scholarly journals Epidemiology and Ecology of Severe Fever With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome in China, 2010‒2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Miao ◽  
Ming-Jin Liu ◽  
Yi-Xing Wang ◽  
Xiang Ren ◽  
Qing-Bin Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Mountain Area ◽  
Boosted Regression Tree ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Severe Fever

Abstract Background The growing epidemics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), an emerging tick-borne disease in East Asia, and its high case fatality rate have raised serious public health concerns. Methods Surveillance data on laboratory-confirmed SFTS cases in China were collected. The spatiotemporal dynamics and epidemiological features were explored. The socioeconomic and environmental drivers were identified for SFTS diffusion using survival analysis and for SFTS persistence using a two-stage generalized boosted regression tree model. Results During 2010‒2018, a total of 7721 laboratory-confirmed SFTS cases were reported in China, with an overall case fatality rate (CFR) of 10.5%. The average annual incidence increased >20 times and endemic areas expanded from 27 to 1574 townships, whereas the CFR declined from 19% to 10% during this period. Four geographical clusters—the Changbai Mountain area, the Jiaodong Peninsula, the Taishan Mountain area, and the Huaiyangshan Mountain area—were identified. Diffusion and persistence of the disease were both driven by elevation, high coverages of woods, crops, and shrubs, and the vicinity of habitats of migratory birds but had different meteorological drivers. Residents ≥60 years old in rural areas with crop fields and tea farms were at increased risk to SFTS. Conclusions Surveillance of SFTS and intervention programs need to be targeted at areas ecologically suitability for vector ticks and in the vicinity of migratory birds to curb the growing epidemic.

scholarly journals Meta-analysis and metaregression of risk factors associated with mortality in hip fracture patients during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Firas J. Raheman ◽  
Djamila M. Rojoa ◽  
Jvalant Nayan Parekh ◽  
Reshid Berber ◽  
Robert Ashford
Keyword(s):  
Hip Fracture ◽  
Hip Fractures ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIncidence of hip fractures has remained unchanged during the pandemic with overlapping vulnerabilities observed in patients with hip fractures and those infected with COVID-19. We aimed to investigate the independent impact of COVID-19 infection on the mortality of these patients. Healthcare databases were systematically searched over 2-weeks from 1st–14th November 2020 to identify eligible studies assessing the impact of COVID-19 on hip fracture patients. Meta-analysis of proportion was performed to obtain pooled values of prevalence, incidence and case fatality rate of hip fracture patients with COVID-19 infection. 30-day mortality, excess mortality and all-cause mortality were analysed using a mixed-effects model. 22 studies reporting 4015 patients were identified out of which 2651 (66%) were assessed during the pandemic. An excess mortality of 10% was seen for hip fractures treated during the pandemic (OR 2.00, p = 0.007), in comparison to the pre-pandemic controls (5%). Estimated mortality of COVID-19 positive hip fracture patients was four-fold (RR 4.59, p < 0.0001) and 30-day mortality was 38.0% (HR 4.73, p < 0.0001). The case fatality rate for COVID-19 positive patients was 34.74%. Between-study heterogeneity for the pooled analysis was minimal (I2 = 0.00) whereas, random effects metaregression identified subgroup heterogeneity for male gender (p < 0.001), diabetes (p = 0.002), dementia (p = 0.001) and extracapsular fractures (p = 0.01) increased risk of mortality in COVID-19 positive patients.

scholarly journals Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of COVID-19–Infected Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Zhang ◽  
Han Han ◽  
Tianhui He ◽  
Kristen E Labbe ◽  
Adrian V Hernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background Previous studies have indicated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with cancer have a high fatality rate. Methods We conducted a systematic review of studies that reported fatalities in COVID-19 patients with cancer. A comprehensive meta-analysis that assessed the overall case fatality rate and associated risk factors was performed. Using individual patient data, univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) for each variable with outcomes. Results We included 15 studies with 3019 patients, of which 1628 were men; 41.0% were from the United Kingdom and Europe, followed by the United States and Canada (35.7%), and Asia (China, 23.3%). The overall case fatality rate of COVID-19 patients with cancer measured 22.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 17.3% to 28.0%). Univariate analysis revealed age (OR = 3.57, 95% CI = 1.80 to 7.06), male sex (OR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.07 to 4.13), and comorbidity (OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.04 to 3.85) were associated with increased risk of severe events (defined as the individuals being admitted to the intensive care unit, or requiring invasive ventilation, or death). In multivariable analysis, only age greater than 65 years (OR = 3.16, 95% CI = 1.45 to 6.88) and being male (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.07 to 4.87) were associated with increased risk of severe events. Conclusions Our analysis demonstrated that COVID-19 patients with cancer have a higher fatality rate compared with that of COVID-19 patients without cancer. Age and sex appear to be risk factors associated with a poorer prognosis.

