scholarly journals Sodium intake among adolescents who eat inside and outside the home. Campinas-Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Pita Ruiz ◽  
M G Lima ◽  
R Luz ◽  
L Barbosa ◽  
M B de Azevedo Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
24 Hour Recall ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Sodium Consumption

Abstract Background Excessive sodium consumption (>2g/day) is one of the risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases, which impact the world's public health systems. Rapid urbanization, busy life, the high availability of ultra-processed foods and the short time for meals, especially inside the home, are factors that interfere in the population's food choices. Objective To estimate sodium intake according to the place of meal consumption and its association with demographic, socioeconomic and salt-related variables. Methods Cross-sectional population-based study, carried out with 901 adolescents aged 10 to 19 years, who answered the Food Consumption and Nutritional Status Survey, ISACamp-Nutri 2015. The mean sodium intake was estimated by the 24-hour recall and the association with the independent variables, using linear regression. Results Sodium consumption among adolescents was 3.52 g/day (95% CI 3.42-3.63). Those who consumed at least one meal away from home had an excess of 0.19 g/day (P = 0.012) of sodium, which corresponded to a 6.1% increase compared to adolescents who had eaten exclusively at home. Of the total meals eaten by adolescents, 15.9% are taken outside the home, with 6.6% eating at school and 9.3% in different places. There was a significant increase in sodium consumption among adolescents who had breakfast CR = 0.16g (p = 0.032), afternoon snack CR = 0.09g (p = 0.002) and dinner CR = 0.30g (p = 0.029) outside the home. Conclusions sodium consumption by adolescents exceeded the WHO recommendation. Eating at least one meal away from home was associated with a higher sodium intake among these individuals. Regulatory measures in the food industry and strategies for food and nutrition education are relevant to reduce sodium consumption in this age group. Key messages High sodium consumption among adolescents, exceeding WHO recommendations. Eating outside the home was associated with a higher sodium intake.

scholarly journals Urinary sodium excretion in a young to middle-aged adults urban population: a pilot study in Ecuador

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 568-573
Author(s):  
Ivan Sisa ◽  
María Herrera-Fontana ◽  
María Bovera ◽  
María Palomeque ◽  
Enrique Teran
Keyword(s):  
Urban Population ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Sodium Consumption

Objective High sodium consumption is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is the leading cause of mortality in Ecuador, which may be caused in part by unhealthy eating habits. Currently, there are no data on the consumption of sodium using 24-hr urine samples. The aims of the study were to provide preliminary data of sodium intake in an urban population sample consisting of adults between 25 and 64 years old, and to explore the feasibility to conduct a population-level sodium intake determination by using 24-hr urine samples.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 129 adults living in an urban setting. 24-hr urinary samples were collected and the WHO STEPS instrument was used to collect the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of participants. A reference value of 2.0 g/day was used to differentiate between normal and high sodium intake groups.Results Participants’ median age was 39 years, 91% of them identified themselves as belonging to the mestizo race, and 60% were female. The average sodium intake was 2 655(±1 185) mg/d (range: 1 725 to 3 404), which is equivalent to a salt intake of 6.8 g/d (range: 4.4 to 8.7). Sodium intake was significantly higher in males than in females: 3 175(±1 202) mg/d vs. 2 304(±1 042) mg/d, respectively, (p<.01).Conclusions Sodium consumption in two-thirds of the participants was higher than the WHO recommended level. These results should help to support the execution of a national sodium intake survey that, in turn, would provide information to guide and plan public health strategies seeking to decrease cardiovascular diseases occurrence rates in Ecuador.

scholarly journals Urine Spot Samples Can Be Used to Estimate 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion in Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 148 (12) ◽  
pp. 1946-1953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magali Rios-Leyvraz ◽  
Pascal Bovet ◽  
René Tabin ◽  
Bernard Genin ◽  
Michel Russo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Individual Level

