Developmental Trajectories of Picture-Based Object Representations during the First Year of Life

Experience with an object’s photo changes 9-month-olds’ preference for the referent object, confirming they can form picture-based object representations (Shinskey & Jachens, 2014). However, infants’ picture-based representations often appear weaker than object-based ones. The current study’s first objective was to investigate age differences in infants’ recognition memory for a real object after familiarization with its picture. The second objective was to test whether age differences in object permanence sensitivity with picture-based representations conceptually replicate those found with object-based representations, whereby 7-month-olds search more for familiar hidden objects but 11-month-olds search more for novel ones (Shinskey & Munakata, 2005; 2010). Twenty 6-month-olds and 20 11-month-olds were familiarized with an object’s photo and tested on their representation of the real referent object by comparing their preferential reaching for it versus a novel distractor object. The objects were visible in one condition testing recognition memory and hidden in another condition testing object permanence. Like 9-month-olds, 6- and 11-month-olds had a novelty preference with visible objects. This finding shows robust early recognition memory for an object after familiarization with its photo as well as developmental continuity. Unlike 9-month-olds, who switched to a familiarity preference with hidden objects, 6- and 11-month-olds switched to null preference. This U-shaped pattern fails to conceptually replicate 7- and 11-month-olds’ preferences with hidden objects after familiarization with a real object. It reveals discontinuity in sensitivity to an object’s permanence after familiarization with its picture, and suggests that such picture-based representations are weaker than object-based ones.

Local Ownership, Legitimacy, and Peacebuilding

This chapter considers two fundamental questions at the core of the local ownership norm—ownership of what and ownership by whom—in light of fragmenting consensus around the very meaning of peacebuilding. In the first place, the referent object of ownership—the idea of a distinct, coherent, and self-contained peace process—is becoming increasingly elusive in most war-to-peace transitions, and increasingly difficult to differentiate from broader social, political, or economic developments that profoundly shape the nature of postwar transitions. At the same time, there has been a deepening polarization of views around who precisely counts as a relevant local for the purposes of peacebuilding, and an ongoing failure to bridge elite-centric and everyday-centric understandings of local agency. Both trends have significant implications for the future of peacebuilding as a coherent project.

Conclusion

This chapter reconceptualises the findings from Zika to the global level to understand what global heath security can learn from unpacking this health emergency and how global health security policy can be made more gender inclusive. It also readdress the state-centric focus of the global health security narrative, which has systematically excluded women, through repositioning women as the referent object of securitisation. The chapter suggests that women’s needs and lived reality should be taken into consideration and that policy might be developed which makes tangible approaches to counteracting the risks posed to women, rather than focusing on broader systems, economies or societies. Finally, it considers that the book has not done justice to women’s agency within outbreaks, and painting them as victims of a broader structural failure within third wave feminism overlooks the activities that women have undertaken to protect themselves from disease or its effects.

TITIK BERANGKAT STRATEGI KEAMANAN NASIONAL

Keamanan (security) dalam konteks politik negara dan hubungan internasional adalah sebuah konsep yang menawarkan jaminan di mana tiap warga negara, masyarakat, dan negara dapat hidup dalam keadaan aman. Konsep ini cukup kontroversial karena setidaknya memuat dua hal: fleksibilitas definisi ancaman (notion of threat) dan subjektivitas dari referent object (komunitas masyarakat atau negara) . Keduanya saling berkait. Ancaman dapat didefinisikan oleh referent object yang biasanya diperankan negara atau rezim pemerintah. Begitu ditentukan definisinya, negara mulai menggambarkan jenis dan skala ancaman terhadap teritori, kedaulatan, ideologi.

The Problems of Knowledge in Policymaking

Securitization does not happen in a vacuum. Key functional actors can play a very important role in helping the securitizing actor to understand the nature of the threat to the referent object. In foreign policy, this is particularly true when the policymakers are not familiar with the issue at hand and, therefore, there is ample room for other actors to influence them. This chapter, however, shows that the Chinese foreign policy bureaucracy and the community of experts was only partially able to do aid this securitization. These findings emerge from an examination of the development of the Chinese diplomatic system in terms of regional expertise, personnel, resources, and political standing. As for the scholars in Chinese universities and think tanks, they lacked either the skills or the influence to warn the government about the risks brewing in North Africa and the Middle East. At most, they were able to shape the government’s response to the crisis in those regions only after it took place.