scholarly journals Decreasing case fatality rate following invasive pneumococcal disease, North East England, 2006–2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Houseman ◽  
K. E. Chapman ◽  
P. Manley ◽  
R. Gorton ◽  
D. Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
North East ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractDeclining mortality following invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) has been observed concurrent with a reduced incidence due to effective pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. However, with IPD now increasing due to serotype replacement, we undertook a statistical analysis to estimate the trend in all-cause 30-day case fatality rate (CFR) in the North East of England (NEE) following IPD. Clinical, microbiological and demographic data were obtained for all laboratory-confirmed IPD cases (April 2006–March 2016) and the adjusted association between CFR and epidemiological year estimated using logistic regression. Of the 2510 episodes of IPD included in the analysis, 486 died within 30 days of IPD (CFR 19%). Increasing age, male sex, a diagnosis of septicaemia, being in ⩾1 clinical risk groups, alcohol abuse and individual serotypes were independently associated with increased CFR. A significant decline in CFR over time was observed following adjustment for these significant predictors (adjusted odds ratio 0.93, 95% confidence interval 0.89–0.98; P = 0.003). A small but significant decline in 30-day all-cause CFR following IPD has been observed in the NEE. Nonetheless, certain population groups remain at increased risk of dying following IPD. Despite the introduction of effective vaccines, further strategies to reduce the ongoing burden of mortality from IPD are needed.

scholarly journals Therapeutic effects of favipiravir against severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus infection in a lethal mouse model: dose-efficacy studies upon oral administration

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Tani ◽  
Takashi Komeno ◽  
Aiko Fukuma ◽  
Shuetsu Fukushi ◽  
Satoshi Taniguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Type I ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
High Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Severe Fever

AbstractBackgroundSevere fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), caused by SFTS virus (SFTSV), is a viral hemorrhagic fever with a high case fatality rate. Favipiravir was reported to be effective in the treatment of SFTSV infection in vivo in type I interferon receptor knockout (IFNAR-/-) mice at treatment dosages of both 60 mg/kg/day and 300 mg/kg/day for a duration of 5 days.MethodsIn this study, the efficacy of favipiravir at dosages of 120 mg/kg/day and 200 mg/kg/day against SFTSV infection in an IFNAR-/- mouse infection model was investigated. IFNAR-/- mice were subcutaneously infected with SFTSV at a 1.0 × 106 50% tissue culture infectious dose followed by twice daily administration of favipiravir, comprising a total dose of either 120 mg/kg/day or 200 mg/kg/day. The treatment was initiated either immediately post infection or at predesignated time points post infection.ResultsAll mice treated with favipiravir at dosages of 120 mg/kg/day or 200 mg/kg/day survived when the treatment was initiated at no later than 4 days post infection. A decrease in body weight of mice was observed when the treatment was initiated at 3–4 days post infection. Furthermore, all control mice died. The body weight of mice did not decrease when treatment with favipiravir was initiated immediately post infection at dosages of 120 mg/kg/day and 200 mg/kg/day.ConclusionsSimilar to the literature-reported peritoneal administration of favipiravir at 300 mg/kg/day, the oral administration of favipiravir at dosages of 120 mg/kg/day and 200 mg/kg/day to IFNAR-/- mice infected with SFTSV was effective.Author summarySevere fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), which is caused by SFTS virus (SFTSV), is a generalized infectious disease with a high case fatality rate. Currently, no effective therapeutics for SFTS is available; therefore, the development of effective antiviral drugs is needed. Favipiravir exhibits antiviral activity against various RNA viruses, including SFTSV. The present study demonstrated the efficacy of favipiravir in the treatment of SFTSV infection in a lethal mouse model, when the dose was set similar to that approved for anti-influenza drug in humans by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. The present study suggests that favipiravir is a promising drug for the treatment of SFTSV infection.

