scholarly journals Management strategies for aflatoxin risk mitigation in maize, dairy feeds and milk value chains—case study Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesa V Joutsjoki ◽  
Hannu J Korhonen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Food And Feed

Abstract Widespread aflatoxin contamination of a great number of food and feed crops has important implications on global trade and health. Frequent occurrence of aflatoxin in maize and milk poses serious health risks to consumers because these commodities are staple foods in many African countries. This situation calls for development and implementation of rigorous aflatoxin control measures that encompass all value chains, focusing on farms where food and feed-based commodities prone to aflatoxin contamination are cultivated. Good agricultural practices (GAP) have proven to be an effective technology in mitigation and management of the aflatoxin risk under farm conditions. The prevailing global climate change is shown to increase aflatoxin risk in tropical and subtropical regions. Thus, there is an urgent need to devise and apply novel methods to complement GAP and mitigate aflatoxin contamination in the feed, maize and milk value chains. Also, creation of awareness on aflatoxin management through training of farmers and other stakeholders and enforcement of regular surveillance of aflatoxin in food and feed chains are recommended strategies. This literature review addresses the current situation of aflatoxin occurrence in maize, dairy feeds and milk produced and traded in Kenya and current technologies applied to aflatoxin management at the farm level. Finally, a case study in Kenya on successful application of GAP for mitigation of aflatoxin risk at small-scale farms will be reviewed.

scholarly journals The Benefits of Combining Global and Local Data—A Showcase for Valuation and Mapping of Mangrove Climate Regulation and Food Provisioning Services within a Protected Area in Pará, North Brazil

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 432
Author(s):  
Robin Gutting ◽  
Ralf-Uwe Syrbe ◽  
Karsten Grunewald ◽  
Ulf Mehlig ◽  
Véronique Helfer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Food Provisioning ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Climate Regulation ◽  
North Brazil ◽  
Species Specific

Mangrove forests provide a large variety of ecosystem services (ES) to coastal societies. Using a case study focusing on the Ajuruteua peninsula in Northern Brazil and two ES, food provisioning (ES1) and global climate regulation (ES2), this paper proposes a new framework for quantifying and valuing mangrove ES and allow for their small-scale mapping. We modelled and spatialised the two ES from different perspectives, the demand (ES1) and the supply (ES2) side respectively. This was performed by combining worldwide databases related to the global human population (ES1) or mangrove distribution and canopy height (ES2) with locally derived parameters, such as crab catches (ES1) or species-specific allometric equations based on local estimates of tree structural parameters (ES2). Based on this approach, we could estimate that the area delivers the basic nutrition of about 1400 households, which equals 2.7 million USD, and that the mangrove biomass in the area contains 2.1 million Mg C, amounting to 50.9 million USD, if it were paid as certificates. In addition to those figures, we provide high-resolution maps showing which areas are more valuable for the two respective ES, information that could help inform management strategies in the future.

scholarly journals Advances in molecular and genomic research to safeguard food and feed supply from aflatoxin contamination

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Bhatnagar ◽  
K. Rajasekaran ◽  
M. Gilbert ◽  
J.W. Cary ◽  
N. Magan
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Safety Issue ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Feed Safety ◽  
Food And Feed Safety

Worldwide recognition that aflatoxin contamination of agricultural commodities by the fungus Aspergillus flavus is a global problem has significantly benefitted from global collaboration for understanding the contaminating fungus, as well as for developing and implementing solutions against the contamination. The effort to address this serious food and feed safety issue has led to a detailed understanding of the taxonomy, ecology, physiology, genomics and evolution of A. flavus, as well as strategies to reduce or control pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination, including (1) biological control, using atoxigenic aspergilli, (2) proteomic and genomic analyses for identifying resistance factors in maize as potential breeding markers to enable development of resistant maize lines, and (3) enhancing host-resistance by bioengineering of susceptible crops, such as cotton, maize, peanut and tree nuts. A post-harvest measure to prevent the occurrence of aflatoxin contamination in storage is also an important component for reducing exposure of populations worldwide to aflatoxins in food and feed supplies. The effect of environmental changes on aflatoxin contamination levels has recently become an important aspect for study to anticipate future contamination levels. The ability of A. flavus to produce dozens of secondary metabolites, in addition to aflatoxins, has created a new avenue of research for understanding the role these metabolites play in the survival and biodiversity of this fungus. The understanding of A. flavus, the aflatoxin contamination problem, and control measures to prevent the contamination has become a unique example for an integrated approach to safeguard global food and feed safety.

scholarly journals UPAYA MITIGASI RISIKO PEMBIAYAAN MURABAHAH PADA KSPPS BMT AMANAH UMMAH SURABAYA

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 1578
Author(s):  
Elicha Pusparini ◽  
Muhammad Nafik Hadi Ryandono
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Risk Control ◽  
Standard Operating Procedure ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Basic Law ◽  
Financing Risk

