scholarly journals The illocution-prosody relationship and the Information Pattern in spontaneous speech according to the Language into Act Theory (L-AcT)

2018 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuela Cresti
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Information Analysis ◽  
The Core ◽  
New Information ◽  
Information Pattern ◽  
Definition Of

This paper introduces the question of the definition of reference units for speech, correlating with the necessary condition that they must be an adequate and useful means for analyzing large spoken corpora. According to Language into Act Theory (L-AcT), the utterance is the proper reference unit and the counterpart of the speech act (Austin 1962), being demarcated by prosody within the flow of speech. The pragmatic foundations of the utterance and its information structure will be described and are closely connected to the role of prosody in their identification. The pragmatic and information analysis of English and Romance examples are presented, which are taken from representative spoken corpora (C-ORAL-ROM, C-ORAL-BRAZIL, S. Barbara Corpus). Regarding the information structure, the Comment unit is considered the core of the Information Pattern and since its role is the expression of the illocution it automatically conveys the new information. The Comment may be accompanied and supported by other optional information units which are functionally differentiated. The Information Pattern is systematically demarcated by a Prosodic Pattern within an isomorphic correlation.

scholarly journals Discourse Intonation and Information Structure: An Empirical Study of Existential There Constructions in Non-native Spontaneous Speech

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-153
Author(s):  
Judit Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Language Learners ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Sentence Type ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
New Information ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Discourse Intonation ◽  
Problematic Area ◽  
Accented English ◽  
The Given

Abstract The management of given and new information is one of the key components of accomplishing coherence in oral discourse, which is claimed to be a problematic area for language learners (Celce-Murcia, Dörnyei, and Thurrell 1995: 14). Research on discourse intonation proposes that instead of the given/new dichotomy, givenness should be viewed as a continuum, with different types of accessibility (Baumann & Grice 2006). Moreover, Prince (1992) previously categorized information structure into Hearer-old/Hearer-new and Discourse-old/Discourse-new information. There is consensus on the fact that focus or prominence associated with new information is marked with nuclear pitch accent, and its main acoustic cue, fundamental frequency (f0) (Ward & Birner 2001: 120). Non-native intonation has been reported to display numerous differences in f0 range and patterns compared to native speech (Wennerstrom 1994; Baker 2010). This study is an attempt to address the issue of marking information structure in existential there sentences by means of f0 in non-native spontaneous speech. Data originates from task-based interactions in the Wildcat Corpus of Native- and Foreign-Accented English (Van Engen et al. 2010). This paper examines two issues: (1) information structure in relation to the notions of givenness and different types of accessibility (Baumann & Grice 2006) and to Prince’s (1992) multidimensional taxonomy and (2) the use of f0 peaks to mark the prominence of new information. Several differences were measured among native speakers regarding the use of f0, sentence type, and complexity.

Paradigm Function Morphology: Assumptions and Innovations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Stump
Keyword(s):  
Inflectional Morphology ◽  
Formal Representation ◽  
The Core ◽  
Recent Innovation ◽  
Morphological Theory ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Fundamental Insight ◽  
Definition Of

Paradigm Function Morphology (PFM) is an evolving approach to modeling morphological systems in a precise and enlightening way. The fundamental insight of PFM is that words have both content and form and that in the context of an appropriately organized lexicon, a language’s morphology deduces a complex word’s form from its content. PFM is therefore a realizational theory: a language’s grammar and lexicon are assumed to provide a precise characterization of a word’s content, from which the language’s morphology then projects the corresponding form. Morphemes per se have no role in this theory; by contrast, paradigms have the essential role of defining the content that is realized by a language’s morphology. At the core of PFM is the notion of a paradigm function, a formal representation of the relation between a word’s content and its form; the definition of a language’s paradigm function is therefore the definition of its inflectional morphology. Recent elaborations of this idea assume a distinction between content paradigms and form paradigms, which makes it possible to account for a fact that is otherwise irreconcilable with current morphological theory—the fact that the set of morphosyntactic properties that determines a word’s syntax and semantics often differs from the set of properties (some of them morphomic) that determines a word’s inflectional form. Another recent innovation is the assumption that affixes and rules of morphology may be complex in the sense that they may be factored into smaller affixes and rules; the evidence favoring this assumption is manifold.

scholarly journals The role of deliberate practice in expert performance: revisiting Ericsson, Krampe & Tesch-Römer (1993)

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 190327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke N. Macnamara ◽  
Megha Maitra
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Deliberate Practice ◽  
Skill Level ◽  
Expert Performance ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
The Core ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Practice Teacher