scholarly journals Protection offered by COVID-19 vaccines in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection frequency; severity and mortality, among Indian Healthcare Workers: Multicenter, pan-Fortis study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subrat Acharya ◽  
Gaurav Mahindra ◽  
Purushottam Nirala ◽  
Sulabh Tripathi ◽  
Bishnu Panigrahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Population Control ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Infection Frequency ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract During COVID-19 pandemic, Healthcare Workers (HCWs) were at increased risk for exposure to SARS-CoV-2 virus and prioritized for early administration of COVID-19 vaccines in India. Real-life scenario information among vaccinated HCWs acquiring COVID-19 infection, is scarce. We retrospectively analyzed COVID-19 infection frequency, severity, and associated mortality among healthcare workers, immunized with either Covishield or Covaxin vaccines at 27 Fortis Hospitals across 11 Indian states. Positive cases were identified based on RT-PCR or rapid antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 between 16th January 2021 till 15th May 2021. 20034 HCWs received vaccination. 3971 received 1 dose, 16063 received 2 doses. Post-vaccination, 1139 HCWs acquired COVID-19 infection, 180 (4.53%) and 959 (5.97%) among partially and fully vaccinated category, respectively. Breakthrough infection occurred among 913 (5.68%) HCWs. Concurrently, Case Positivity Rate was 11.9%, among general population (control). Among 1139 positive cases, mild, moderate, and severe infections were 1059 (93%), 71 (6.2%) and 9 (0.8%), respectively with Case Fatality Rate of 0.18%, compared to 0.92% among general population (p=0.0043). The Case Fatality Rate in vaccinated HCWs was found to be 80% less than that in general population (control). Hence, COVID-19 vaccines available in India seem to be effective against SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Morbidity, mortality and spatial distribution of meningococcal disease, 1974–2007

2009 ◽  
Vol 137 (11) ◽  
pp. 1631-1640 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. HOWITZ ◽  
L. LAMBERTSEN ◽  
J. B. SIMONSEN ◽  
J. J. CHRISTENSEN ◽  
K. MØLBAK
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
High Age

SUMMARYTo identify determinants for mortality and sequelae and to analyse the spatial distribution of meningococcal disease, we linked four national Danish registries. In the period 1974–2007, 5924 cases of meningococcal disease were registered. Our analysis confirms known risk factors for a fatal meningococcal disease outcome, i.e. septicaemia and high age (>50 years). The overall case-fatality rate was 7·6%; two phenotypes were found to be associated with increased risk of death; C:2a:P1.2,5 and B:15:P1.7,16. B:15:P1.7,16 was also associated with excess risk of perceptive hearing loss. The incidence rates of meningococcal disease were comparable between densely and less densely populated areas, but patients living further from a hospital were at significantly higher risk of dying from the infection. To improve control of meningococcal disease, it is important to understand the epidemiology and pathogenicity of virulent ‘successful clones’, such as C:2a:P1.2,5 and B:15:P1.7,16, and, eventually, to develop vaccines against serogroup B.

scholarly journals Risk factors for mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 at the start of the pandemic in Belgium: a retrospective cohort study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karlijn van Halem ◽  
Robin Bruyndonckx ◽  
Jeroen van der Hilst ◽  
Janneke Cox ◽  
Paulien Driesen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background Belgium was among the first countries in Europe with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. Since the first diagnosis on February 3rd, the epidemic has quickly evolved, with Belgium at the crossroads of Europe, being one of the hardest hit countries. Although risk factors for severe disease in COVID-19 patients have been described in Chinese and United States (US) cohorts, good quality studies reporting on clinical characteristics, risk factors and outcome of European COVID-19 patients are still scarce. Methods This study describes the clinical characteristics, complications and outcomes of 319 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, admitted to a tertiary care center at the start of the pandemic in Belgium, and aims to identify the main risk factors for in-hospital mortality in a European context using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Most patients were male (60%), the median age was 74 (IQR 61–83) and 20% of patients were admitted to the intensive care unit, of whom 63% needed invasive mechanical ventilation. The overall case fatality rate was 25%. The best predictors of in-hospital mortality in multivariate analysis were older age, and renal insufficiency, higher lactate dehydrogenase and thrombocytopenia. Patients admitted early in the epidemic had a higher mortality compared to patients admitted later in the epidemic. In univariate analysis, patients with obesity did have an overall increased risk of death, while overweight on the other hand showed a trend towards lower mortality. Conclusions Most patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the first weeks of the epidemic in Belgium were admitted with severe disease and the overall case fatality rate was high. The identified risk factors for mortality are not easily amenable at short term, underscoring the lasting need of effective therapeutic and preventative measures.