ABSTRACT Background The gold standard to assess salt intake is 24-h urine collections. Use of a urine spot sample can be a simpler alternative, especially when the goal is to assess sodium intake at the population level. Several equations to estimate 24-h urinary sodium excretion from urine spot samples have been tested in adults, but not in children. Objective The objective of this study was to assess the ability of several equations and urine spot samples to estimate 24-h urinary sodium excretion in children. Methods A cross-sectional study of children between 6 and 16 y of age was conducted. Each child collected one 24-h urine sample and 3 timed urine spot samples, i.e., evening (last void before going to bed), overnight (first void in the morning), and morning (second void in the morning). Eight equations (i.e., Kawasaki, Tanaka, Remer, Mage, Brown with and without potassium, Toft, and Meng) were used to estimate 24-h urinary sodium excretion. The estimates from the different spot samples and equations were compared with the measured excretion through the use of several statistics. Results Among the 101 children recruited, 86 had a complete 24-h urine collection and were included in the analysis (mean age: 10.5 y). The mean measured 24-h urinary sodium excretion was 2.5 g (range: 0.8–6.4 g). The different spot samples and equations provided highly heterogeneous estimates of the 24-h urinary sodium excretion. The overnight spot samples with the Tanaka and Brown equations provided the most accurate estimates (mean bias: −0.20 to −0.12 g; correlation: 0.48–0.53; precision: 69.7–76.5%; sensitivity: 76.9–81.6%; specificity: 66.7%; and misclassification: 23.0–27.7%). The other equations, irrespective of the timing of the spot, provided less accurate estimates. Conclusions Urine spot samples, with selected equations, might provide accurate estimates of the 24-h sodium excretion in children at a population level. At an individual level, they could be used to identify children with high sodium excretion. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02900261.

scholarly journals Nutrition Knowledge is Correlated with a Better Dietary Intake in Adolescent Soccer Players: A Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo C. Noronha ◽  
Monique I. A. F. Santos ◽  
Adrianny A. Santos ◽  
Lizia G. A. Corrente ◽  
Rúbia K. N. Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Nutrition Knowledge ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Cross Sectional

Nutrition education is one of the factors that may help to promote behavior change and therefore may improve the dietary habits of adolescent soccer players. However, information about the relationship between nutrition knowledge (NK) and the dietary behavior of these athletes is scarce. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the eating habits of adolescent soccer players and analyse the correlations among dietary intake and NK. Seventy-three Brazilian adolescent soccer players (aged 14–19 years), from four professional clubs, underwent anthropometric evaluation and completed 3-day food records. Misreporting of energy intake was evaluated and the dietary intake data were energy-adjusted and compared with recommendations for athletes and dietary reference intakes. The athletes also answered a questionnaire about barriers for healthy eating and a nutrition knowledge test divided into three sections: Basic Nutrition Knowledge (BNK), Sports Nutrition Knowledge (SNK), and Food Pyramid Nutrition Knowledge (FPNK). The participants showed a low NK (54.6%) and an inadequate intake of fruits, vegetables, dairy, carbohydrates, and micronutrients. A positive correlation was found between the ingestion of phosphorus and FPNK as well as among calcium and both SNK and Total NK (p<0.05). Sodium intake was negatively correlated with all categories of the NK test (p<0.05). The adolescents reported that the principal barriers for adopting a healthy diet were the lack of willpower and a busy lifestyle. In this context, nutrition education is recommended and should also provide practicable healthy eating goals according to athletes´ lifestyle as well as target motivational barriers to increase adherence.

scholarly journals Sodium Sensitivity, Sodium Resistance, and Incidence of Hypertension

Hypertension ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang He ◽  
Jian-Feng Huang ◽  
Changwei Li ◽  
Jing Chen ◽  
Xiangfeng Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Incident Hypertension ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Sodium Sensitivity ◽  
Sodium Diet ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Increased Risk

