12. Securitization

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Emmers
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Iraq War ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Environmental Security ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Undocumented Migration ◽  
Copenhagen School ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter examines the Copenhagen School and its securitization model. The Copenhagen School broadens the definition of security by encompassing five different sectors: military, political, societal, economic, and environmental security. It first provides an overview of the Copenhagen School’s securitization model before discussing its application to empirical research as well as the limitations of the securitization model. It then considers the role of the securitizing actor and the importance of the ‘speech act’ in convincing a specific audience of a threat’s existential nature. It argues that the Copenhagen School allows for non-military matters to be included in Security Studies while still offering a coherent understanding of the concept of security. It also describes the dangers and the negative connotations of securitizing an issue and concludes with some cases of securitization, including the securitization of undocumented migration, securitization of drug trafficking, and the failure of securitization in the Iraq War.

12. Securitization

2018 ◽  
pp. 173-188
Author(s):  
Ralf Emmers
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Iraq War ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Environmental Security ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Undocumented Migration ◽  
Copenhagen School ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter examines the Copenhagen School and its securitization model. The Copenhagen School broadens the definition of security by encompassing five different sectors: military, political, societal, economic, and environmental security. It first provides an overview of the Copenhagen School’s securitization model before discussing its application to empirical research as well as the limitations of the securitization model. It then considers the role of the securitizing actor and the importance of the ‘speech act’ in convincing a specific audience of a threat’s existential nature. It argues that the Copenhagen School allows for non-military matters to be included in Security Studies while still offering a coherent understanding of the concept of security. It also describes the dangers and the negative connotations of securitizing an issue and concludes with some cases of securitization, including the securitization of undocumented migration, securitization of drug trafficking, and the failure of securitization in the Iraq War.

Zanieczyszczenie powietrza jako zagrożenie bezpieczeństwa zdrowotnego w Polsce – w świetle teorii sekurytyzacji

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-176
Author(s):  
Joanna Stryjek
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Scientific Debate ◽  
Copenhagen School ◽  
The Eu

Nowadays, air pollution constitutes one of the most serious threats to human health and life. Poland belongs to the group of countries with the highest level of air pollution in the EU and OECD. The scale of the threat posed by air pollution shows its importance when it comes to the health security of the Polish citizens. However, the ongoing (political and scientific) debate on health security in Poland often ignores the problem of air pollution. The aim of the article is to 1) assess the threat currently posed by air pollution to health security in Poland, 2) locate the threat in the area of health security, and 3) analyse the process of transferring the problem of air pollution from the sphere of politics to the area of security, in accordance with the theory of securitization, developed by the Copenhagen School of Security Studies. Qualitative analysis of documents together with the application of the theory of securitization show that, in Poland, the state has started to play the role of an actor securitizing air pollution as an existential threat. Nevertheless, this process is at an early stage, and its further success depends, inter alia, on decisions and possibilities related to taking extraordinary measures to eliminate the threat posed by air pollution.

scholarly journals Securitización como supervivencia, securitización como actos del habla: crítica a la Escuela de Copenhague/ Securitization as Survival, Securitization as a Speech Act: A Critic to the Copenhagen School

2018 ◽  
pp. 58-69
Author(s):  
Michael Daniel Revelo
Keyword(s):  
Speech Act ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Speech Act Theory ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Central Focus ◽  
Copenhagen School ◽  
Referent Object

El presente trabajo evalúa los postulados y la aplicación de la teoría de securitización (TS) de la Escuela de Copenhague —Ole Wæver, Barry Buzan y Jaap de Wilde — para indagar sobre aquellos cuestionamientos que posicionan a esta como una teoría conservadora dentro de los estudios de seguridad por adoptar y reforzar principios propios de los enfoques tradicionales. Con dicho fin, se examina cómo afecta a la TS adoptar las concepciones de la seguridad como supervivencia y la producción de la seguridad a través de procesos intersubjetivos de construcción de amenazas bajo la lógica de la teoría de los actos del habla y los roles y funciones determinados para agentes securitizadores y audiencias que privilegian las experiencias de un grupo en detrimento de otros. Con base en el análisis de estos postulados, este documento critica la metodología propuesta por esta escuela, misma que restringe el cambio del objeto de referencia y la ampliación de la agenda de seguridad. Abstract The present paper addresses how the theoretical framework of the securitisation theory, conceived by the Copenhagen School, embraces unique features of the traditional security studies. Its central focus is the assessment of the conceptions of security as survival embedded in the logic of the speech act theory, and the characterisation of the role endows to the securitising agents and the audience. By analysing those, this work criticises the methodology proposed by the Copenhagen School that restrains the deepening of the referent object and the broadening of the security agenda.