Sharia Cooperation as a micro financial institution does its function to collect and distribute money. Sharia cooperation, as how it works, is initiated by its members, for the members, and from the members. Therefore, the fund channeling done by sharia cooperation is only focusing to the members’ welfare. On doing the business, BMT utilizes Sharia contracts such as mudharabah, musyarakah, murabahah, and many more. BMT which was established based on cooperation basic law, must follow the provisions from Ministry of Cooperation in carrying out the business activities.This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. The results of this study are risk control measures in murabahah financing contained in the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). The form of risk control is directed at risk mitigation actions, if risk mitigation is less accurate it will lead to problematic financing. To reduce the number of problematic financing is carried out with preventive measures when submitting, analyzing, realizing and paying off. By focusing on these stages, the possibility of a risk can be minimized.Keywords: Risk, Financing Risk, Murabahah Agreement, Sharia Cooperative, BMT

Aflatoxin contamination and recommendations to improve its control: a review

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
L.D. Kaale ◽  
M.E. Kimanya ◽  
I.J. Macha ◽  
N. Mlalila
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Creative Art ◽  
Health Concept ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
On Line

Aflatoxin producing fungi cause contamination of food and feed resulting in health hazards and economic loss. It is imperative to develop workable control measures throughout the food chain to prevent and reduce aflatoxin contamination. This is a critical review of contemporary published papers in the field. It is a review of reports from the original aflatoxin researches conducted on foods, from 2015-2020. Most of the reports show high aflatoxin contaminations in food at levels that exceed a regulatory limit of 20 μg/kg and 4 μg/kg set for foods for human consumption in the USA and European Union, respectively. The highest aflatoxin concentration (3,760 μg/kg) was observed in maize. Some of the strategies being deployed in aflatoxin control include application of biocontrol agents, specifically of Aflasafe™, development of resistant crop varieties, and application of other good agricultural practices. We recommend the adoption of emerging technologies such as combined methods technology (CMT) or hurdle technology, one health concept (OHC), improved regulations, on-line monitoring of aflatoxins, and creative art intervention (CAI) to prevent or restrict the growth of target aflatoxin causative fungi.

scholarly journals Mycotoxins that affect the North American agri-food sector: state of the art and directions for the future

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D. Miller ◽  
A.W. Schaafsma ◽  
D. Bhatnagar ◽  
G. Bondy ◽  
I. Carbone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
The North ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
The Impact

This paper summarises workshop discussions at the 5th international MYCORED meeting in Ottawa, Canada (June 2012) with over 200 participants representing academics, government and industry scientists, government officials and farming organisations (present in roughly equal proportions) from 27 countries. Workshops centred on how mycotoxins in food and feed affect value chains and trade in the region covered by the North American Free Trade Agreement. Crops are contaminated by one or more of five important mycotoxins in parts of Canada and the United States every year, and when contaminated food and feed are consumed in amounts above tolerable limits, human and animal health are at risk. Economic loss from such contamination includes reduced crop yield, grain quality, animal productivity and loss of domestic and export markets. A systematic effort by grain producers, primary, transfer, and terminal elevators, millers and food and feed processers is required to manage these contaminants along the value chain. Workshops discussed lessons learned from investments in plant genetics, fungal genomics, toxicology, analytical and sampling science, management strategies along the food and feed value chains and methods to ameliorate the effects of toxins in grain on animal production and on reducing the impact of mycotoxins on population health in developing countries. These discussions were used to develop a set of priorities and recommendations.

scholarly journals Spatial-Temporal Changes of Soil Respiration across China and the Response to Land Cover and Climate Change

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiqun Wen ◽  
Xiaowei Chuai ◽  
Shanchi Li ◽  
Song Song ◽  
Jiasheng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon ◽  
Geostatistical Model

Soil respiration (Rs) plays an important role in the carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems. Quantifying the spatial and temporal variations in Rs in China at the regional scale helps improve our understanding of the variations in terrestrial carbon budgets that occur in response to global climate and environmental changes and potential future control measures. In this study, we used a regional-scale geostatistical model that incorporates gridded meteorological and pedologic data to evaluate the spatial Rs variations in China from 2000 to 2013. We analysed the relationship between Rs and environmental factors, and suggest management strategies that may help to keep the terrestrial carbon balance. The simulated results demonstrate that the mean annual Rs value over these 14 years was 422 g/m2/year, and the corresponding total amount was 4.01 Pg C/year. The Rs estimation displayed a clear spatial pattern and a slightly increasing trend. Further analysis also indicated that high Rs values may occur in areas that show a greater degree of synchronicity in the timing of their optimal temperature and moisture conditions. Moreover, cultivated vegetation exhibits higher Rs values than native vegetation. Finally, we suggest that specific conservation efforts should be focused on ecologically sensitive areas where the Rs values increase significantly.

scholarly journals METODOLOGIA DE AVALIAÇÃO DO RISCO EM PLANOS DE SEGURANÇA DE ÁGUAS RESIDUAIS. APLICAÇÃO A UM CASO DE ESTUDO

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
António Sampaio Duarte ◽  
Fernando Castanheira Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Sanitation Systems