Cross-sectional studies have reported that high sodium sensitivity is more common among individuals with hypertension. Experimental studies have also reported various animal models with sodium-resistant hypertension. It is unknown, however, whether sodium sensitivity and resistance precede the development of hypertension. We conducted a feeding study, including a 7-day low-sodium diet (1180 mg/day) followed by a 7-day high-sodium diet (7081 mg/day), among 1718 Chinese adults with blood pressure (BP) <140/90 mm Hg. We longitudinally followed them over an average of 7.4 years. Three BP measurements and 24-hour urinary sodium excretion were obtained on each of 3 days during baseline observation, low-sodium and high-sodium interventions, and 2 follow-up studies. Three trajectories of BP responses to dietary sodium intake were identified using latent trajectory analysis. Mean (SD) changes in systolic BP were −13.7 (5.5), −4.9 (3.0), and 2.4 (3.0) mm Hg during the low-sodium intervention and 11.2 (5.3), 4.4 (4.1), and −0.2 (4.1) mm Hg during the high-sodium intervention ( P <0.001 for group differences) in high sodium-sensitive, moderate sodium-sensitive, and sodium-resistant groups, respectively. Compared with individuals with moderate sodium sensitivity, multiple-adjusted odds ratios (95% CIs) for incident hypertension were 1.43 (1.03–1.98) for those with high sodium sensitivity and 1.43 (1.03–1.99) for those with sodium resistance ( P =0.006 for nonlinear trend). Furthermore, a J-shaped association between systolic BP responses to sodium intake and incident hypertension was identified ( P <0.001). Similar results were observed for diastolic BP. Our study indicates that individuals with either high sodium sensitivity or sodium resistance are at an increased risk for developing hypertension.

scholarly journals Identification of Genetic Factors Underlying the Association between Sodium Intake Habits and Hypertension Risk

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2580
Author(s):  
Yu-Jin Kwon ◽  
Jung Oh Kim ◽  
Jae-Min Park ◽  
Ja-Eun Choi ◽  
Da-Hyun Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Susceptibility ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Ring Finger ◽  
Human Leukocyte ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
High Sodium

The role of sodium in hypertension remains unresolved. Although genetic factors have a significant impact on high blood pressure, studies comparing genetic susceptibility between people with low and high sodium diets are lacking. We aimed to investigate the genetic variations related to hypertension according to sodium intake habits in a large Korean population-based study. Data for a total of 57,363 participants in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study Health Examination were analyzed. Sodium intake was measured by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. We classified participants according to sodium intake being less than or greater than 2 g/day. We used logistic regression to test single-marker variants for genetic association with a diagnosis of hypertension, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, exercise, alcohol, smoking, potassium intake, principal components 1, and principal components 2. Significant associations were defined as p < 5 × 10−8. In participants whose sodium intake was greater than 2 g/day, chromosome 6 open reading frame 10 (C6orf10)-human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQB1 rs6913309, ring finger protein (RNF)213 rs112735431, glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored molecule-like (GML)- cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily B member 1(CYP11B1) rs3819496, myosin light chain 2 (MYL2)-cut like homeobox 2 (CUX2) rs12229654, and jagged1 (JAG1) rs1887320 were significantly associated with hypertension. In participants whose intake was less than 2 g/day, echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 6(EML6) rs67617923 was significantly associated with hypertension. Genetic susceptibility associated with hypertension differed according to sodium intake. Identifying gene variants that contribute to the dependence of hypertension on sodium intake status could make possible more individualized nutritional recommendations for preventing cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals Can Meals Outside Homes Impact Sodium Intake?

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Maria Pita Ruiz ◽  
Margareth Guimarães Lima ◽  
Lhais de Paula Barbosa Medina ◽  
Renata Luz Pinto ◽  
Marilisa Berti de Azevedo Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Study Participants

ABSTRACT Background The WHO currently recommends a daily sodium intake of 2 g and has established the goal of a 30% reduction in mean salt intake by 2025. Objective We sought to estimate sodium intake in study participants according to the locations of where they consumed meals and their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and practices related to salt consumption. Methods A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 2574 individuals aged ≥10 y who answered the 2015 Campinas-Brazil Nutrition Survey. Mean sodium intake was estimated using a 24-h recall log and associations with the independent variables were tested using generalized regression analysis stratified by age group. Results Sodium intake was higher in male participants as well as adolescents and adults who reported eating ≥1 meal outside the home (6.07% and 7.06% increase, respectively). Per meal, sodium was consumed more outside the home at breakfast, during an afternoon snack, and at dinner among adolescents. No significant differences were found in the analysis by type of meal among the adults and seniors. Conclusions Sodium intake exceeded the WHO recommendation in all age groups analyzed. Having ≥1 meal outside the home was associated with greater sodium intake among adolescents and adults. Measures to regulate the food industry and dietary/nutritional education strategies targeting consumers are important to reducing the sodium intake of the population.