scholarly journals Is securitization theory racist? Civilizationism, methodological whiteness, and antiblack thought in the Copenhagen School

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Howell ◽  
Melanie Richter-Montpetit
Keyword(s):  
Speech Act ◽  
Speech Act Theory ◽  
Racial Violence ◽  
Moral Imperative ◽  
Liberal Politics ◽  
The World ◽  
Copenhagen School ◽  
History Of ◽  
Securitization Theory

This article provides the first excavation of the foundational role of racist thought in securitization theory. We demonstrate that Copenhagen School securitization theory is structured not only by Eurocentrism but also by civilizationism, methodological whiteness, and antiblack racism. Classic securitization theory advances a conceptualization of ‘normal politics’ as reasoned, civilized dialogue, and securitization as a potential regression into a racially coded uncivilized ‘state of nature’. It justifies this through a civilizationist history of the world that privileges Europe as the apex of civilized ‘desecuritization’, sanitizing its violent (settler-) colonial projects and the racial violence of normal liberal politics. It then constructs a methodologically and normatively white framework that uses speech act theory to locate ‘progress’ towards normal politics and desecuritization in Europe, making becoming like Europe a moral imperative. Using ostensibly neutral terms, securitization theory prioritizes order over justice, positioning the securitization theorist as the defender of (white) ‘civilized politics’ against (racialized) ‘primal anarchy’. Antiblackness is a crucial building-block in this conceptual edifice: securitization theory finds ‘primal anarchy’ especially in ‘Africa’, casting it as an irrationally oversecuritized foil to ‘civilized politics’. We conclude by discussing whether the theory, or even just the concept of securitization, can be recuperated from these racist foundations.

scholarly journals An overview of the Copenhagen school’s approach to security studies: constructing (in)security through performative power

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-72
Author(s):  
Luiza-Maria Filimon
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Copenhagen School ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Research ◽  
Explanatory Concept ◽  
And Control ◽  
New Framework ◽  
Performative Power

Security has generally posed a challenge to those who have attempted to reach an ideal, comprehensive and encompassing definition of the concept. Orthodox perspectives have mainly focused on the state as a “harbinger” of security that defends its territory and citizens against external enemies through the acquisition of military grade weapons. Neorealist theorist, Stephen Walt defines security as “the study of threat, use, and control of military force” (1991, 212). Since security is a seemingly self-explanatory concept, it has also been rather underdeveloped to the point that International Relations theorist Barry Buzan argues that before the ‘80s, “conceptual literature on security” was rather neglected if not, a sorely absent field of inquiry (1983, 3-4). Buzan himself, along with Ole Wæver and Jaap de Wilde, proposed a new research agenda for security as evidenced in the book: “Security: A New Framework for Analysis” (1997). These authors are regarded as the main representatives of what today we refer to as the Copenhagen School of Security Studies. The present article provides an analysis of the Copenhagen School’s “good practices” on security and securitization as speech acts (Mutimer 2016, 93) and intersubjective processes (de Graaf 2011, 11), in order to address the performative power behind the contemporaneous security architecture and the security practices of threat construction.

scholarly journals Theoretical Views on Mechanisms of Formation of Speech Act

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Belyakova ◽  
Y Filatova
Keyword(s):  
System Analysis ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Functional System ◽  
Speech Fluency ◽  
Nonlinear Character ◽  
Mechanisms Of Formation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Internal Speech

The methodology of the modern logopaedic science becomes the expansion of knowledge through the study of the ‘internal speech patterns’ mechanisms and coming up to theoretical views on the role of some core transformations of speech system within the ontogenesis. The increase of understanding of formation processof speech act becomes possible through the use of interdisciplinary approach and system analysis. The article outlines issues related to the possibility of studying the hypothesis proposed by the authors: speech functional system (SFS) results into the action in the form of psychosensorimotor (PSM) speech stereotype. The parameters of PSM speech stereotype in native language are being formed by the age of 6–7.The functional system of speech act is considered in details: speech motivation, situational, auditory, kinesthetic, visual, and emotional afferentations, genetic and ontogenetic speech memory, afferent synthesis, etc. Special attention is paid to the speech fluency as an indicator of the rhythmic mechanisms formation of thebrain. The definition of speech fluency and its development in ontogenesis is shown. Stepwise and nonlinear character of speech fluency development in ontogenesis is experimentally proved. Keywords: speech functional system (SFS), speech act, psychosensorimotor (PSM) speech stereotype, rhythm, speech fluency, ontogenesis, system analysis

scholarly journals The illocution-prosody relationship and the Information Pattern in spontaneous speech according to the Language into Act Theory (L-AcT)