We sought to replicate Ericsson, Krampe & Tesch-Römer's (Ericsson, Krampe & Tesch-Römer 1993 Psychol. Rev. 100 , 363–406) seminal study on deliberate practice. Ericsson et al . found that differences in retrospective estimates of accumulated amounts of deliberate practice corresponded to each skill level of student violinists. They concluded, ‘individual differences in ultimate performance can largely be accounted for by differential amounts of past and current levels of practice’ (p. 392). We reproduced the methodology with notable exceptions, namely (i) employing a double-blind procedure, (ii) conducting analyses better suited to the study design, and (iii) testing previously unanswered questions about teacher-designed practice—that is, we examined the way Ericsson et al . operationalized deliberate practice (practice alone), and their theoretical but previously unmeasured definition of deliberate practice (teacher-designed practice), and compared them. We did not replicate the core finding that accumulated amounts of deliberate practice corresponded to each skill level. Overall, the size of the effect was substantial, but considerably smaller than the original study's effect size. Teacher-designed practice was perceived as less relevant to improving performance on the violin than practice alone. Further, amount of teacher-designed practice did not account for more variance in performance than amount of practice alone. Implications for the deliberate practice theory are discussed.

scholarly journals Motivated cognition, conspiratorial epistemology, and bullshit: A model of post-factual political discourse

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Kovic ◽  
Christian Caspar ◽  
Adrian Rauchfleisch
Keyword(s):  
Political Discourse ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
Motivated Cognition ◽  
Bridging Social Capital ◽  
New Information ◽  
Epistemic Dimension ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Societal Problems ◽  
Instrumental Goal

We propose a definition of post-factual political discourse as a discursive attitude that consists of three components: Motivated reasoning, conspiratorial epistemology, and bullshit. Motivated reasoning means that any piece of new information will never weaken pre-existing beliefs; it is a form of confirmation bias. Conspiratorial epistemology occurs when information that contradicts pre-existing beliefs is automatically dismissed because it was allegedly manufactured by some conspiracy; evidence for that conspiracy and for the falsity of the dismissed information is not presented. Bullshit is a speach act with which the speaker aims to achieve only some instrumental goal; whether the uttered speech act is true or not is of no consequence to the speaker. Post-factual political discourse is a challenge for democracy because it erodes the epistemic dimension of democracy (thereby making it difficult, if not impossible to identify and solve societal problems) and because it erodes bridging social capital (thereby increasing polarization and tribalization).

scholarly journals The Cheshire explainer. Musings about the training of explainers

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (04) ◽  
pp. C06
Author(s):  
Antonio Gomes da Costa
Keyword(s):  
Science Communication ◽  
Clear Definition ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Scientific Training ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Core ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Definition Of

The profession of explainer is still pretty much undefined and underrated and the training of explainers is many times deemed to be a luxury. In the following pages we make the argument that three main factors contribute to this state of affairs and, at the same time, we try to show why the training of explainers should really be at the core of any science communication institution. These factors are: an erroneous perception of what a proper scientific training means for explainers; a lack of clear definition of the aptitudes and role of explainers required by institutions that are evolving and diversifying their missions; and an organizational model based on top-down practices of management and activity development which underappreciates the potential of the personnel working directly with the public.

Part II Ambit of Protection, 6 Investment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
McLachlan Campbell ◽  
Shore Laurence ◽  
Weiniger Matthew
Keyword(s):  
Minority Shareholders ◽  
Central Concept ◽  
Holding Companies ◽  
Host State ◽  
The Core ◽  
Investment Treaties ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Portfolio Investments ◽  
Made In

Chapter 6 explores the central concept of ‘investment’. It first considers the core question of the definition of ‘investment’ under the ICSID Convention and under investment treaties. It then takes up four important issues: (1) the time when an investment is made in relation to the temporal scope of the treaty protections; (2) the extent to which pre-contract investment may obtain treaty protection; (3) the place of an investment; and (4) the role of host State law in defining ‘investment’. It then analyses a set of problems that arise out of indirect investments: the relation between the losses suffered by a subsidiary in the host State and the investor’s investment; the rights of minority shareholders; claims brought by holding companies; corporate restructuring as a means to gain the advantage of investment treaties; the position of ultimate beneficiaries; and the position of portfolio investments.