scholarly journals Assessment of Dietary Intake and Food and Nutrition Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors of Collegiate Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1286-1286
Author(s):  
Leslie Redmond ◽  
Amanda Walch ◽  
Emily Thompson ◽  
Oksana Deyneka ◽  
Kimmy Laboca
Keyword(s):  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract Objectives Proper nutrition is essential to athletic performance, yet many collegiate athletes fail to obtain adequate energy and nutrients to meet recommendations. Additionally, athletes’ healthy eating intentions do not always align with their actual dietary behaviors. The objective of this study is to assess the dietary intakes and the food and nutrition related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (KAB) of collegiate athletes at the University of [blinded]. Methods For this cross-sectional analysis, athletes will be recruited via email (goal sample size of n = 40) to complete a web-based survey consisting of demographic information, food and nutrition related KAB, and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The FFQ will be modified from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Food Questionnaire and ask about foods, beverages, and supplements consumed in the last 30 days. The KAB questions will focus on food and nutrition related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. The knowledge portion will consist of the validated Abridged Nutrition for Sport Questionnaire. The attitude and behavior sections will consist of questions created by a Dietetics and Nutrition (DN) graduate student, assessed by current DN faculty for content validity, and pilot-tested in a sub-sample of collegiate athletes at another institution. Survey respondents will have the option to receive a $5 discount code for use at the [blinded] Campus Store and/or be entered to win one of three test packages from the Human Performance Lab (HPL) at [blinded]. The test package will include one BOD POD test and one VO2max test. Data will be analyzed to assess the dietary intakes and the food and nutrition related KAB. Results N/A (study protocol). Conclusions Assessing the dietary intakes and the food and nutrition related KAB of collegiate athletes at [blinded] will help to inform the development of future nutrition education materials and programs. We also hope to strengthen interprofessional ties between the DN Department and [binded] Athletics and to establish a partnership for future opportunities for collaboration that will contribute to student and athlete success. Funding Sources Round 2, FY20 [blinded] Faculty Development Grant.

scholarly journals High sodium food consumption pattern among Malaysian population

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Hasnan Ahmad ◽  
Cheong Siew Man ◽  
Fatimah Othman ◽  
Feng J. He ◽  
Ruhaya Salleh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Soy Sauce ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Sodium

Abstract Background Sodium is an essential mineral needed by the human body that must be obtained from food. An excess intake, however, can lead to many diseases. As food is the main source of sodium, this study aims to provide information on high sodium food consumption patterns in the Malaysian adult population. Methods The Malaysian Community Salt Study (MyCoSS) was a nationwide cross-sectional study, conducted between October 2017 and March 2018. A multistage complex sample was applied to select a nationally representative sample of respondents aged 18 years and above. Face to face interview by a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) comprising 104 food items was used to gain information on high sodium food consumption patterns. Results A total of 1047 respondents were involved in this study, with 1032 (98.6%) answering the FFQ. From the number, 54.1% exceed the recommendation of sodium intake <2000mg/day by FFQ assessment. The results also demonstrated that fried vegetables (86.4%) were the most common high sodium food consumed, followed by bread (85.9%) and omelet (80.3%). In urban areas, bread was the most common while fried vegetables took the lead in rural areas. By sex, bread was most commonly eaten by males and fried vegetables by females. The results also found that kolok mee/kampua mee contributed the highest sodium, 256.5mg/day in 9.0% adult population, followed by soy sauce 248.1mg/day in 33.2% adult population, and curry noodles 164.2mg/day in 18.5% adult population. Conclusion Fried vegetables, bread, and soy sauce were the main source of sodium consumption among adult. Reducing the amount of sodium added to these foods should be the top priority to reduce population sodium intake and thereby prevent sodium-related diseases in Malaysia.

scholarly journals PERBEDAAN RATA-RATA LINGKAR PERUT, KONSUMSI KARBOHIDRAT, DAN NATRIUM LANSIA HIPERTENSI PRIMER STAGE 1 DENGAN STAGE 2 PUSKESMAS ARJUNO KOTA MALANG

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-91
Author(s):  
Agatha Derta Donira ◽  
Diah Mulyawati Utari
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Primary Hypertension ◽  
Abdominal Circumference ◽  
P Value ◽  
Average Difference ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Sodium Consumption