2018 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuela Cresti
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Information Analysis ◽  
The Core ◽  
New Information ◽  
Information Pattern ◽  
Definition Of

This paper introduces the question of the definition of reference units for speech, correlating with the necessary condition that they must be an adequate and useful means for analyzing large spoken corpora. According to Language into Act Theory (L-AcT), the utterance is the proper reference unit and the counterpart of the speech act (Austin 1962), being demarcated by prosody within the flow of speech. The pragmatic foundations of the utterance and its information structure will be described and are closely connected to the role of prosody in their identification. The pragmatic and information analysis of English and Romance examples are presented, which are taken from representative spoken corpora (C-ORAL-ROM, C-ORAL-BRAZIL, S. Barbara Corpus). Regarding the information structure, the Comment unit is considered the core of the Information Pattern and since its role is the expression of the illocution it automatically conveys the new information. The Comment may be accompanied and supported by other optional information units which are functionally differentiated. The Information Pattern is systematically demarcated by a Prosodic Pattern within an isomorphic correlation.

Mindfulness in educational context – theory, research and practice

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 2-9
Author(s):  
Aneta Gop
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Mindfulness Training ◽  
Educational Context ◽  
Specific Intervention ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Cognitive Mechanism ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Theory Research

This article is a short overview of mindfulness training in groups of children and adolescents. It starts with considering the needs of this specific intervention technique. In the next part it tries to discuss the definition of mindfulness, its cognitive mechanism and results of empirical research. In the last paragraphs the article shows examples of mindfulness training for children with practical suggestions for teaching mindfulness as well as the pedagogical role of mindfulness.

Pragmatics lost?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-218
Author(s):  
Fabienne Baider
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract This article argues for a definition of online hate speech as a contextualised speech act that is part of a social process of alienation. It suggests that hate speech comes in degrees, is contextual, involves already existing power dynamics, and ‘others’ its targets by creating in/out groups. I first review the various stances towards understanding the phenomenon of online hate speech, including approaches that focus on online hate speech as an interaction shaped by its medium, while also emphasizing the need to consider the role of implicatures in speech acts when defining hate speech. Second, I argue that the relationality of online speech implies that any message is embedded in idiosyncratic socio-cultural norms, and that therefore a ‘one size fits all’ definition of hate speech is elusive. I conclude by suggesting that contextualized hate speech is embedded in a social process of alienation and should be understood as a continuum.

Towards a consequentialist evaluation of security: bringing together the Copenhagen and the Welsh Schools of security studies

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
RITA FLOYD
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Security ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Security Sector ◽  
Critical Theories ◽  
Copenhagen School ◽  
Perception Of Security ◽  
Bridge Building ◽  
The Way

ABSTRACTThis article constitutes an attempted bridge-building between the so-called ‘Copenhagen School’ and the so-called ‘Welsh School’ of security studies. The thesis of communality rests upon an evaluative bifurcation of the concept of securitisation into positive and negative securitisation. In tandem with this lies a bifurcation of the concept of desecuritisation into positive and negative desecuritisation. The two positive concepts are believed to be of equal value, with both trumping over the two negative concepts.This evaluative strategy of securitisation/desecuritisation, it is hoped will combine the optimistic perception of security by ‘Welsh School’ critical security theorists, with the more pessimistic perception of security associated with the Copenhagen School – particularly with that of Ole Wæver, the originator of securitisation theory. Such a strategy is seen as advantageous for three reasons. First, it is believed that the more unified these critical theories are, the stronger a challenge they can offer to the mainstream of security studies; second, the more united the academy the more adoptable are its theories for policymakers (EU or otherwise) and third the strategy proposed here paves the way for a more evaluative engagement with security on the part of the analyst, allowing for normative – but denying infinite – conceptualisations of security.In order to show that there are differences between the utility of securitisation and desecuritisation, this article demonstrates the distinctions by way of illustrative examples, all of which are taken from the environmental security sector. By means of this practical application, the article will show that neither securitisation nor desecuritisation are, in and of themselves positive or negative. It is rather the case that the outcome of a securitisation/desecuritisation is always issue dependent – something reflected here in the suggested two-tier structure of securitisation.

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