scholarly journals Protection offered by COVID-19 vaccines in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection frequency; severity and mortality, among Indian Healthcare Workers: Multicenter, pan-Fortis study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subrat Acharya ◽  
Gaurav Mahindra
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Population Control ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Infection Frequency ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract During COVID-19 pandemic, Healthcare Workers (HCWs) were at increased risk for exposure to SARS-CoV-2 virus and prioritized for early administration of COVID-19 vaccines in India. Real-life scenario information among vaccinated HCWs acquiring COVID-19 infection, is scarce. We retrospectively analyzed COVID-19 infection frequency, severity, and associated mortality among healthcare workers, immunized with either Covishield or Covaxin vaccines at 27 Fortis Hospitals across 11 Indian states. Positive cases were identified based on RT-PCR or rapid antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 between 16th January 2021 till 15th May 2021. 20034 HCWs received vaccination. 3971 received 1 dose, 16063 received 2 doses. Post-vaccination, 1139 HCWs acquired COVID-19 infection, 180 (4.53%) and 959 (5.97%) among partially and fully vaccinated category, respectively. Breakthrough infection occurred among 913 (5.68%) HCWs. Concurrently, Case Positivity Rate was 11.9%, among general population (control). Among 1139 positive cases, mild, moderate, and severe infections were 1059 (93%), 71 (6.2%) and 9 (0.8%), respectively with Case Fatality Rate of 0.18%, compared to 0.92% among general population (p=0.0043). The Case Fatality Rate in vaccinated HCWs was found to be 80% less than that in general population (control). Hence, COVID-19 vaccines available in India seem to be effective against SARS-CoV-2 virus.

scholarly journals Demam Berdarah Dengue di Perdesaan

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Erna Kusumawardani ◽  
Umar Fahmi Achmadi
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Disease Occurrence

Berbeda dengan beberapa negara, laporan kejadian kasus demam berdarah dengue (DBD) di perdesaan Indonesia belum banyak dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran kejadian DBD di perdesaan di wilayah perbatasan Kabupaten Bogor dan Kabupaten Lebak, Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi kasus seri dengan sampel seluruh penderita DBD yang tercatat di puskesmas pada periode bulan Januari 2011 sampai April 2012. Hasil penelitian menemukan 18 kasus DBD dan 4 kasus kematian (case fatality rate, CFR = 22%). Sebagian besar kasus berjenis kelamin laki-laki (58,3%), berusia ³ 15 tahun (58,3%), tidak bekerja/ibu rumah tangga (50%), melakukan mobilitas (66,7%), mempunyai pengetahuan yang baik (66,7%), berperilaku kurang baik (83,3%), dan mempunyai tempat penampungan air (100%). Lima dari 12 kasus DBD (41,7%) diduga merupakan kasus lokal. Dari empat puskesmas (57,1%) yang melakukan kegiatan penyelidikan epidemiologi DBD terindikasi bahwa kemungkinan besar telah terjadi transmisi DBD di wilayah perdesaan daerah perbatasan Kabupaten Bogor dan Kabupaten Lebak.Kata kunci: Demam berdarah dengue, perdesaan, transmisiAbstract Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) has long been reported as disease affecting predominantly among urban populations. However, several recent studies suggest that DHF has spread into rural area. This study aims to describe disease occurrence of DHF in border rural areas of Bogor – Lebak. The study design is case series. The sample of this study was all patients with confirmed DHF admitted to public health centers between January 2011 and April 2012. The study was conducted in April to May 2012. The results showed that there were 19 DHF cases and four out of 18 cases died (case fatality rate, CFR was 22%). Out of 12 eligible respondents, most of them were male (58,3%), aged ³ 15 years (58,3%), unemployed/housewife (50%), conducting mobility (66,7%), having good knowledge (66,7%), behave poorly (83,3%), and having water containers (100%). Five of 12 DHF cases (41,7%) were suspected as local cases. Four primary health centers (57,1%) were able to perform PE DBD (DHF Epidemiological Investigation). These results indicate that the transmission of DHF in border rural areas of Bogor – Lebak, most likely has occurred.Key words: Dengue hemorrhagic fever, rural, transmission

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