation with Anemia in Preschool Children: Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) Project (P10-087-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Xinchun Yu ◽  
Anne Williams ◽  
O Yaw Addo ◽  
Parminder Suchdev ◽  
Junjue Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Logistic Regressions

Abstract Objectives We aimed to assess the associations between water source and sanitation with anemia in preschool children (age: 6–59 months) in 16 population-based surveys. Methods We analyzed data from the BRINDA project. Sixteen surveys, representing 15 countries (n = 25,214), that had measures of hemoglobin, household water source and sanitation, type of residence, and socioeconomic (SES) status were included in this analysis. Anemia was defined as altitude-adjusted hemoglobin concentration <110 g/L. Water source and sanitation were defined as improved household drinking water source and improved toilet facility, respectively. Bivariate analyses were done using Rao-Scott chi-square test (except for age, a continuous predictor using logistic regressions). Multivariable logistic regressions were conducted to examine associations between anemia and water source and sanitation, adjusting for age, sex, rural-urban location, and SES. All analyses were conducted with SAS 9.4, accounting for complex survey design. Results The prevalence of anemia ranged from 20.0% in Nicaragua to 72.1% in Kenya 2010. The prevalence of improved water source and improved sanitation ranged from 44.1% in Laos to 98.4% in Bangladesh, and from 0.1% in Kenya 2007 to 93.7% in Ecuador, respectively. Improved water source alone was protective of anemia in two surveys. Improved sanitation alone was protective of anemia in three surveys. Improved water source alone was negatively associated with anemia in one survey. Improved water source and sanitation combined was protective of anemia in 4 out of 16 surveys, specifically Afghanistan (adjusted OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.31–0.96), Azerbaijan (adjusted OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.31–0.999), Bangladesh (adjusted OR = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.002–0.28), and Laos (adjusted OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.17–0.80). Conclusions Improved household water source and sanitation was inversely associated with anemia in some settings. However, results were not consistent across surveys, and there may be thresholds at which water source and sanitation impacts anemia. Further research is warranted to evaluate the potential mechanisms that explain links between water source and sanitation with anemia. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

scholarly journals Association between anemia and household water source or sanitation in preschool children: the Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 488S-497S ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma X Yu ◽  
O Yaw Addo ◽  
Anne M Williams ◽  
Reina Engle-Stone ◽  
Jiangda Ou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Hb Concentration ◽  
Variance Estimates

ABSTRACT Background The associations between anemia and household water source and sanitation remain unclear. Objectives We aimed to assess the associations between anemia and household water source or sanitation in preschool children (PSC; age 6–59 mo) using population-based surveys from the Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project. Methods We analyzed national and subnational data from 21 surveys, representing 19 countries (n = 35,963). Observations with hemoglobin (Hb) and ≥1 variable reflecting household water source or sanitation were included. Anemia was defined as an altitude-adjusted Hb concentration &lt;110 g/L. Household water source and sanitation variables were dichotomized as “improved” or “unimproved.” Poisson regressions with robust variance estimates were conducted for each survey, adjusting for child sex, age, household socioeconomic status, maternal education, and type of residence. Results Access to an improved water source and improved sanitation ranged from 29.9% (Burkina Faso) to 98.4% (Bangladesh, 2012), and from 0.2% (Kenya, 2007) to 97.4% (Philippines), respectively. Prevalence of anemia ranged from 20.1% (Nicaragua) to 83.5% (Bangladesh, 2010). Seven surveys showed negative associations between anemia and improved sanitation. Three surveys showed association between anemia and improved water, with mixed directions. Meta-analyses suggested a protective association between improved household sanitation and anemia [adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.98], and no association between improved household water and anemia (aPR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.10). There was heterogeneity across surveys for sanitation (P &lt; 0.01; I2 = 66.3%) and water (P &lt; 0.01; I2 = 55.8%). Conclusions Although improved household sanitation was associated with reduced anemia prevalence in PSC in some surveys, this association was not consistent. Access to an improved water source in general had no association with anemia across surveys. Additional research could help clarify the heterogeneity between these conditions across countries to inform anemia reduction programs.

scholarly journals Are children’s stools in Ghana disposed of safely? Evidence from the 2014 Ghana demographic and health survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul-Aziz Seidu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Demographic And Health Survey ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Safe Disposal ◽  
Toilet Facility ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Northern Zone

