Zanieczyszczenie powietrza jako zagrożenie bezpieczeństwa zdrowotnego w Polsce – w świetle teorii sekurytyzacji

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-176
Author(s):  
Joanna Stryjek
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Scientific Debate ◽  
Copenhagen School ◽  
The Eu

Nowadays, air pollution constitutes one of the most serious threats to human health and life. Poland belongs to the group of countries with the highest level of air pollution in the EU and OECD. The scale of the threat posed by air pollution shows its importance when it comes to the health security of the Polish citizens. However, the ongoing (political and scientific) debate on health security in Poland often ignores the problem of air pollution. The aim of the article is to 1) assess the threat currently posed by air pollution to health security in Poland, 2) locate the threat in the area of health security, and 3) analyse the process of transferring the problem of air pollution from the sphere of politics to the area of security, in accordance with the theory of securitization, developed by the Copenhagen School of Security Studies. Qualitative analysis of documents together with the application of the theory of securitization show that, in Poland, the state has started to play the role of an actor securitizing air pollution as an existential threat. Nevertheless, this process is at an early stage, and its further success depends, inter alia, on decisions and possibilities related to taking extraordinary measures to eliminate the threat posed by air pollution.

scholarly journals Securitising Covid-19? The Politics of Global Health and the Limits of the Copenhagen School

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-257
Author(s):  
Daniel Edler Duarte ◽  
Marcelo M. Valença
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Critical Security Studies ◽  
Scientific Controversies ◽  
Copenhagen School ◽  
State Surveillance ◽  
Critical Approaches ◽  
The One

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has sparked controversies over health security strategies adopted in different countries. The urge to curb the spread of the virus has supported policies to restrict mobility and to build up state surveillance, which might induce authoritarian forms of government. In this context, the Copenhagen School has offered an analytical repertoire that informs many analyses in the fields of critical security studies and global health. Accordingly, the securitisation of COVID-19 might be necessary to deal with the crisis, but it risks unfolding discriminatory practices and undemocratic regimes, with potentially enduring effects. In this article, we look into controversies over pandemic-control strategies to discuss the political and analytical limitations of securitisation theory. On the one hand, we demonstrate that the focus on moments of rupture and exception conceals security practices that unfold in ongoing institutional disputes and over the construction of legitimate knowledge about public health. On the other hand, we point out that securitisation theory hinders a genealogy of modern apparatuses of control and neglects violent forms of government which are manifested not in major disruptive acts, but in the everyday dynamics of unequal societies. We conclude by suggesting that an analysis of the bureaucratic disputes and scientific controversies that constitute health security knowledges and practices enables critical approaches to engage with the multiple – and, at times, mundane – processes in which (in)security is produced, circulated, and contested.

scholarly journals Vitamin D testing and treatment: a narrative review of current evidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. R27-R43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Pilz ◽  
Armin Zittermann ◽  
Christian Trummer ◽  
Verena Theiler-Schwetz ◽  
Elisabeth Lerchbaum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Mineral Metabolism ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Scientific Debate ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D

Vitamin D testing and treatment is a subject of controversial scientific discussions, and it is challenging to navigate through the expanding vitamin D literature with heterogeneous and partially opposed opinions and recommendations. In this narrative review, we aim to provide an update on vitamin D guidelines and the current evidence on the role of vitamin D for human health with its subsequent implications for patient care and public health issues. Vitamin D is critical for bone and mineral metabolism, and it is established that vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets and osteomalacia. While many guidelines recommend target serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations of ≥50 nmol/L (20 ng/mL), the minimum consensus in the scientific community is that serum 25(OH)D concentrations below 25–30 nmol/L (10–12 ng/mL) must be prevented and treated. Using this latter threshold of serum 25(OH)D concentrations, it has been documented that there is a high worldwide prevalence of vitamin D deficiency that may require public health actions such as vitamin D food fortification. On the other hand, there is also reason for concern that an exploding rate of vitamin D testing and supplementation increases costs and might potentially be harmful. In the scientific debate on vitamin D, we should consider that nutrient trials differ from drug trials and that apart from the opposed positions regarding indications for vitamin D treatment we still have to better characterize the precise role of vitamin D for human health.

12. Securitization

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Emmers
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Iraq War ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Environmental Security ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Undocumented Migration ◽  
Copenhagen School ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter examines the Copenhagen School and its securitization model. The Copenhagen School broadens the definition of security by encompassing five different sectors: military, political, societal, economic, and environmental security. It first provides an overview of the Copenhagen School’s securitization model before discussing its application to empirical research as well as the limitations of the securitization model. It then considers the role of the securitizing actor and the importance of the ‘speech act’ in convincing a specific audience of a threat’s existential nature. It argues that the Copenhagen School allows for non-military matters to be included in Security Studies while still offering a coherent understanding of the concept of security. It also describes the dangers and the negative connotations of securitizing an issue and concludes with some cases of securitization, including the securitization of undocumented migration, securitization of drug trafficking, and the failure of securitization in the Iraq War.