The risk factors for hypertension are abdominal obesity, carbohydrate and sodium intake. The purpose of this study to determine the average difference in abdominal circumference, carbohydrate, and sodium consumption in elderly patients with stage 1 primary hypertension and stage 2 in the Arjuno Public Health, Malang City. The research method used a cross sectional design, during November 2016. The sampling technique used purposive sampling, the inclusion criteria were aged >55 years and suffering from primary hypertension. Abdominal circumference was measured using metlin, carbohydrate and sodium consumption obtained from a 1x24 hour recall interview. Data analysis used independent t test and Mann Whitney. The results showed that there was a difference in the average sodium consumption of the elderly with stage 1 primary hypertension and stage 2 from a significant p-value (p=0,032).  Meanwhile, abdominal circumference and carbohydrate intake did not show an average difference between the elderly with primary hypertension stage 1 and stage 2 (p=0,580; p=0,332).The results showed that there was no difference in the average abdominal circumference and carbohydrate consumption with the hypertension stage, but there was an average difference between sodium consumption in the elderly with primary hypertension stage 1 and stage 2. It is recommended to provide education to the elderly in the work area of ​​the Arjuno Health Center Malang City about a balanced nutritional diet, low in carbohydrates, and low in sodium to keep his blood pressure more stable. Further research to widen the age range towards a younger and increase the number of samples.

scholarly journals OVERVIEW OF HIGH SODIUM EATING HABITS BEFORE AND AFTER COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-144
Author(s):  
Afina Rachma Sulistyaning ◽  
Farida Farida
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
System A ◽  
Unhealthy Eating ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Healthy Eating Habits

National and global reports showed a high prevalence of sodium intake above the recommended threshold. The pandemic situation might have altered people's eating habits into a healthier diet to improve the immunity system. A high-sodium diet, which has previously been reported as a substantial contributor to several degenerative diseases, might be considered unhealthy eating habits. This study aimed to analyze whether the Covid-19 pandemic has changed the eating habits of high sodium foods and drinks in college students. This cross-sectional study used a food frequency and perception questionnaire in December 2019 - August 2020, conducted in direct interviews and online questionnaires. Forty-three college students enrolled in the present study as respondents. The number of respondents with above-average high sodium eating habits decreased during the covid-19 pandemic, although not statistically significant (p 0.05). More than 60 percent of respondents admitted no significant changes in packaged foods and drinks intake, even though 79.1 percent of respondents reported healthier food and drinks intake during the Covid-19 pandemic. College students/adolescent needs to restrict their consumption of high sodium foods and drinks, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic to improve the immune system. It is also important to emphasize on the massive and continuous promotion of healthy eating habits among college students. Keywords: Covid-19, eating habits, sodium, pandemic ABSTRAK Data nasional dan global menunjukkan tingginya prevalensi konsumsi sodium diatas batas rekomendasi asupan. Kondisi pandemi Covid-19 dapat mengubah pola konsumsi masyarakat menjadi lebih sehat untuk meningkatkan sistem imun. Diet tinggi natrium dilaporkan sebagai penyebab penting dalam perkembangan berbagai penyakit degeneratif, sehingga dapat dikategorikan sebagai kebiasaan makan yang tidak sehat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis apakah pandemi Covid-19 telah mengubah kebiasaan makan dan minum tinggi natrium di kalangan mahasiswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode cross-sectional dengan kuesioner FFQ dan persepsi makan. Penelitian ini berlangsung pada Desember 2019 – Agustus 2020 yang dilaksanakan secara wawancara langsung dan menggunakan kuesioner online. Responden terdiri dari 43 mahasiswa. Jumlah responden dengan pola konsumsi tinggi natrium menurun selama pandemi Covid-19 meskipun tidak signifikan (p 0.05). Lebih dari 60 persen responden mengakui tidak ada perubahan signifikan terkait konsumsi makanan dan minuman kemasan , meskipun 79.1 persen melaporkan konsumsi makanan dan minuman menjadi lebih sehat selama pandemi. Mahasiswa/remaja perlu mengurangi konsumsi makanan dan minuman tinggi natrium, terutama selama masa pandemi Covid-19 untuk meningkatkan sistem imun. Penting untuk diperhatikan bahwa promosi pola konsumsi makanan sehat di lingkup mahasiswa perlu dilakukan dengan langkah yang masif dan berkelanjutan. Kata kunci: Covid-19, pola makan, natrium, pandemi

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