Abstract Background Safe disposal of children’s faeces has always been one of the main challenges to good hygiene in Ghana. Although it has been proven that children’s faeces are more likely to spread diseases than adults’ faeces, people usually mistake them for harmlessness. This study, therefore, sought to determine the prevalence and factors associated with safe disposal of children’s faeces in Ghana. Methods Data from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey was used for the analysis. A sample size of 2228 mother-child pairs were used for the study. The outcome variable was disposal of children stools. Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the factors with safe child stool disposal. Results The prevalence of safe child stool disposal in Ghana was 24.5%. Women in the middle [Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.62; Confidence Interval (CI) = 3.00–7.10], Coastal Zone [AOR = 4.52; CI = 2.82–7.22], mothers whose children were aged 12–17 [AOR = 1.56; CI = 1.15–2.13] and 18–23 months [AOR = 1.75; CI = 1.29–2.39], and mothers whose household had improved type of toilet facility [AOR = 2.04; CI = 1.53–2.73] had higher odds of practicing safe children’s faeces disposal. However, women from households with access to improved source of drinking water [AOR = 0.62; CI = 0.45–2.7] had lower odds of practicing safe children’s faeces disposal. Conclusion Approximately only about 25 out of 100 women practice safe disposal of their children’s faeces in Ghana. The age of the child, ecological zone, the type of toilet facilities, and the type of drinking water source are associated with the disposal of child faeces. These findings have proven that only improved sanitation (i.e. drinking water and toilet facilities) are not enough for women to safely dispose of their children’s faeces. Therefore, in addition to provision of toilet facilities especially in the northern zone of Ghana, there is also the need to motivate and educate mothers on safe disposal of children’s stools especially those with children below 12 months. More so, mothers without access to improved toilet facility should also be educated on the appropriate ways to bury their children’s stools safely.

scholarly journals Intraindividual double burden of overweight and micronutrient deficiencies or anemia among preschool children

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 478S-487S
Author(s):  
Reina Engle-Stone ◽  
Junjie Guo ◽  
Sanober Ismaily ◽  
O Yaw Addo ◽  
Tahmeed Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiency ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Caregiver Education ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Household Socioeconomic Status

ABSTRACT Background Child overweight prevalence is increasing globally, but micronutrient deficiencies persist. Objectives We aimed to 1) describe the prevalence and distribution of intraindividual double burden of malnutrition (DBM), defined as coexistence of overweight or obesity (OWOB) and either micronutrient deficiencies or anemia, among preschool children; 2) assess the independence of DBM components, e.g., whether the prevalence of DBM is greater than what would be expected by chance; and 3) identify predictors of intraindividual DBM, to guide intervention targeting. Methods We analyzed data from 24 population-based surveys from the Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia project (separately by survey; n = 226 to n = 7166). We defined intraindividual DBM as coexisting OWOB and ≥1 micronutrient deficiency [e.g., Micronutrient Deficiency Index (MDI) &gt; 0; DBM-MDI] or anemia (DBM-Anemia). We assessed independence of DBM components with the Rao–Scott chi-square test and examined predictors of DBM and its components with logistic regression. Results DBM prevalence ranged from 0% to 9.7% (median: 2.5%, DBM-MDI; 1.4%, DBM-Anemia), reflecting a lower prevalence of OWOB (range: 0%–19.5%) than of micronutrient deficiencies and anemia, which exceeded 20% in most surveys. OWOB was generally not significantly associated with micronutrient deficiencies or anemia. In more than half of surveys, children 6–23 mo of age, compared with ≥24 mo, had greater adjusted odds of DBM-Anemia, anemia, and micronutrient deficiencies. Child sex and household socioeconomic status, urban location, and caregiver education did not consistently predict DBM or its components. Conclusions Intraindividual DBM among preschool children was low but might increase as child OWOB increases. The analysis does not support the hypothesis that DBM components cluster within individuals, suggesting that population-level DBM may be addressed by programs to reduce DBM components without targeting individuals with DBM.

scholarly journals Drinking and recreational water exposures among Canadians: Foodbook Study 2014–2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachelle Janicki ◽  
M. Kate Thomas ◽  
Katarina Pintar ◽  
Manon Fleury ◽  
Andrea Nesbitt
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Public Health Approach ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Enteric Diseases ◽  
Urban Rural

Abstract In Canada, over 400,000 enteric diseases related to drinking water occur each year, highlighting the importance of understanding sources of Canadians’ drinking and recreational water exposures. To address this need, a population-based telephone survey of 10,942 Canadians was conducted between 2014 and 2015, assessing Canadian's drinking water sources and recreational water exposures using a seven-day recall method. Results were analyzed by province/territory, season, age group, gender, income, education, and urban/rural status. Store-bought bottled water was reported by nearly 20% of survey respondents as their primary drinking water source, while approximately 11% of respondents reported private well. The proportion of private well users was significantly greater than the national average in the Maritime Provinces where approximately 40–56% of respondents reported this as their primary drinking water source. As expected, Canadians’ recreational water activities and exposures (e.g., swimming, pool, lake, and waterpark) peaked during summer and were most commonly reported among children aged 0–9 years. Waterborne disease in Canada requires a multi-faceted public health approach. Canadian baseline data on water exposures can inform policy and public health strategies (e.g., recreational water guidelines, private well water testing recommendations) and support research and risk assessment related to mitigating waterborne illness.