12. Securitization

2018 ◽  
pp. 173-188
Author(s):  
Ralf Emmers
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Iraq War ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Environmental Security ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Undocumented Migration ◽  
Copenhagen School ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter examines the Copenhagen School and its securitization model. The Copenhagen School broadens the definition of security by encompassing five different sectors: military, political, societal, economic, and environmental security. It first provides an overview of the Copenhagen School’s securitization model before discussing its application to empirical research as well as the limitations of the securitization model. It then considers the role of the securitizing actor and the importance of the ‘speech act’ in convincing a specific audience of a threat’s existential nature. It argues that the Copenhagen School allows for non-military matters to be included in Security Studies while still offering a coherent understanding of the concept of security. It also describes the dangers and the negative connotations of securitizing an issue and concludes with some cases of securitization, including the securitization of undocumented migration, securitization of drug trafficking, and the failure of securitization in the Iraq War.

scholarly journals The Importance of Wildlife Disease Monitoring as Part of Global Surveillance for Zoonotic Diseases: The Role of Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupert Woods ◽  
Andrea Reiss ◽  
Keren Cox-Witton ◽  
Tiggy Grillo ◽  
Andrew Peters
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Wildlife Disease ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Wildlife Health ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Health Practitioners

Australia has a comprehensive system of capabilities and functions to prepare, detect and respond to health security threats. Strong cooperative links and coordination mechanisms exist between the human (public health) and animal arms of the health system in Australia. Wildlife is included in this system. Recent reviews of both the animal and human health sectors have highlighted Australia’s relative strengths in the detection and management of emerging zoonotic diseases. However, the risks to Australia posed by diseases with wildlife as part of their epidemiology will almost certainly become greater with changing land use and climate change and as societal attitudes bring wildlife, livestock and people into closer contact. These risks are not isolated to Australia but are global. A greater emphasis on wildlife disease surveillance to assist in the detection of emerging infectious diseases and integration of wildlife health into One Health policy will be critical in better preparing Australia and other countries in their efforts to recognize and manage the adverse impacts of zoonotic diseases on human health. Animal and human health practitioners are encouraged to consider wildlife in their day to day activities and to learn more about Australia’s system and how they can become more involved by visiting www.wildlifeheathaustralia.com.au.

scholarly journals How do we make sense of chaos? Navigating health research regulation through the liminality of the Brexit process

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 110-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme Laurie
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

This article examines the Brexit process through the anthropological lens of liminality. As a concept that explains the impact of change and transformation on human experience, it is argued that liminality is an especially valuable perspective to understand better the phenomenon of Brexit, particularly as to how this might impact on the regulation of human health research. A central feature of liminality is its attention to process; that is, the identification of milestone thresholds within a series of events involving change. More particularly, liminality has a degree of predictive power about certain influencing factors on transformational processes and their outcomes. In this regard, the pivotal role of law is subjected to close scrutiny in the period leading up to March 29, 2018: one year before the so-called Brexit Day. The European Union (EU) (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017 was the threshold trigger for the Brexit process, while the EU Withdrawal Bill 2017–2019 has as its objective the shepherding through of the United Kingdom in its departure from the EU. The argument is made that these events are liminal moments in European legal and human history; moreover, lessons from history are used to identify the specific implications for human health research as an area of human activity that will be profoundly impacted by the Brexit process. This analysis also provides a means to reflect on the broader implications of what a disruptive process such as Brexit means for law generally.

scholarly journals Bringing Advanced Therapies for Parkinson’s Disease to the Clinic: An Analysis of Ethical Issues

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Kristina Hug
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Advanced Therapies ◽  
The Eu

Advanced therapies for Parkinson’s disease (PD) constitute a broad range of treatments, each presenting specific ethical challenges. Some of these therapies are established and in clinical use, like device-aided therapies, and others, based on advanced therapeutic medicinal products (ATMPs), are still in early stage of clinical trials. This paper focuses on some common ethical issues arising in these two categories of advanced therapies, especially challenges arising when advanced therapies are proposed to PD patients in the form of advanced care, under a clinical trial, or, in case of ATMPs, under the “hospital exemption” rule. The ethical issues covered here relate mainly to ensuring informed consent in these different contexts, to the stakeholder role of patient’s non-professional caretakers, such as family, and to patient safety in treatments under “hospital exemption”. To illustrate the points discussed in connection with “hospital exemption” rule, the example of the EU has been chosen. This paper does not claim completeness of ethical issues raised by bringing advanced therapies for PD to the clinic, but rather presents examples of ethical challenges in this context.