<p>Na prossecução dos objetivos do milénio da ONU, o aumento e melhoraria do acesso a sistemas de saneamento básico seguros e sustentáveis continuam a ser uma prioridade de intervenção crítica e essencial para salvaguarda da saúde humana e qualidade de vida das populações. O desenvolvimento, implementação e monitorização de Planos de Segurança, aplicados às diferentes fases do ciclo urbano da água, são uma estratégia crucial, recomendada pela OMS, para prevenção, análise e mitigação do risco associado a perigos e eventos perigosos com impacto nocivo na saúde pública e no meio ambiente. O objectivo deste trabalho é dar um contributo metodológico para a análise do risco em Planos de Segurança de Águas Residuais (PSAR), por meio quer da formulação de um novo método semiquantitativo de avaliação do risco em PSAR e sua aplicação a um caso de estudo, quer de uma abordagem integrada do sistema de saneamento, incluindo as suas interações com a respectiva bacia hidrográfica. Concluiu-se que o nível e tipologia do risco dependem da abrangência geográfica da bacia hidrográfica considerada, a qual influencia não só a diversidade dos perigos e eventos perigosos identificados, mas também a definição das medidas de controle do risco a implementar, resultantes da necessária abordagem de barreiras múltiplas, no sentido de eliminar ou minimizar os riscos para os diversos utilizadores e operadores de um sistema urbano de águas residuais.</p><p> </p><p align="center">RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY IN WASTEWATER SAFETY PLANS. A CASE STUDY</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>In pursuit of the UN's millennium goals, increasing and improving access to safe and sustainable sanitation systems remains a critical intervention priority to safeguard human health, life quality and population wellness. The development, implementation and monitoring of Safety Plans, applied to the different sections of the urban water cycle, is a crucial strategy, recommended by WHO, for the prevention, analysis and risk mitigation due to hazards and dangerous events with a harmful impact on public health and the environment. This work intends to make a methodological contribution for risk analysis in Wastewater Safety Plans (WWSP), through a comprehensive approach to the full sanitation system, including its catchment watershed interaction, and the proposal of a new semi-quantitative risk assessment method applied to a case study. It was concluded that the risk level and typology depends on the geographical scope of the considered watershed, which significantly influences not only the diversity of identified hazards and dangerous events, but also the definition of risk control measures to be implemented, arising from a multiple barriers approach, in order to provide a risk mitigation for the several wastewater system users and operators.</p>

scholarly journals AnthropogenicSusceptibility to environmental variability of the aquaculture sector in the State of Colima, Mexico: case study

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 649-656
Author(s):  
Marco Agustin Liñan-Cabello ◽  
Ana Luz Quintanilla-Montoya ◽  
Cesar Sepúlveda-Quiroz ◽  
Omar D. Cervantes-Rosas
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
The State ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
And Control ◽  
Aquaculture Production

In Mexico, as in many other Latin American countries, the lack of a development plan and/or prevention in aquaculture to environmental variability is evident. In the State of Colima, aquaculture presents lags in terms of technical and productive capacity especially for growing tilapia Oreochromis spp. Surveys were performed to farmers and experts, in addition to consulting scientific literature sources, and identifying different risk factors arising from the practice of aquaculture in order to assess the vulnerability of the sector. The main risk factor associated with hydrometeorological phenomena, for which the need to define high-risk areas, even more, given the uncertainty of the same due to global climate change is recognized. This study proposes to implement a comprehensive program of technological conversion and control measures for alien species that also consider aquaculture production schemes based on the efficient use of water, and to consider using this endemic species for cultivation.

The 'omics' tools: genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and their potential for solving the aflatoxin contamination problem

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Bhatnagar ◽  
K. Rajasekaran ◽  
G. Payne ◽  
R. Brown ◽  
J. Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Fungal Invasion ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Crop Resistance ◽  
Food And Feed

Aflatoxins are highly carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced primarily by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxin contamination of food and feed is an age old problem of particular concern over the last four decades. Now, for the first time control measures for this problem appear within reach. For practical and sustainable control of aflatoxin contamination to be realised, however, additional information is needed rather rapidly, particularly for understanding the specific molecular factors (both in the plant and the fungus) involved during host plant-fungus interaction. The information derived from the use of novel tools such as genomics, proteomics and metabolomics provides us with the best and the quickest opportunity to achieve a clear understanding of the survival of toxigenic fungi in the field, the ability of the fungus to invade crops, and the process of toxin contamination under various environmental conditions. Significant progress has been made recently in understanding the genomic makeup of the most significant aflatoxin producing field fungus, namely Aspergillus flavus. Progress also has been made in the study of host crop resistance to fungal invasion through the use of proteomics. The information available on production of aflatoxin and other metabolites by Aspergillus flavus is reasonably extensive, although the application of metabolomics as a tool in this study is relatively new. In this review there is a discussion of the use of genomics, proteomics and metabolomics in deriving the requisite information for developing effective strategies to interrupt the machinery in the fungus for production of these toxins, as well as to assist in the development of host-resistance against fungal invasion and aflatoxin contamination of crops.

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