scholarly journals Safe drinking water and sanitary facilities utilization in households of Belagavi urban slums, Karnataka, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1066
Author(s):  
Jambulingam Vasanthakumar ◽  
Bhuvana Gajula ◽  
Shilpa Reddy Ganta
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Joint Monitoring

Background: Safe water and adequate sanitation are basic to the health of every person, yet many people throughout the world do not have access to these needs. Access to these basic services is not only a fundamental right, but also a steppingstone to sustainable development of the country. Objective of this study was conducted to measure the proportion of slum households using improved drinking water and sanitation facilities.Methods: Study was conducted among 620 slum households in Belagavi from by interviewing one member from each household using WHO/UNICEF joint monitoring program core questions on drinking water and sanitation for household surveys.Results: All the slum households (100%) used improved drinking water source; piped water in yard or plot (68.22%) being the primary source. 94.35% of households used improved water source for cooking and/or hand washing purpose. 49.03% of households used improved sanitation facilities and 55.97% used unimproved sanitation facilities. Proportion of households with no latrine facilities and practicing open defecation were 13.06%. About 27.69% households had reported diarrheal events in children in the previous month. Type of latrine used by households was found significantly associated with the diarrheal events in children.Conclusions: Utilization of safe drinking water in Belagavi slums has increased when compared to global and national levels but households with piped water supply are still low. Access to improved sanitation facilities is still lacking in many households. Increasing access to basic sanitation at the household level and behavior change awareness programs could help in achieving universal sanitation coverage.

scholarly journals ENVIRONMENTAL, DEMOGRAPHIC, AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CORRELATES OF ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM PAPUA AND WEST PAPUA PROVINCES

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Sri Irianti ◽  
Puguh Prasetyoputra
Keyword(s):  
Household Head ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ◽  
Household Water ◽  
West Papua ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Multiple Indicator

Papua and West Papua provinces are two of many lagging provinces in Indonesia in terms of access to adequate sanitation. Hence, this paper aims to reveal determinants of access to improved sanitation by investigating the environmental, demographic, and socio-economic correlation in both provinces. Data from the 2011 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) were used to determine the demographic and socio-economic correlates of households access to improved sanitation facilities. Probit regression models were fitted to the data. The results suggest that district, place or residence, type and location of household water source, household size, age of household head, education of household head, and household wealth have significant correlation with access to improved sanitation. These corroborate previous findings and more importantly, it can be used to inform policy makers in Indonesia especially in Papua and West Papua Provinces.

scholarly journals A Nationwide Population-Based Study on the Association between Land Transport Accident and Peripheral Vestibular Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6570
Author(s):  
Herng-Ching Lin ◽  
Sudha Xirasagar ◽  
Chia-Hui Wang ◽  
Yen-Fu Cheng ◽  
Tsai-Ching Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Index Date ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Vestibular Disorders ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Transport Accidents

This case–control study aimed to investigate the association of peripheral vestibular disorders (PVD) with subsequent land transport accidents. Data for this study were obtained from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance (NHI) dataset. We retrieved 8704 subjects who were newly found to have land transport accidents as cases. Their diagnosis date was used as their index date. Controls were identified by propensity score matching (one per case, n = 8704 controls) from the NHI dataset with their index date being the date of their first health service claim in 2017. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to calculate the prior PVD odds ratio of cases vs. controls. We found that 2.36% of the sampled patients had been diagnosed with PVD before the index date, 3.37% among cases and 1.36% among controls. Chi-square test revealed that there was a significant association between land transport accident and PVD (p < 0.001). Furthermore, multiple logistic regression analysis suggested that cases were more likely to have had a prior PVD diagnosis when compared to controls (OR = 2.533; 95% CI = 2.041–3.143; p < 0.001). After adjusting for age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and hyperlipidemia, cases had a greater tendency to have a prior diagnosis of PVD than controls (OR = 3.001, 95% CI = 2.410–3.741, p < 0.001). We conclude that patients with PVD are at twofold higher odds for land transport accidents.

scholarly journals Assessment of Nutrient Pollution of the Pavlovsk Reservoir Water on the Ufa River

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Nutrient Inputs ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Reservoir Basin ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

The article describes the nutrients’ regime formation in the Pavlovsk Reservoir on the Ufa River. The reservoir is the main drinking water source for Ufa with more than a million population. Based on statistical data on the population, livestock, the amount of mineral fertilizers input, and the number of recreation facilities’ clients in the municipalities in the reservoir basin potentially polluting the Pavlovsk reservoir, pollution volumes from municipal/domestic, and agricultural discharges, as well as recreational loads have been determined. The authors have calculated the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium input to the Pavlovsk Reservoir, they have determined dynamics of the reservoir pollution with nutrients. A comparative analysis of nutrient inputs for more than 30 years of observation has been made (from 1987 to 2018).