scholarly journals The Role of Pathya Apathya in the management of Amlapitta Vyadhi

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishakha Ahire ◽  
Archana Dachewar
Keyword(s):  
Physical Health ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Gastrointestinal System ◽  
Social Health ◽  
Main Principle

Amlapitta is a commonly encountered disease of Annavaha Srotasa (Gastrointestinal system) described in various Ayurvedic Text. According to Ayurveda Agni is one of the main principle of human health. And the Amlapitta disease cause by the Suppression in Agni; When the Amla Guna & Drava Guna is excessively increases in Pitta Guna; the disease Amlapitta is produce. Now-a-days it has become a 'Burning' problem in our Society. And this disease not only hampered physical health but also psychological and social health too.   In Ayurveda the first main principle of Chikitsa is starts with Nidanparivarjan (prevention of Disease). So to treat the disease in early stage, we have to focus on our healthy eating habbits. Pathya apathya is mention in Ayurveda is to prevent as well as to treat the disease. Pathya recommended in Amlapitta are mainly Laghu and Agnidipak ahar, i.e. Yava, Godhuma, Mudga Yusha , Puran Shali Shashtik, Lajamand etc. Apathya recommended in Amlapitta are Navanna, Mash , Kulathha, Dadhi etc. So this review article focus on Pathya (Wholesome regimen) And Apathya (Unwholesome regimen) in Amlapitta disease.

The general principles of EU law and the Europeanisation of national laws

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-31
Author(s):  
Takis Tridimas
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Positive Law ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Normative Basis ◽  
General Principles Of Law ◽  
The Eu

Although the ECJ has used general principles of law as a source of rights and obligations from an early stage in the development of EU law, key issues regarding their definition, nature and role as a source of law remain unresolved. How can they be identified? What is their normative basis? Are there rules determining priorities among them and how do they relate to Charter rights? How has their role evolved? Diverse and often bewildering judicial terminology serves to obfuscate the role of principles which, in terms of positive law, stand at the apex of the EU law edifice. This article seeks to revisit some of those questions. It explores the meaning of 'Europeanisation; it attempts a typology of general principles; it seeks to identify their normative basis; and assesses their role both as generators of jus communae and as a source of constitutional conflict.

scholarly journals Forty years of improvements in European air quality: the role of EU policy–industry interplay

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (14) ◽  
pp. 20245-20285 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Crippa ◽  
G. Janssens-Maenhout ◽  
F. Dentener ◽  
D. Guizzardi ◽  
K. Sindelarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Emission Control ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Current Technology ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Abstract. The EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) v4.3 global anthropogenic emissions inventory of several gaseous (SO2, NOx, CO, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and NH3) and particulate (PM10, PM2.5, black and organic carbon (BC and OC)) air pollutants for the period 1970–2010 is used to develop retrospective air pollution emission scenarios to quantify the roles and contributions of changes in fuels consumption, technology, end-of-pipe emission reduction measures and their resulting impact on health and crop yields. This database presents changes in activity data, fuels and air pollution abatement technology for the past 4 decades, using international statistics and following guidelines for bottom-up emission inventory at the Tier 1 and Tier 2 levels with region-specific default values. With two further retrospective scenarios we assess (1) the impact of the technology and end-of-pipe (EOP) reduction measures in the European Union (EU) by considering a stagnation of technology with constant emission factors from 1970 and with no further abatement measures and improvement in European emissions standards, but fuel consumption occurring at historical pace, and (2) the impact of increased fuel consumption by considering unchanged energy use with constant fuel consumption since 1970, but technological development and end-of-pipe reductions. Our scenario analysis focuses on the three most important and most regulated sectors (power generation, the manufacturing industry and road transport), which are subject of multi-pollutant EU Air Quality regulations. If technology and European EOP reduction measures had stagnated at 1970 levels, EU air quality in 2010 would have suffered from 129 % higher SO2, 71 % higher NOx and 69 % higher PM2.5 emissions, demonstrating the large role of technology in reducing emissions in 2010. However, if fuel consumption had remained constant starting in 1970, the EU would have benefited from current technology and emission control standards, with reductions in NOx by even 13 % more. Such further savings are not observed for SO2 and PM2.5. If the EU consumed the same amount of fuels as in 1970 but with the current technology and emission control standards, then the emissions of SO2 and PM2.5 would be 42 % respectively 10 % higher. This scenario shows the importance for air quality of abandoning heavy residual fuel oil and shifting fuel types (from, e.g., coal to gas) in the EU. A reduced-form TM5-FASST (Fast Screening Scenario Tool based on the global chemical Transport Model 5) is applied to calculate regional and global levels of aerosol and ozone concentrations and to assess the impact of air quality improvements on human health and crop yield loss, showing substantial impacts of export of EU technologies and standards to other world regions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document