Discussion Forum: The Dawkins Reforms and Psychology

1995 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 40-43
Author(s):  
Alan Robson
Keyword(s):  
Applied Research ◽  
Free Enterprise ◽  
Free Markets ◽  
Tertiary Institutions ◽  
The Core ◽  
Lower Tier ◽  
Research And Teaching ◽  
Technical Institutes ◽  
Definition Of

Suggestions that psychology lacks academic substance are common. Recently, in an article in the Australian newspaper, Emeritus Professor John Sutcliffe described it as a “dicky-shirt” discipline -- all form and no substance (Sutcliffe, 1994). He wrapped his observation into a general attack on the Dawkins education reforms which he correctly blames for eroding the intellectual core of Australian academic life. Many academics share Sutcliffe's concerns.The Dawkins reforms are an uneasy blend of populism and commercialism aimed at achieving the Labour government's economic goal of a “clever country”. Most conspicuously, they have involved the incorporation of former technical institutes into large multi-campus universities. The result has been the physical extension of a university presence across the country into some improbable rural backwaters. Inevitably these dramatic changes in the size and spread of universities have been accompanied by a change in the definition of the role of universities. Topics of study which were once the domain of lower tier tertiary institutions now find a place in the core academic centres. The result has been a shift in the balance of academic interest from abstract to applied research and teaching.Feeding into these changes has been what Sutcliffe describes as a “money-driven” ethos. After decades of intervention to redress inequalities and irrationalities stemming from the operation of free markets, Labour governments in various parts of the West have capitulated to historical forces and pre-emptively embraced the free enterprise policies of the traditional right.

Separation of Religion and State in Stable Christian Democracies: Fact or Myth?

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Fox
Keyword(s):  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
Religious Minorities ◽  
Political Concern ◽  
Religion And State ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Role Of Religion

This study compares separation of religion and state (SRAS) as it is conceived in theory with its realization in practice in 40 stable Christian democracies between 1990 and 2008 based on data from the Religion and State Round 2 dataset. There is no agreement in the literature on how SRAS ought to be conceived. Many scholars argue that SRAS is a necessary condition for liberal democracies. The present study examines four models of SRAS found in the literature, and a non-SRAS model that addresses the appropriate role of religion in democracies: secularism-laicism, absolute SRAS, neutral political concern, exclusion of ideals, and acceptable support for religion. The study analyzes three factors: (a) whether the state supports one or some religions more than others; (b) the extent of religious legislation; and (c) restrictions on the religious practices and institutions of religious minorities. The analysis shows that depending on the definition of SRAS used, between zero and eight of the 40 countries practice SRAS. Based on this finding, I conclude that either SRAS is not a necessary condition for liberal democracy or many states commonly considered to be liberal democracies are not.

scholarly journals Complex Characteristic of Zircon from Granitoids of the Verkhneurmiysky Massif (Amur Region)

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Maria M. Machevariani ◽  
Alexey V. Alekseenko ◽  
Jaume Bech
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Fluid Phase ◽  
Secondary Alteration ◽  
Complex Characteristic ◽  
Correct Definition ◽  
New Information ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Zircon Morphology ◽  
Definition Of

The study presents a complex characteristic of zircon from the Verkhneurmiysky intrusive series with Li-F granites. A wide range of morphological and chemical properties of zircon allowed us to obtain new information on the formation and alteration of zircon from biotite and zinnwaldite granitoids and to determine its features, which contribute to the correct definition of Li-F granites formed directly before the tin mineralization. The reviled trends of zircon morphology and composition evolution in the Verkhneurmiysky granites series are: the high-temperature morphotypes are followed by low-temperature ones with more complicated internal structure with secondary alteration zones, mineral inclusions, pores, and cracks; the increasing concentration of volatile (H2O, F), large ion lithophile (Cs, Sr), high field strength (Hf, Nb) and rare-earth elements with decreasing crystallization temperatures and the determining role of the fluid phase (predominantly, F) in the trace element accumulation. The composition of zircon cores in biotite and zinnwaldite granites is very similar. However, the zircon rims from zinnwaldite granites are much more enriched in trace elements compared to those from biotite granites. The first study of zircon from the Verkhneurmiysky granitoids provides new data on the formation and alteration conditions of granitoids, including zinnwaldite ones.

scholarly journals Lady Six Sky and the Definition of Ritual Space at Naranjo

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Alan Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Classic Maya ◽  
Late Classic ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Ritual Space ◽  
New Information ◽  
Maya Civilization ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
Definition Of

Through a broad discussion on the full monumental program at Naranjo during the reigns of Lady Six Sky and her son K'ak Tiliw Chan Chaak, this article provides new information about the role of women in Late Classic Maya civilization (AD 600-900). A detailed exploration of the distinct trends in the monumental program from 682-741 AD supports the primary argument for Lady Sky Six’s underlying importance in ritual representation. The author finds considerable evidence that suggests the transfer of power from mother to son during the latter years of Lady Sky Six. A concluding discussion of Naranjo focuses on spatial analysis of the monuments spread across the site core in relation to dual-gendered ritual space, as well as contrasting martial and mythological imagery.

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