From Administrative to Political Evaluation: Estimating Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Indicators for Parliamentary Constituencies in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-212
Author(s):  
Pritha Chatterjee ◽  
Rockli Kim ◽  
Akshay Swaminathan ◽  
Rakesh Kumar ◽  
S.V. Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Weighted Estimates ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Administrative Unit ◽  
Improved Sanitation

With the launch of the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), India accelerated access to improved sanitation in a ‘mass movement’ emphasising people’s participation and political leadership. However, SBM continues to be implemented at the administrative unit of districts, disassociated from the political and electoral units of Parliamentary Constituencies (PC). We provide estimates of India’s 543 PCs by their performance on three important Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) indicators: unsafe disposal of child stool, unimproved drinking water supply, and unimproved sanitary facilities. We used multilevel modelling to generate precision-weighted estimates of each indicator at PC-level, based on recently developed methodologies linking cluster GPS data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), 2016 to potential PCs. We found very high heterogeneity across PCs ranging from 0.95 per cent–95.85 per cent for unsafe stool disposal, 0.35 per cent–64.17 per cent for unimproved drinking water source, and 0.19 per cent–90.69 per cent for unimproved sanitation facility. Unsafe child stool disposal and unimproved sanitary facility were strongly correlated ( r = 0.85, Pearson and r = 0.83, Spearman). Monitoring of SBM data at the PC level will allow parliamentarians to effectively improve WASH conditions in their constituencies, while accounting for critical between-PC variability that may be obfuscated in an approach focussed on state or district means.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance in Humans, Animals, Water and Household Environs in Rural Andean Peru: Exploring Dissemination Pathways through the One Health Lens

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4604
Author(s):  
Stella M. Hartinger ◽  
Maria Luisa Medina-Pizzali ◽  
Gabriela Salmon-Mulanovich ◽  
Anika J. Larson ◽  
María Pinedo-Bardales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Thermotolerant Coliforms

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat, especially for low and middle-income countries (LMIC) where the threat has not been fully identified. Our study aims to describe E. coli AMR in rural communities to expand our knowledge on AMR bacterial contamination. Specifically, we aim to identify and describe potential dissemination routes of AMR-carrying bacteria in humans (children’s stools), community water sources (reservoirs and household sources), household environments (yard soil) and domestic animals of subsistence farmers in rural Andean areas. Our cross-sectional study was conducted in rural households in the region of Cajamarca, Peru. A total of 266 samples were collected. Thirty-four point six percent of reservoir water and 45% of household water source samples were positive for thermotolerant coliforms. Of the reservoir water samples, 92.8% were positive for E. coli, and 30.8% displayed resistance to at least one antibiotic, with the highest resistance to tetracycline. E. coli was found in 57.1% of the household water sources, 18.6% of these isolates were multidrug-resistant, and displayed the highest resistance to tetracycline (31.3%). Among samples from the children’s drinking water source, 32.5% were positive for thermotolerant coliforms, and 57.1% of them were E. coli. One third of E. coli isolates were multidrug-resistant and displayed the highest AMR to tetracycline (41.6%) and ampicillin (25%). Thermotolerant coliforms were found in all the soil samples, 43.3% of the isolates were positive for E. coli, 34.3% of the E. coli isolates displayed AMR to at least one antibiotic, and displayed the highest AMR to tetracycline (25.7%). We determined thermotolerant coliforms in 97.5% of the child feces samples; 45.3% of them were E. coli, 15.9% displayed multidrug resistance, and displayed the highest resistance to ampicillin (34.1%). We identified thermotolerant coliforms in 67.5% of the animal feces samples. Of those, 38.7% were E. coli, and 37.7% were resistant to at least one antibiotic. For all the samples, the prevalence of resistance to at least one antibiotic in the E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates was almost 43% and the prevalence of MDR in the same isolates was nearly 9%, yet the latter nearly doubled (15.9%) in children’s stools. Our results provide preliminary evidence for critical pathways and the interconnectedness of animal, human and environmental transmission but molecular analysis is needed to track dissemination routes properly.

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