Threatened, the Refugee as the Referent Object

Since its inception, humanitarian communication has consistently represented beneficiaries as referent objects of a threat, as threatened. Images of victims, whether in the traditional representation of a sea of humanity’ (Malkki 1996) or in the more recent aesthetic style of the individual portrait, have consistently constituted the large bulk of humanitarian NGOs’ visual production. This chapter focuses on the representation of Syrian refugees as ‘threatened’ to show how this depiction of refugees is just another form of securitization, whereby Syrians are depicted as infantilized and passive victims in need of external intervention. In order to do so, it is worthwhile digressing to understand how remarkable have been the structural changes that humanitarianism has undergone over the last quarter century and how new relief assistance’ modalities, while seeking to putting individuals and their rights center stage have also primarily represented them in terms of victimhood.

The discourse and aesthetics of populism as securitisation style

Populists have lately been at the forefront of securitisation processes, yet little attention has been paid to the relationship between populism and securitisation. This paper investigates the role of securitisation in populism, exploring how the populist mode of securitising differs from traditional securitisation processes. It argues that securitisation is inherently embedded in populism which embodies a particular style of securitisation with a distinct set of discursive and aesthetic repertoires. The populist invocation of societal security and their claim to defend the fundamentally precarious identity of ‘the endangered people’ necessitate an unceasing construction of new threats. Aiming to discredit ‘elitist’ securitisation processes, populism invests in a specific construction of the referent object, the securitising actor and their relationship to the audience. The populist securitising style also carries a distinctive aesthetic centred on ‘poor taste’, sentimental ordinariness and unprofessionalism, examining which can widen our understanding of the aesthetics of security.

‘We are, by nature, a tolerant people’: Securitisation and counter-securitisation in UK migration politics

The ‘securitisation’ of migration is argued to rest on a process of framing migrants as a threat to key values, principally identity. Yet, the socially constructed nature of ‘identity’ implies the potential for dual usage: support and contestation of the security frame. Using the UK as an illustrative case, this overlooked dynamic is explored through mixed-methods, incorporating elite political and religious discourse (2005–2015) and original public attitudinal survey evidence. The discourse analysis reveals that the preservation of an imperilled British identity (‘tolerance’) is a frame invoked, in different ways and by different actors, to either support or contest the securitisation of migration. Similarly, British citizens who deeply value the preservation of ‘Britishness’ have diverse, positive and negative views on migration, challenging the notion that identity as a referent object is deterministically linked to anti-immigration attitudes. The innovative concept of ‘counter-securitisation’ is utilised and developed, unpicking these nuances and their implications.

Displaced security? The relationships, routines and rhythms of peacebuilding interveners

This article considers what treating individual international interveners engaged in peacebuilding work as referent objects can tell us about emplaced security. This is important because individual interveners are diverse, embodied agents who can impact the agency, peace and security of conflict-affected populations. It argues that applying an ontological security lens can provide a partial explanation for why interveners develop narratives and perform practices, including why they sometimes identify and behave in counterproductive, and even damaging, ways. The final section considers why an analytical focus on place is valuable, noting that place-based experiences and place-identities are formative of ontological security. It argues that treating interveners as a referent object provides opportunities to rethink the tendency to focus on home as the key site of emplacement in the ontological security literature. Building on this, it argues that examining the emplaced security of interveners invites us to examine the political nature and consequences of interveners’ physical and ontological security-seeking narratives and practices, including their creation of the material and ideational structures of intervention spaces and places.

Studying Danger in Central Asia: Towards a Concept of Everyday Securityscapes

This conceptual chapter situates the theoretical and empirical approach adopted here within the wider body of literature on security and danger in Central Asia. It is, in this sense, in parts a literature review. Moreover, it explains the concept of securityscapes in terms of combining two established analytical perspectives in (Critical) Security Studies, namely a focus on the individual human being as principal referent-object ('deepening' of security) and an understanding of security as a social practice rather than an objectively measurable condition of existence (praxeology of security). All the subsequent empirical chapters proceed from the conceptual clarifications presented here.